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Judging Control: When Can We Expect Expectations To Predict Judgments? (Contingency, Contrast Effects), Susan E. Newman Jan 1985

Judging Control: When Can We Expect Expectations To Predict Judgments? (Contingency, Contrast Effects), Susan E. Newman

Doctoral Dissertations

Two experiments were conducted to test the predictive validity of a model put forth by Alloy and Tabachnik (1984) to account for judgments of contingency. The authors contend that such judgments can be accounted for by determining the interaction of information contributed by "one's expectations" and by the objective "situation." It was argued here that those two components, independently or interactively, are not always sufficient to predict judgments; the same objective data may be judged differently in different contexts and sometimes contrarily to one's expectations. That is, contrast effects may occur. This argument was supported using two different paradigms. In …

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A Rate Comparison Model Of Concurrent Schedule Performance, Douglas Stuart Lea Jan 1985

A Rate Comparison Model Of Concurrent Schedule Performance, Douglas Stuart Lea

Doctoral Dissertations

A rate comparison model of concurrent schedule performance and foraging is proposed. The model is a molecular equalizing theory of matching, based on results from optimal foraging theory and corresponding data from behavioral ecology. It state that animals leave one concurrent alternative for another whenever their estimates of current local food rates fall below a criterion based on habitat-wide average rates. Linear operator rules are offered as among the most plausible rate estimation strategies. The model may be applicable to both schedule performance and foraging in patchy natural environments, even though differences between these situations may result in variations in …

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Social Skills Assessment For Mainstreamed Handicapped Students: The Discriminative Efficiency Of The Teacher Ratings Of Social Skills (Tross)., Frederick Lee Black Jan 1985

Social Skills Assessment For Mainstreamed Handicapped Students: The Discriminative Efficiency Of The Teacher Ratings Of Social Skills (Tross)., Frederick Lee Black

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Until recently no time-efficient teacher rating scale of social skills has been available. With the development of the Teacher Ratings of Social Skills (TROSS; Gresham & Elliott, 1984) this gap has possibly been filled. Preliminary research on the scale has shown it to possess adequate reliability and validity (Clark, Gresham, & Elliott, 1985). Little is known yet, however, regarding the possible utility of the scale in discriminating among school-aged children of differing handicapping conditions. The present study examined the discriminative efficiency of the TROSS with a sample of 250 school-age children from four different groups: (a) Behavior Disordered, (b) Learning …

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The Influences Of Caregiver Experience And Cry Type Upon Adults' Caregiving Behaviors, Karen Sears Jan 1985

The Influences Of Caregiver Experience And Cry Type Upon Adults' Caregiving Behaviors, Karen Sears

Honors Capstones

Past research has investigated both cry perception and cry acoustics to determine whether cries elicited by differing stimuli can be distinguished by adults and whether caregiving experience affects this ability. Although these questions have been studied since the 1920s, a state of controversy still exists. More recently, Wolff (1969) and Murray (1979) have proposed that cries elicited by hunger and pain are not discrete cry types, but rather, are two different levels of one single, graded signal. According to Wolff, a cry’s causal stimulus can be identified only during the initial wails, after which the cry settles into a basic …

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Development Of A Reliable And Valid Diagnostic Assessment Instrument For Migraine And Muscle-Contraction Headaches (Psychometrics, Classification)., Stanford Wayne Granberry Jan 1985

Development Of A Reliable And Valid Diagnostic Assessment Instrument For Migraine And Muscle-Contraction Headaches (Psychometrics, Classification)., Stanford Wayne Granberry

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

The reliability and validity of a headache questionnaire, designed as a diagnostic instrument, were investigated. The questionnaire was administered to 117 headache sufferers in individual interviews. Following a 2 week interval the same questionnaire was readministered to 66 of these subjects. All subjects were independently diagnosed by a board certified neurologist and an advanced graduate student in clinical psychology using an Ad Hoc Committee's (1962) criteria. The categories of headache investigated were: muscle-contraction headache (N = 38), combined headache (N = 28), classic migraine (N = 19) and common migraine (N = 32). A factor analysis of the questionnaire data …

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The Effect Of Muscle Contraction Headache Chronicity On Frontal Emg (Psychophysiology, Tension Headache)., Eleanor Belle Callon Jan 1985

The Effect Of Muscle Contraction Headache Chronicity On Frontal Emg (Psychophysiology, Tension Headache)., Eleanor Belle Callon

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

The hypothesis that frontal EMG levels measured by surface electrodes change as a function of the number of years of muscle contraction headache activity was tested. Three levels of muscle contraction headache chronicity ((GREATERTHEQ)20 years, (LESSTHEQ)10 years, and none) were examined under imagined stress and a quiz falsely presented as a measure of intelligence. The two stress conditions were counterbalanced across subjects. The three groups had 10 members each and were equivalent in age and subjects' ratings of the laboratory stressors. Psychophysiological recordings were done during a headache free period. An ANOVA indicated no group effect and no group x …

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Residence, Perceived Latitude Of Choice And Desired Control Among The Long-Livin, Steven R. Shank Jan 1985

Residence, Perceived Latitude Of Choice And Desired Control Among The Long-Livin, Steven R. Shank

Master's Theses

Perceived control, perceived choice, and residential setting are important factors which need to be addressed in research involving long-living. The focus of this study was to determine the relationships among thee variables. The search for an interaction between residential setting (either high or low constraining) and perceived choice and its effect on perceived control distinguishes this study from previous research.

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The Effects Of Feedback On Improving Safe Work Behaviors: A Component Analysis, Jeanine L. Williamson Jan 1985

The Effects Of Feedback On Improving Safe Work Behaviors: A Component Analysis, Jeanine L. Williamson

Retrospective Theses and Dissertations

Decline in the growth rate of worker productivity as well as the failure of other types of organizational development strategies to improve productivity has resulted in considerable interest in strategies to change employee behavior. This situation has led to the rapid growth of organizational behavior modification (OBM) as an approach to organizational change. Performance feedback interventions have been used in numerous settings to improve work behaviors (Prue & Fairbanks, 1981). OBM has worked especially well in improving safe work behavior in the work place. However, when new approaches are used in dealing with human behavior, much systematic, thorough research must …

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The Cult Of Empiricism In Psychology, And Beyond, Stephen Toulmin, David E. Leary Jan 1985

The Cult Of Empiricism In Psychology, And Beyond, Stephen Toulmin, David E. Leary

Psychology Faculty Publications

At some stage in it's development, any field of intellectual discussion or scientific speculation may reach a point at which it begins to generate large numbers of "empirical" questions, that is, questions whose answers must refer to carefully documented observations, or even to controlled experiments. In physics, this happened most strikingly in the course of the seventeenth century; in biology, the comparable stage was not reached until around 1770, rising to its peak in the course of the nineteenth century (Toulmin, 1972; Toulmin & Goodfield, 1962); whereas in psychology, it has become customary-though a trifle arbitrary-to argue that this happened …

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Predictors Of Reduction Of Aggressive Behavior Of Young Boys, Valkenburg Mary Van Jan 1985

Predictors Of Reduction Of Aggressive Behavior Of Young Boys, Valkenburg Mary Van

All-Inclusive List of Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This study sought to determine whether demographic variables, parent perceptions, and/or therapist perceptions were predictive of success, in terms of treatment outcome, using the social learning family therapy approach for families of aggressive boys. Treatment outcome for the sample of 28 families was defined as gain scores from pre- to post-assessment using the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist and the Parent Daily Report. Scores were divided according to high-gainers and low-gainers using a median split. Families of high- and low-gainers were not significantly different regarding demographic variables, nor did parents and therapists report significantly different perceptions of high- and low-gainers. A …

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A Study Of The Causes And Effects Of Vocational Stress Among Pastoral Ministers In The North Mississippi Annual Conference Of The United Methodist Church With Strategies For Stress Management , Danny R. Rowland Jan 1985

A Study Of The Causes And Effects Of Vocational Stress Among Pastoral Ministers In The North Mississippi Annual Conference Of The United Methodist Church With Strategies For Stress Management , Danny R. Rowland

ATS Dissertations

No abstract provided.

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A Comparison Of Personality Types Between Deans/Directors Of Continuing Education And Chief Academic Officers In Selected Post-Secondary Institutions In North Carolina, Mary F. Joseph Dec 1984

A Comparison Of Personality Types Between Deans/Directors Of Continuing Education And Chief Academic Officers In Selected Post-Secondary Institutions In North Carolina, Mary F. Joseph

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The problem was to determine whether significant relationships existed between the personality types of deans/directors of continuing education and chief academic officers in institutions of higher education in North Carolina. Literature was reviewed in order to determine the research that had been completed using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) with administrators in post-secondary institutions. A demographic questionnaire was developed to ascertain information about the type and size of the institutions, as well as data about the respondent. All post-secondary institutions, excluding business and trade schools, in North Carolina were included in the study. The dean/director of continuing education and chief …

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Gold & Blue, Sep. 1984, St. Mary's University- San Antonio, Texas Sep 1984

Gold & Blue, Sep. 1984, St. Mary's University- San Antonio, Texas

Gold & Blue

This is the Fall 1984 edition of Gold & Blue which is St. Mary's University's official school publication.

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The Influence Of Supervisor Credibility, Sex Of Supervisor, And Sex Of Subject On Feedback Acceptance, Tracy Innaurato Aug 1984

The Influence Of Supervisor Credibility, Sex Of Supervisor, And Sex Of Subject On Feedback Acceptance, Tracy Innaurato

Student Work

Feedback has often been used as a means of improving employee performance. It is generally believed that feedback has a positive influence on performance, but little is known about the factos that influence acceptance of feedback (Ilgen, Fisher, & Tayler, 1979). The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of supervisor credibility, sex of supervisor, and sex of subject on feedback acceptance. Subjects read a description of either a male or female supervisor, and the credibility of the supervisor was manipulated in these descriptions. Subjects listened to a taped feedback session, and then responded to a questionnaire developed …

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Psychological Needs Of The Elderly : Community, Religious Affiliated Institutions, And Public Institutions, Sharon Bonaventura Apr 1984

Psychological Needs Of The Elderly : Community, Religious Affiliated Institutions, And Public Institutions, Sharon Bonaventura

Master's Theses

Although research has shown that psychological needs change as a person ages, available data on the relationship of psychological needs and types of residential institutions for the elderly are limited. The purpose of this study was to explore the possible connection between a particular residential environment and the elderly's psychological needs. Forty-five elderly females ages 62 through 89, participated in this study. Subjects were chosen from one of three residential groups, community, religious affiliated institutions, and public institutions. All subjects were asked to complete the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule. In addition, demographic data were collected on each subject. Results from …

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California Institute Of Integral Studies -- Catalog 1984-1986, Ciis Jan 1984

California Institute Of Integral Studies -- Catalog 1984-1986, Ciis

CIIS Catalogs Archive

This is the 1984-1986 catalog of courses, staff and faculty for the California Institute of Integral Studies (CIIS).

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"Markers" Of Vulnerability And Episodes In Paranoid And Nonparanoid Schizophrenics, Deborah June Dobson Jan 1984

"Markers" Of Vulnerability And Episodes In Paranoid And Nonparanoid Schizophrenics, Deborah June Dobson

Digitized Theses

The vulnerability model of schizophrenia (Zubin & Spring, 1977) postulates that individuals have a certain level of vulnerability to schizophrenia which is a relatively enduring trait. An episode of schizophrenia is hypothesized to be a function of this level and stressful events, either in the environment or as perceived by the person. One way of investigating this model is to locate both "markers" of vulnerability and episodes by comparing remitted and episodic schizophrenics, to see how they differ (potential episode markers) and how they are similar (potential vulnerability markers).;Schizophrenics in differing phases of illness have demonstrated a letter detection deficit …

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The Influence Of Seizure Experience Upon Electrical Kindling: An Age-Related Study, Mary Elizabeth Gilbert Jan 1984

The Influence Of Seizure Experience Upon Electrical Kindling: An Age-Related Study, Mary Elizabeth Gilbert

Digitized Theses

Repeated administration of low intensity electrical stimulation to the brain results in a progressive increase in the strength of epileptiform activity, culminating in a major motor seizure: the kindling effect. The present experiments investigated the effects of seizures induced early in life upon the susceptibility to kindling stimulation in the adult rat. In Experiments 1 and 2 seizures were induced with pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) or hyperthermia in male rats of different ages (1 to 21 days). Upon reaching maturity, these subjects were implanted with chronic electrodes and kindled in the basolateral amygdala. Fewer stimulations were required to produce major motor seizures …

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Dysfunctional Attitudes, Performance Deficits, And Vulnerability To Depression, Linda Joan Olinger Jan 1984

Dysfunctional Attitudes, Performance Deficits, And Vulnerability To Depression, Linda Joan Olinger

Digitized Theses

The focus of this thesis was Beck's etiological postulate that episodes of depression result from the interaction of an individual's attitudinal vulnerabilities with stressful life events that impinge on those vulnerabilities. Attitudinal vulnerabilities predispose an individual to depression by establishing rigid and unrealistic rules for guiding and evaluating one's life. In Study 1, it was hypothesized and found that attitudinally vulnerable individuals with stressful life events were more depressed than attitudinally vulnerable individuals without such events. Study 2 consisted of a comparison of the responses of attitudinally vulnerable nondepressed subjects, prior to and following a laboratory administered attitude-relevant stressor (experimenter-induced …

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Dimensionality Of Causal Attributions In Nonacademic Situations: The Effects Of Antecedent Information And Response Format, Carol Dorst Thies Jan 1984

Dimensionality Of Causal Attributions In Nonacademic Situations: The Effects Of Antecedent Information And Response Format, Carol Dorst Thies

Digitized Theses

The dimensionality underlying causal attributions to nonacademic behaviors (an accomplishment, an emotion, and an opinion) was investigated in four studies varying antecedent information (presence or absence) and response format (rating scale or open ended). In the information present conditions, subjects given consensus, distinctiveness, consistency, and incentive information rated the importance of ten causes provided (Study 1) or generated their own causal attributions (Study 3). As Kelley's (1967, 1973) model predicts, in both studies, high consensus information led to increased external attributions and low consensus to increased internal attributions; high consistency information led to increased stable attributions and low consistency to …

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The Spatial And Temporal Characteristics Of Visually Directed Limb Movements And Comparison Of Ocular And Manual Performance, John David Fisk Jan 1984

The Spatial And Temporal Characteristics Of Visually Directed Limb Movements And Comparison Of Ocular And Manual Performance, John David Fisk

Digitized Theses

The purpose of this thesis was to examine visually guided movements of the upper limbs which approximated normal reaching behaviour, and to describe the production of these movements on the basis of a number of interrelated measures. The series of studies required subjects to point quickly and accurately to small visual targets presented lateral to a visual fixation point, on an otherwise featureless screen. In Studies 1 and 2 the kinematic characteristics of the limb movements were examined by a frame-by-frame analysis of video records of the subjects' performance. The use of visual feedback information in the guidance of the …

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Acquaintance And Person Knowledge: A Study Of Naturalistic Person Perception, Rocco Anthony Fondacaro Jan 1984

Acquaintance And Person Knowledge: A Study Of Naturalistic Person Perception, Rocco Anthony Fondacaro

Digitized Theses

Two studies of person perception were conducted. In Study 1, subjects produced written descriptions of two real acquaintances: one whom they recently met (unfamiliar target) and one whom they had known for some time (familiar target). These target acquaintances were further specified by orthogonal manipulations of interdependence (subordinate vs. equal status vs. superordinate) and spacing of interactions (massed vs. spaced, e.g., everyday vs. once a week). In Study 2, randomly paired strangers of the same gender met face-to-face in problem-solving work-sessions. Interdependence within dyads was manipulated by varying how each member's outcomes depended upon the other member (members were either …

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Age Differences In Recall Of Meaningful Stimuli, Farida Spencer Jan 1984

Age Differences In Recall Of Meaningful Stimuli, Farida Spencer

Digitized Theses

The purpose of the present research was to investigate the effects of meaningfulness of stimulus phrases and orienting task conditions on free recall performance of older and younger adults in an incidental learning paradigm. It was expected that orienting tasks might affect the depth of processing, while meaningfulness would influence the spread of encoding. It was hypothesized that variables assumed to affect depth and elaborateness of semantic processing might also affect the direction of recall differences between older and younger adults.;Two studies were designed to evaluate the proposed hypotheses. In the first study, meaningfulness ratings were collected. Meaningfulness was defined …

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Smoking Behaviour: The Influence Of Environmental Supports And Gender, Patricia Ann Bolla Jan 1984

Smoking Behaviour: The Influence Of Environmental Supports And Gender, Patricia Ann Bolla

Digitized Theses

This investigation examined the effects on smoking of one social environmental support for smoking, one physical environmental support for smoking, and gender of the subject. The social environmental support for smoking was represented by the behaviour of a model who either smoked three cigarettes in the presence of the subject or refrained from smoking. The physical environmental support for smoking was the presence or absence of ashtrays.;The Model and Ashtray factors were combined to create four experimental conditions: (a) Nonsmoker Model + No Ashtray, (b) Nonsmoker Model + Ashtray, (c) Smoker Model + No Ashtray and, (d) Smoker Model + …

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The Assessment Of Remote Memory, Janice Lynn Howes Jan 1984

The Assessment Of Remote Memory, Janice Lynn Howes

Digitized Theses

The present research consists of two studies which focus on the assessment of remote memory. The purpose of Study I was to develop remote memory tests which would be psychometrically stronger than those employed in the past. The following tests were constructed: Public Events Recall and Recognition Tasks, Public Galton Task, and Autobiographical Galton Task. The tests were administered to a sample of middle-aged and older-aged participants. The test items were revised based on the participants' responses. The Revised Public Events Recall and Recognition Tasks were then administered to a group of young participants to determine whether the items were …

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The Number Of Principal Components Problem: A Monte Carlo Study, John Robert Reddon Jan 1984

The Number Of Principal Components Problem: A Monte Carlo Study, John Robert Reddon

Digitized Theses

The purpose of this research was to study the number of principal components problem. In order to accomplish this objective the problems associated with principal components analysis were presented, an exposition of principal components analysis was given, the literature on the number of factors problem was reviewed, and three new distribution free sphericity tests proposed by Harshman and Reddon (1983) were presented. The empirical research focused on the evaluation of these new tests and the comparison of these new tests with four other commonly used test procedures.;The evaluation of the three distribution free sphericity tests focused on the evaluation of …

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The Effects Of Different Dispute Resolution Procedures On Bargaining Outcome, Process, And Negotiators' Perceptions, David Macintosh Saunders Jan 1984

The Effects Of Different Dispute Resolution Procedures On Bargaining Outcome, Process, And Negotiators' Perceptions, David Macintosh Saunders

Digitized Theses

The purpose of the present paper was to examine the effects of different dispute resolution procedures on bargaining outcome, process, and negotiators' perceptions. The current paper reported two experiments. The dispute resolution procedures examined were conventional, issue, and package final offer arbitration. A strike control condition and male and female subjects were included in both studies. Experiment One examined bargaining outcome and process and tested the hypothesis that conventional arbitration inhibits bargaining in comparison to the strike and package arbitration alternatives. One hundred and twenty-eight females and eighty males participated in Experiment One. This experiment was a simulation study in …

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Cross-Callosal Transmission Time In Human Strabismics, John Robert St Jan 1984

Cross-Callosal Transmission Time In Human Strabismics, John Robert St

Digitized Theses

When tested using behavioural methods strabismic humans and strabismic animals exhibit similar deficits in visual performance. There is often a decrease in visual acuity in the deviating eye, abnormal spatial localization, vergence eye movements, and poor stereopsis and depth perception. These similarities have suggested that strabismic humans may share many of the anatomical and physiological abnormalities which are found in the visual systems of strabismic animals. Among these abnormalities is a disruption and shrinkage of the fibres which run through the posterior portion of the corpus callosum interconnecting the sensory visual regions of the cortex.;In the present series of experiments, …

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Expertise In Trial Advocacy: Some Considerations For Inquiry Into Its Nature And Development, Paul E. Johnson, Michael G. Johnson, Raleigh K. Little Jan 1984

Expertise In Trial Advocacy: Some Considerations For Inquiry Into Its Nature And Development, Paul E. Johnson, Michael G. Johnson, Raleigh K. Little

Campbell Law Review

It is the central thesis of this paper that what is needed to assess the validity of many of the criticisms directed toward legal practice and training, and to resolve many of the controversies surrounding attempts to correct these criticisms, is a representation or documentation of the structure of expertise in legal practice - especially in trial advocacy since this represents the focus of most complaints. Without such a representation it is difficult to support allegations of incompetence or to defend the efficiency of specific reform on other than subjective or intuitive grounds. At this time no systematic representation exists.

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A Multitrait-Multisource Examination Of The Relationship Between Moral Judgment And Religiousness Of Eighth Grade Students., Kathleen Trudeau Cranford Jan 1984

A Multitrait-Multisource Examination Of The Relationship Between Moral Judgment And Religiousness Of Eighth Grade Students., Kathleen Trudeau Cranford

LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses

Since results have been equivocal about the relationship between religion and moral judgment, this study was undertaken to determine whether there was evidence for the relationship, using a multitrait-multisource technique. Criticisms of Kohlberg's theory of moral development were reviewed in regard to the issue. Teacher, self, and peer ratings were obtained on scales of religiousness, moral judgment, and social skill, which was included as a discriminant variable. A pilot group of 67 eighth graders was assessed to determine the reliability of the rating scales. Thirty-four eighth graders in the sample completed the religiousness, moral judgment, and social skills rating scales …

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