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A Statistical Study Of Variation In The Catch Of Plankton Nets, C. P. Winsor, G. L. Clarke Harvard University Jan 1940

A Statistical Study Of Variation In The Catch Of Plankton Nets, C. P. Winsor, G. L. Clarke Harvard University

Journal of Marine Research

Staternent of the Problern.----In a previous communication, Winsor and Walford (1936) analyzed the results of repeated vertical hauls of different types of plankton nets, making use of data available in the literature. They concluded that the observed results could be accounted for reasonably well on the assumptions that (a) the organisms were randomly distributed in the medium and (b) that the volume of medium effectively sampled varied from haul to haul. From this result it follows that as the total catch is increased (as by increasing the net size) the reliability of a population estimate is ultimately limited by variation …

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A Detailed Study Of The Surface Layers Of The Ocean In The Neighborhood Of The Gulf Stream With The Aid Of Rapid Measuring Hydrographic Instruments, Athelstan F. Spilhaus Jan 1940

A Detailed Study Of The Surface Layers Of The Ocean In The Neighborhood Of The Gulf Stream With The Aid Of Rapid Measuring Hydrographic Instruments, Athelstan F. Spilhaus

Journal of Marine Research

In an earlier communication in this Journal the writer reported on a Bathythermograph for obtaining continuous records of temperature against depth in the first 150 meters of the ocean (Spilhaus 1937). While further development of this preliminary instrument revealed it to be rather critical to vibration, the results obtained with it, some of which were reported in the paper cited above, were sufficient to indicate the desirability of further studies and development along these lines. Abrupt changes in the vertical temperature distribution with very small changes in horizontal distance together with extremely complex temperature structure in the vertical were observed …

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The Effect Of Oxygen Tension On The Rate Of Oxidation Of Organic Matter In Sea Water By Bacteria, Claude E. Zobell Jan 1940

The Effect Of Oxygen Tension On The Rate Of Oxidation Of Organic Matter In Sea Water By Bacteria, Claude E. Zobell

Journal of Marine Research

It is generally recognized that the oxygen consuming capacity of heterotrophic bacteria in water serves as a good criterion of the amount of respirable or oxidizable organic matter in the water. However, the fragmentary literature on the subject records contradictory observations on the effect of oxygen tension upon the rate of bacterial oxidations. For example, Pomeroy (1938) found the amount of oxygen consumed by diluted sewage containing from 0. 7 to 17 .5 cc. of oxygen per liter to be independent of the oxygen tension but Heukelekian (1936) noted the maximum consumption of oxygen in such sewage mixtures containing around …

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The Determination Of The Alkalinity Of Sea Water, Thomas G. Thompson, Don H. Anderson Jan 1940

The Determination Of The Alkalinity Of Sea Water, Thomas G. Thompson, Don H. Anderson

Journal of Marine Research

In a previous paper one of us (3) described a _ method for the determination of the alkalinity of sea water-then termed the buffer capacity of sea water. This method was very rapid, eliminated the need for a titration process, and was particularly advantageous when working under rigorous field conditions. However considerable difficulty was sometimes experienced in the preparation of color comparison standards from base-free sea water. The method was later improved by Mitchell and Rakestraw (2). The present paper deals with a modification of the original method. The glass electrode is used for the measurement of excess acid and …

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Effect Of Delayed Titration On The Salinity Determination, E. F. Thompson Jan 1940

Effect Of Delayed Titration On The Salinity Determination, E. F. Thompson

Journal of Marine Research

Wlist (1932) has discussed the effect of storage on the chlorinity of samples. He compared the results from samples examined almost immediately at sea with those titrated in the shore laboratory after a considerable period of time. He concludes that there is a definite tendency for the chlorinity to increase on storing. The effect was largest with sample bottles that had been previously titrated and, therefore, no longer full; and least with full bottles on which the stoppers had been covered with paraffin wax. In the case of the incompletely full bottles the mean increase of chlorinity was 0.011 %0 …

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The Motion Of Atmospheric Disturbances, B. Haurwitz Jan 1940

The Motion Of Atmospheric Disturbances, B. Haurwitz

Journal of Marine Research

In a recent paper Rossby has discussed the effect of the latitudinal variation of the Coriolis force on the propagation of oceanic and atmospheric disturbances (2). He showed that the velocity c of a disturbance in an incompressible atmosphere on a plane earth when only the effect of the latitudinal variation of the Coriolis force is considered is given with sufficient accuracy by the formula...

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Contribution To The Question Of The Equatorial Counter Current, R. B. Montgomery, E. Palmen Jan 1940

Contribution To The Question Of The Equatorial Counter Current, R. B. Montgomery, E. Palmen

Journal of Marine Research

The question of the dynamics of the equatorial counter currents of the several oceans was scarcely brought nearer solution by the research of recent years. The attempt of Sverdrup (1932), which Defant (1935) has further pursued, to explain the counter current as a result of the asymmetry about the equator of the westward-flowing north and south equatorial currents, does not suffice. This may be shown by the following short exposition.

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The Great Bahama Bank. I. General Hydrographical And Chemical Features, C. L. Smith Jan 1940

The Great Bahama Bank. I. General Hydrographical And Chemical Features, C. L. Smith

Journal of Marine Research

The Bahama Islands are characterized by the presence of thousands of square miles of shallow sea (<5 fathoms) lying between the various islands. The most extensive of these are the Great Bahama, Little Bahama and Exuma Banks (cf. Fig. 44). A certain amount of discussion has arisen concerning these areas, both in relation to their geological formation and to chemical changes taking place in the water.

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Composition Of Sea Water, John Lyman, Richard H. Fleming Jan 1940

Composition Of Sea Water, John Lyman, Richard H. Fleming

Journal of Marine Research

The principle of constant ratios between the salts in ocean water unaffected by land drainage was laid down by Forchhammer in 1864, and firmly established by Dittmar (1884) . Dittmar's examination of 77 samples, collected from all the oceans of the world by H .M.S. Challenger in 1873-76, was so comprehensive, and his results so consistent, that some of his values are used to this day.

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Tables Of Sigma-T, Richard H. Fleming Jan 1939

Tables Of Sigma-T, Richard H. Fleming

Journal of Marine Research

It is frequently necessary to plot a1 curves (equal density at zero pressure) as functions of the temperature and salinity. In such cases it is desirable to know the values of temperature and salinity corresponding to even intervals in density….

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Notes On The Determination Of Dissolved Oxygen In Sea Water, Thomas G. Thompson, Rex J. Robinson Jan 1939

Notes On The Determination Of Dissolved Oxygen In Sea Water, Thomas G. Thompson, Rex J. Robinson

Journal of Marine Research

The oxygen dissolved in sea water is usually determined by the classical method of Winkler. Probably because of the large number of investigators who have used this method, there have developed various modifications in the method of collecting samples, in the standardization of the sodium thiosulfate solution, and in the titration of the samples. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss these various methods, the sources of possible error, and to present the best procedure for standardization of the sodium thiosulfate solution.

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The Determination And Occurrence Of Aluminum In Sea Water, Helmut M. Haendler, Thomas G. Thompson Jan 1939

The Determination And Occurrence Of Aluminum In Sea Water, Helmut M. Haendler, Thomas G. Thompson

Journal of Marine Research

The presence of aluminum ions in sea water has long been an accepted fact, but there are few figures available on the concentrations in which the element exists and in particular under varying conditions….

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Relation Between Variations In The Intensity Of The Zonal Circulation Of The Atmosphere And The Displacements Of The Permanent Centers Of Action Atmosphere And The Displacements Of The Permanent Centers Of Action, C. G. Rossby, H. C. Willett, Messrs. J. Holmboe, J. Namias, L. Page, R. Allen Jan 1939

Relation Between Variations In The Intensity Of The Zonal Circulation Of The Atmosphere And The Displacements Of The Permanent Centers Of Action Atmosphere And The Displacements Of The Permanent Centers Of Action, C. G. Rossby, H. C. Willett, Messrs. J. Holmboe, J. Namias, L. Page, R. Allen

Journal of Marine Research

This paper attempts to interpret, from a single point of view, several at first sight independent phenomena brought into focus through the synoptic investigations carried on at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology during the last few years….

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Some Physical Factors Which May Influence The Productivity Of New England's Coastal Waters, C. O'D. Iselin Jan 1939

Some Physical Factors Which May Influence The Productivity Of New England's Coastal Waters, C. O'D. Iselin

Journal of Marine Research

Of recent years physical oceanographers have gradually gained a more satisfactory understanding of the circulation problem. \Yhile it is true that most of this advance has resulted from studying the deep, oceanic currents, nevertheless, the newer principles also can be applied to the more difficult conditions found near the coast....

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Consideration Of The Depth Of The Motionless Surface Near The Grand Banks Of New Foundland, Floyd M. Soule Jan 1939

Consideration Of The Depth Of The Motionless Surface Near The Grand Banks Of New Foundland, Floyd M. Soule

Journal of Marine Research

In physical oceanography the admitted limitations of the Bjerknes circulation theorem sometimes are lost sight of and therefore the current trend of inquiring emphasis on these limitations is encouraging. The intelligent interpretation of dynamic calculations and the determination of absolute current directions and velocities therefrom, depend upon a knowledge of the location and shape of a motionless reference surface. In the past the arbitrary selection of isobaric surfaces for reference has been the resort to an approximation found useful in the absence of more definite knowledge regarding the true location and shape of such a motionless surface or surfaces. In …

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Sea Level Departures Of The California Coast As Related To The Dynamics Of The Atmosphere Over The North Pacific Ocean, Woodrow C. Jacobs Jan 1939

Sea Level Departures Of The California Coast As Related To The Dynamics Of The Atmosphere Over The North Pacific Ocean, Woodrow C. Jacobs

Journal of Marine Research

Considerable attention is being directed at the present time toward fluctuations in sea level as related to the dynamics of the oceans and, to a lesser degree, the dynamics of the atmosphere. Most of the work along these lines, however, has been concerned with seasonal rather than nonperiodic variations. Nevertheless, an analysis of sea level data compiled over a period of many years at four California tidal stations indicates that non-periodic fluctuations of considerable magnitude also occur. Since these fluctuations are probably the direct or indirect result of variations in certain meteorological elements, it becomes of interest to investigate the …

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A Discussion Oof Physical Factors Governing The Distribution Of Microorganisms In The Atmosphere, Woodrow C. Jacobs Jan 1939

A Discussion Oof Physical Factors Governing The Distribution Of Microorganisms In The Atmosphere, Woodrow C. Jacobs

Journal of Marine Research

The preceding paper by Rittenberg, together with the number of articles on the same subject which have appeared recently, indicate an ever increasing interest on the part of biologists in the atmosphere as a medium for the dispersal of bacteria, molds, spores and pollens. Meteorologists, on the other hand, are interested in the results of such biological investigation to the extent that they show certain mixing processes within the atmosphere and the movements of air masses. In view of the large quantity of data which has already been accumulated by the biologists, it becomes of considerable interest to consider some …

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Investigations On The Microbiology Of Marine Air, Sydney C. Rittenberg Jan 1939

Investigations On The Microbiology Of Marine Air, Sydney C. Rittenberg

Journal of Marine Research

All the viable microorganisms in the air have been transferred to the atmosphere either from the land or the sea. A comparison of the micro-flora of marine air with that of normal sea water and of land areas should indicate the major source of organisms in the atmosphere over the ocean.

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Distribution Of Organic Matter In Marine Sediments And Its Availability To Further Decomposition, D. Q. Anderson Jan 1939

Distribution Of Organic Matter In Marine Sediments And Its Availability To Further Decomposition, D. Q. Anderson

Journal of Marine Research

It has been shown, in previous contributions (1) from this Institution, that the organic matter of the marine bottom has a characteristic chemical composition, similar in many respects to the humus of field and garden soils. This organic matter is not inert but can undergo slow but gradual oxidation, a process shown (2) to be largely biological in nature. In shallower bottoms and closer to land, the organic matter was found to be oxidized more readily than that of deep seas. The non-nitrogenous constituents decomposed more readily than the nitrogenous substances, with the result that the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the …

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The Correlation Of Water Movements And Disperal Of Pelagic Larval Stages Of Certain Littoral Animals, Especially The Sand Crab, Emerita, Martin W. Johnson Jan 1939

The Correlation Of Water Movements And Disperal Of Pelagic Larval Stages Of Certain Littoral Animals, Especially The Sand Crab, Emerita, Martin W. Johnson

Journal of Marine Research

The great role played by water currents in the dispersal of marine animals has long been recognized and put to use in the explanation of animal distribution both planktonic and benthic. Conversely the pelagic animals may in some instances be very useful as indicators of the source or nature of the water movements. Many years ago, Cleve (1900) recognized this fact in his investigations of passively floating life but failed to fully distinguish between geographic and biological groups (Gran 1902). evertheless the principle of his hypothesis is good as expressed by Cleve-Eulser (1928) in the following: "regular biological analysis of …

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Variations Of Sea Level On The Pacific Coast Of The United States, Eugene C. Lafond Jan 1939

Variations Of Sea Level On The Pacific Coast Of The United States, Eugene C. Lafond

Journal of Marine Research

Seasonal Sea Level Variations.----The mean sea level during any period can be derived from the average of the hourly tide heights. These tide heights are obtained from records of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey permanent tide gauges, which are located in the principal harbors along the west coast, except the La Jolla gauge which is situated on the open coast.

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Measurements Of The Transparency Of Sea-Water Off The Coast Of Southern California, R. T. Young Jr. Jan 1939

Measurements Of The Transparency Of Sea-Water Off The Coast Of Southern California, R. T. Young Jr.

Journal of Marine Research

In a series of papers (7a, b, c, d, e) Pettersson has described the construction and use of a transparency meter and has given the results of transparency measurements at several stations in Swedish waters. Two of the main difficulties in determining the transparency of sea-water by measuring submarine daylight arise from fluctuations of the surface intensity and from the rapid decrease of intensity with depth. The transparency meter uses an artificial source of light, thus ensuring constant intensity. The present paper reports transparency measurements for 23 stations off the coast of Southern California.

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Distribution Of Diatoms In Relation To The Character Of Water Masses And Currents Off Southern California In 1938, H. U. Sverdrup, W. E. Allen Jan 1939

Distribution Of Diatoms In Relation To The Character Of Water Masses And Currents Off Southern California In 1938, H. U. Sverdrup, W. E. Allen

Journal of Marine Research

In 1938 the" E.W. Scripps" made six cruises at intervals of two months, covering on each cruise the same area off the coast of southern California. The station plan is shown in Figure 37, but not all stations indicated in that figure could be occupied on each cruise owing to unfavorable weather conditions and the short time available for completion of the work. On all cruises observations of temperature, salinity, and oxygen were made between the surface and a depth of 600 meters....

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Studies On The Physics And Chemistry Of Estuarine Waters In Chesapeake Bay, Curtis L. Newcombe, William A. Horne, Boland B. Shepard Jan 1939

Studies On The Physics And Chemistry Of Estuarine Waters In Chesapeake Bay, Curtis L. Newcombe, William A. Horne, Boland B. Shepard

Journal of Marine Research

Estuarine waters are understood to be those water masses which by virtue of their position are directly subject to the combined action of river and tidal currents. They may be considered to reflect certain dominant forces as well as progressive trends that determine their individualistic though changing hydrographic as well as biologic properties. The factors that lend individuality to these bodies may exhibit profound differences in different latitudes and yet, in certain fundamental respects, the waters possess important characteristics in common....

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Lateral Mixing In The Deep Water Of The South Atlantic Ocean, H. U. Sverdrup Jan 1939

Lateral Mixing In The Deep Water Of The South Atlantic Ocean, H. U. Sverdrup

Journal of Marine Research

The deep-sea circulation of the Atlantic has recently been carefully analyzed by Wiist (1935) who, on the basis of the tongue-like distribution of temperature and salinity, has drawn conclusions as to the direction of flow at different depths. He considers that an exchange of deep :water between the North Atlantic Ocean and the Antarctic Ocean is maintained by a flow to the north along the bottom of Antarctic water and a flow to the south at lesser depths of North Atlantic deep water and Mediterranean water.

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Periodic Changes In Spectral Scattering And Spectral Transmission Of Daylight In Tidal Water, Wilhelm Jorgenson, C. L. Utterback Jan 1939

Periodic Changes In Spectral Scattering And Spectral Transmission Of Daylight In Tidal Water, Wilhelm Jorgenson, C. L. Utterback

Journal of Marine Research

Seasonal changes in the transmission of certain spectral bands of solar radiation in the inshore waters of the Pacific Northwest were reported by Williams and Utterback (1) for the year 1934 and by tterback and l\1iller (2) for the years 1935 and 1936….

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Correlations In Aquatic Ecology With An Example Of Their Application To Problems Of Plankton Productivity, Gordon A. Riley Jan 1939

Correlations In Aquatic Ecology With An Example Of Their Application To Problems Of Plankton Productivity, Gordon A. Riley

Journal of Marine Research

Much of the ecological work of the present time is concerned with the direct observation of natural variations in environment and biota, followed by an examination of the relationships between variables and speculation as to their meaning….

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Plankton Studies. Ii. The Western North Atlantic, May-June, 1939, Gordon A. Riley Jan 1939

Plankton Studies. Ii. The Western North Atlantic, May-June, 1939, Gordon A. Riley

Journal of Marine Research

The results of the first paper of this series, a study of the plankton in a tropical shallow water region in the Gulf of Mexico, suggested the desirability of extending the observations to more typically oceanic areas in order to analyze productivity factors in relation to the depth of water and to attempt to estimate the relative productivity of northern and southern seas. Opportunity for such an investigation was obtained during a cruise of the "Atlantis" from the northern coast of Cuba to Woods Hole. Eighteen stations were established during the cruise, and measurements were made at each station of …

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Transport And Convergence Of The North Atlantic Drift Current Computed From The Average January Pressure Distribution, Edward M. Brooks Jan 1939

Transport And Convergence Of The North Atlantic Drift Current Computed From The Average January Pressure Distribution, Edward M. Brooks

Journal of Marine Research

According to Montgomery (1936, 1938), one of the important effects of the wind blowing over the sea surface is its production of positive and negative convergence in the drift current, which is essentially limited to a surface homogeneous layer usually less than 50 meters thick. This convergence results from the net transport of the drift current at right angles to the wind, the magnitude of the transport being such that the deflecting force acting on it exactly compensates the wind stress. Of course, this involves the assumption that the drift current has come to equilibrium with the wind. To avoid …

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On The Oxidation Of Organic Matter In Marine Sediments By Bacteria, Selman A. Waksman, Margaret Hotchkiss Jan 1938

On The Oxidation Of Organic Matter In Marine Sediments By Bacteria, Selman A. Waksman, Margaret Hotchkiss

Journal of Marine Research

The question as to whether the organic matter in the sea bottom is inert or is available as a nutrient for the bottom fauna and bottom-inhabiting bacteria is a problem of special interest in the cycle of life in the sea. A number of marine animals, making up the benthos or the bottom fauna, must depend upon this organic matter for their nutrition while the sea bottom also harbors an extensive bacterial population which require the energy to be derived from various nutrient elements for cell synthesis and respiration.

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