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Articles 2251 - 2280 of 2515
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A Bathymetric Profile Across The Hudson Submarine Canyon And Its Tributaries, John Northrop
A Bathymetric Profile Across The Hudson Submarine Canyon And Its Tributaries, John Northrop
Journal of Marine Research
Echo soundings recorded continuously during a crossing of the Hudson Submarine Canyon system 200 miles southeast of New York Harbor show that the tributaries in 1200-1800 fathoms depth differ in profile and gradient from the Hudson Canyon proper….
On The Statistical Distribution Of The Heights Of Sea Waves, M. S. Longuet-Higgins
On The Statistical Distribution Of The Heights Of Sea Waves, M. S. Longuet-Higgins
Journal of Marine Research
The statistical distribution of wave-heights is derived theoretically on the assumptions (a) that the wave spectrum contains a single narrow band of frequencies, and (b) that the wave energy is being received from a large number of different sources whose phases are random. Theoretical relations are found between the root-meansquare wave-height, the mean height of the highest one-third (or highest one-tenth) waves and the most probable height of the largest wave in a given interval of time. There is close agreement with observation.
A Theory Of Fog Formation, Robert G. Fleagle
A Theory Of Fog Formation, Robert G. Fleagle
Journal of Marine Research
It is shown that just above a cold black-body surface the effect of radiation is to warm the air, whereas just above a warm surface the effect of radiation is to cool the air. Above a height of the order of one meter the signs of the radiative temperature change are reversed. Since, as Emmons and Montgomery (1947) have pointed out, fog formation usually requires net radiation from the air, it follows that, above a cold surface, fog forms only above a certain critical height whereas above a warm surface fog forms below a critical height. Other processes which produce …
Circulation In The Upper Mixed Layer Of The Equatorial North Pacific, Kozo Yoshida, Han-Lee Mao, Paul L. Horrer
Circulation In The Upper Mixed Layer Of The Equatorial North Pacific, Kozo Yoshida, Han-Lee Mao, Paul L. Horrer
Journal of Marine Research
The circulation in the upper mixed layer in the equatorial region of the North Pacific is treated by solving the steady-state equations containing terms of Corioli's force, pressure gradient, and horizontal as well as vertical mixing….
Parameters Of Turbulence In The Sea, Gordon A. Riley
Parameters Of Turbulence In The Sea, Gordon A. Riley
Journal of Marine Research
Dimensional analysis, combined with statistical examination of data, leads to the development of an equation for eddy diffusivity that is expressed in terms of readily measurable physical parameters----mean current speed, the distance between points of observation, the density of the water, and the dynamic molecular viscosity.....
Midsummer Renewal Of Oxygen Within The Hypolimnion, R. A. Bryson, V. E. Suomi
Midsummer Renewal Of Oxygen Within The Hypolimnion, R. A. Bryson, V. E. Suomi
Journal of Marine Research
Following a very rainy period in the summer of 1950, oxygen temporarily reappeared in the hypolimnion of Lake Mendota. It is postulated that the oxygen was introduced there by density currents of cold, silt laden, well oxygenated runoff water.
The Growth And Viability Of Sixty-Three Species Of Marine Bacteria As Influenced By Hydrostatic Pressure, Carl H. Oppenheimer, Claude E. Zobell
The Growth And Viability Of Sixty-Three Species Of Marine Bacteria As Influenced By Hydrostatic Pressure, Carl H. Oppenheimer, Claude E. Zobell
Journal of Marine Research
The hydrostatic pressure of sea water, which increases approximately 0.1 atmosphere per meter of depth, was found to affect the viability, reproduction, and morphology of 63 stock cultures of marine bacteria representing several genera. Many of the cultures were killed at 27° C by pressures ranging from 200 to 600 atm, although some few reproduced at 600 atm. Initial inoculum concentrations of the various bacteria appeared to influence their ability to reproduce or to tolerate high pressures. Pressures exceeding 400 atm inhibited the fission of certain bacteria without stopping their growth, thereby resulting in bizarre cells, some of which formed …
Thick Source Alpha Activity Of Some North Atlantic Cores, J. Laurence Kulp, Herbert L. Volchok, H. D. Holland, David B. Ericson
Thick Source Alpha Activity Of Some North Atlantic Cores, J. Laurence Kulp, Herbert L. Volchok, H. D. Holland, David B. Ericson
Journal of Marine Research
Six representative deep sea cores have been analyzed for their thick source alpha emission at about every 20 cm. Some correlation can be made with a calcium carbonate content but not with absolute surface area. The range of relative alpha activity is 2-3 counts/cm2/hr for sand, 2--4 for globigerina ooze, 4-6 for foraminiferal green clay, and 5-10 for fine white to red clay with low foram content. It appears that total alpha activity cannot be correlated simply with age as might be suggested from the Urry ionium vs. depth curves.
Marine Leptopel, Its Recovery, Measurement And Distribution, Denis L. Fox, John D. Issacs, Eugene F. Corcoran
Marine Leptopel, Its Recovery, Measurement And Distribution, Denis L. Fox, John D. Issacs, Eugene F. Corcoran
Journal of Marine Research
Leptopel, the colloidally or otherwise finely particulate organic and inorganic detritus suspended in natural bodies of water, varies in chemical composition and in relative quantities with reference to depth, latitude and proximity to land. The leptopelic material may be quantitatively recovered by passing the water through an ultrafilter of inert, insoluble adsorptiv.e powder. Apparatus has been designed to so recover such samples in situ at various depths.
On The Stability Of Gas Bubbles In Sea Water, Jeffries Wyman Jr., P. F. Scholander, G. A. Edwards, L. Irving
On The Stability Of Gas Bubbles In Sea Water, Jeffries Wyman Jr., P. F. Scholander, G. A. Edwards, L. Irving
Journal of Marine Research
Laboratory experiments have been performed to determine the rate of solution and the change in composition of air bubbles in stirred sea water as a function of depth (0-200 m) and temperature (1-27° C). At each depth the shrinking of the diameter is nearly linear. This rate of solution increases with increasing pressure up to a limiting value which is almost reached at a depth of 20 m. The rate of disappearance of a bubble is only imperceptibly influenced by temperature. When a bubble of air dissolves at a given depth it becomes richer in nitrogen until a final constant …
Salinity Distribution And Circulation In The Chesapeake Bay Estuarine System, D. W. Pritchard
Salinity Distribution And Circulation In The Chesapeake Bay Estuarine System, D. W. Pritchard
Journal of Marine Research
The salinity distribution in a coastal plain estuary governs the dynamic structure. In the estuaries studied, the salinity increases with depth, the salinity-depth curve having the general shape of an inverse tangent function. Though there is a layer of relatively rapid increase in salt content with depth, separating an upper less saline layer from a lower more saline layer, this halocline is still sufficiently weak to allow a downward random flux of fresh water as well as an upward random flux of salt. The longitudinal salinity gradient is approximately uniform with depth. The salinity is on the average higher on …
Physical Oceanographic Investigations In The Eastern Bering And Chukchi Seas During The Summer Of 1947, E. C. Lafond, D. W. Pritchard
Physical Oceanographic Investigations In The Eastern Bering And Chukchi Seas During The Summer Of 1947, E. C. Lafond, D. W. Pritchard
Journal of Marine Research
New information on the physical properties of the waters in the eastern Bering and Chukchi seas is discussed. It shows that, in summer, the water masses of this area are complicated by the circulation and advective processes. In general, the southern Bering Sea water flows northward and is modified by warm low-salinity water from rivers along the Alaskan coast and from intrusions of cold high-salinity water from the western Bering Sea. This mixture of water funn els through the Bering Strait principally at the surface on the eastern side....
The Estimation And Characterization Of Plankton Populations By Pigment Analyses Ii. A Spectrophotometric Method For The Estimation Of Plankton Pigments, Francis A. Richards, Thomas G. Thompson
The Estimation And Characterization Of Plankton Populations By Pigment Analyses Ii. A Spectrophotometric Method For The Estimation Of Plankton Pigments, Francis A. Richards, Thomas G. Thompson
Journal of Marine Research
A semimicro spectrophotometric method is described for the estimation of chlorophyll a, b, and c and of astacin and nonastacin type carotenoids in acetone extracts of plant and animal material. Developed specifically for use in estimating and characterizing plankton populations, the method is highly sensitive and practical for shipboard use. Methods of collecting, preparing and extracting plankton samples, spectrophotometric measurements, computation of results, and errors are discussed.
Titanium In The Sea, John V. Griel, Rex J. Robinson
Titanium In The Sea, John V. Griel, Rex J. Robinson
Journal of Marine Research
Small amounts of titanium have been detected in sea water by a colorimetric procedure using a thymol reagent and also by a spectrographic method. Diatoms and sea muds were found to have larger amounts of titanium than sea water. Thus it would seem that titanium is concentrated by diatoms in their shell structures.
Microfiltration In Oceanographic Research I. Marine Sampling With The Molecular Filter, Edward D. Goldberg, Marjorie Baker, Denis L. Fox
Microfiltration In Oceanographic Research I. Marine Sampling With The Molecular Filter, Edward D. Goldberg, Marjorie Baker, Denis L. Fox
Journal of Marine Research
Molecular filters, composed of cellulose acetate and nitrate membranes, may be used for the quantitative estimation of microplankton populations, for the determination of suspended organic and inorganic matter in natural waters, and in studies of photosynthetic productivity by phytoplankton cells in collected samples....
Absorption Of Nutrients By Aquatic Plants, Walter H. Munk, Gordon A. Riley
Absorption Of Nutrients By Aquatic Plants, Walter H. Munk, Gordon A. Riley
Journal of Marine Research
Formulae are derived for the rate of nutrient absorption by aquatic plants approximating the shapes of spheres, discs, cylinders, and plates. Other parameters are the size and specific gravity of the plant, the nutrient concentration of the medium, and the physical properties affecting the transfer of nutrients toward the plant surface. The formulae allow for convection, i. e., the movement of water relative to the plant. Hence absorption is aided by a current in the case of attached plants and by a rapid sinking rate in the case of plankton. The results are not materially modified by turbulence....
The Estimation And Characterization Of Plankton Populations By Pigment Analyses. I. The Absorption Spectra Of Some Pigments Occuring In Diatoms, Dinoflagellates And Brown Algae, Francis A. Richards
The Estimation And Characterization Of Plankton Populations By Pigment Analyses. I. The Absorption Spectra Of Some Pigments Occuring In Diatoms, Dinoflagellates And Brown Algae, Francis A. Richards
Journal of Marine Research
The spectra of chlorophyll c, beta carotene, neofucoxanthin A, neofucoxanthin B, fucoxanthin, diadinoxanthin and diatoxanthin in 90% acetone solutions are reported. These constants are necessary for the simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of the major plankton pigments described.
Studies On The Production Of Underwater Sound By North Atlantic Coastal Fishes, Marie Poland Fish, Alton S. Kelsey Jr., William H. Mowbray
Studies On The Production Of Underwater Sound By North Atlantic Coastal Fishes, Marie Poland Fish, Alton S. Kelsey Jr., William H. Mowbray
Journal of Marine Research
Previous studies suggest that at least 42 families of Pacific Ocean fishes are potential sources of underwater sound. The present investigation has undertaken to ascertain experimentally which North Atlantic coastal species fit into that category and what stimuli are involved in sound production among fishes. Apparatus, test and analysis procedures are described....
Abrupt Change In Width In Two-Layer Open Channel Flow, Henry Stommel, Harlow G. Farmer
Abrupt Change In Width In Two-Layer Open Channel Flow, Henry Stommel, Harlow G. Farmer
Journal of Marine Research
An abrupt widening in a channel can act as a control on the regime of two-layer flow immediately upstream. A simple explanation in terms of an interfacial Froude number is offered and a set of experimental verifications is described. Bernoulli's Principle is applied to an abrupt narrowing.
Halogenated Amino Acids Of The Bath Sponge, Eva M. Low
Halogenated Amino Acids Of The Bath Sponge, Eva M. Low
Journal of Marine Research
The amino acid composition and halogen content of the bath sponge, Spongia officinalis obliqua (D. & M.), collected in the Gulf of Mexico, was studied to determine the nature of the halogenated amino acids present. The sponge was found to contain 1.06% tyrosine, 0.38% iodine, and 0.80% bromine. It is believed that the major halogenated amino acids are the mono- (3-) and di- (3, 5-) bromo- and iodotyrosines.
Diaurnal Fluctations In Bathythermograms, Philip Rudnick, John D. Cochrane
Diaurnal Fluctations In Bathythermograms, Philip Rudnick, John D. Cochrane
Journal of Marine Research
Series of bathythermograms extending over 12- to 90-day periods from two deepsea stations in the northeastern Pacific fail to show more than indefinite or minor fluctuations of tidal period, in contrast with marked internal tides which have been observed in the Atlantic. Fluctuations of surface temperature were found to be about half random and half due to diurnal solar heating.
The Ball-Breaker, A Deep Water Bottom Signalling Device, John D. Issacs, A. E. Maxwell
The Ball-Breaker, A Deep Water Bottom Signalling Device, John D. Issacs, A. E. Maxwell
Journal of Marine Research
A simple device for signalling the arrival of a deep cast on bottom has been developed and is now in routine use. The device is used either in line with corers or is suspended below as a pilot. When contact of either the ball-breaker or other apparatus is made with the bottom, a small glass sphere in the former is imploded and the resultant signal at the surface is amplified and reproduced over a loud speaker system. The device has been used successfully at depths to 2,700 fathoms.
Determination Of Ocean Transports And Velocities By Electromagnetic Effects, W. V.R. Malkus, M. E. Stern
Determination Of Ocean Transports And Velocities By Electromagnetic Effects, W. V.R. Malkus, M. E. Stern
Journal of Marine Research
The electric potentials in and about an ocean current are shown to be related in a simple fashion to the total fluid transport. In many waters, surface measurements alone permit the determination of this total transport. It is also established that the local vertical potential gradient is a measure of the local velocity. Several techniques of measurement, including the "Geomagnetic electrokinetograph" method, and the errors which may be involved in each, are discussed.
Note On The Meridional Transport Of Energy By The Oceans, Glenn H. Jung
Note On The Meridional Transport Of Energy By The Oceans, Glenn H. Jung
Journal of Marine Research
The role of the oceans in providing poleward energy flux within the earth's fluid envelope is re-examined in regard to effective transport mechanisms. A hypothetical model near 30 degrees north latitude is found to produce a sizeable poleward energy transport when effects of closed vertical circulations operating in meridional planes are considered. Available data for the Atlantic do not conflict with this result. It is suggested that the importance of such meridional circulations should not be disregarded in computations of the global energy balance.
Determinations Of Free And Bound Ascorbic Acid In Fishery Products, W. H. Hastings, C. Floyd Spencer
Determinations Of Free And Bound Ascorbic Acid In Fishery Products, W. H. Hastings, C. Floyd Spencer
Journal of Marine Research
Asorbic acid is found in two different forms in fish tissue. One form, soluble in 95% ethanol, constitutes approximately 85% of the total vitamin C content, and the other form, which is insoluble in 95% ethanol, constitutes approximately 15% of the total. Certain fish products have sufficient ascorbic acid to be of importance as dietary sources. Retention of the vitamin on processing varies with different fish products.
Recent Findings About The Deep Scattering Layer, J. B. Hersey, H. R. Johnson, L. C. Davis
Recent Findings About The Deep Scattering Layer, J. B. Hersey, H. R. Johnson, L. C. Davis
Journal of Marine Research
Sound scattering observations in deep water are reported for the frequency range from 2 to 20 kc. An explosive sound source was employed to give a sound having high acoustic pressures throughout the frequency range. The receiver was directed vertically downward in the water; the recorder allowed simultaneous recording over several frequency bands....
A New Spectrophotometric Method For The Determination Of Nitrate In Sea Water, Kenneth Bendschneider, Rex J. Robinson
A New Spectrophotometric Method For The Determination Of Nitrate In Sea Water, Kenneth Bendschneider, Rex J. Robinson
Journal of Marine Research
A spectrophotometric method, employing sulfanilamide and N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine, has been proposed for the determination of nitrite in sea water. The effect of the order of addition of reagents, acidity, reagent concentration, and temperature on the speed of color formation and maximum optical density has been discussed. It has been shown that salinity has no effect on the maximum color intensity. The color develops rapidly in either sea water or fresh water and is stable for approximately two hours. Calibration curves have been prepared which show that the concentration of nitrite is directly proportional to color intensity.
The Determination And Distribution Of Copper In Sea Water. Part I. The Spectrophotometric Determination Of Copper In Sea Water, Tsaihwa J. Chow, Thomas G. Thompson
The Determination And Distribution Of Copper In Sea Water. Part I. The Spectrophotometric Determination Of Copper In Sea Water, Tsaihwa J. Chow, Thomas G. Thompson
Journal of Marine Research
The spectrophotometric determination of copper in sea water has been studied with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate as the color forming reagent. This reagent, compared with the frequently used dithizone, affords simpler operation, less interference from other metallic ions, higher sensitivity, and greater accuracy. Xylene has been found to be most desirable for extracting the copper diethyldithiocarbamate. Factors studied in some detail include the effects of varying the extracting time, concentration as it affects the coefficient of extraction, amount of reagent, hydrogen ion concentration, salinity, concentration of oxidizing and reducing agents, and the stabilities of the diethyldithiocarbamate reagent and the colored copper diethyldithiocarbamate....
Bathypelagic Fishes As Sound Scatterers In The Ocean, Norman B. Marshall
Bathypelagic Fishes As Sound Scatterers In The Ocean, Norman B. Marshall
Journal of Marine Research
Investigations on the D. S. L. in oceanic waters have been considered in the light of recently acquired data on the structure of the air bladder in bathypelagic fishes. From this it has been suggested that much of the reverberation of supersonic pulses used in echo-sounding may come from layers of these oceanic fishes, particularly from those possessing an air bladder....
The Exchanges Of Fresh And Salt Waters In Tidal Estuaries, Bostwick H. Ketchum
The Exchanges Of Fresh And Salt Waters In Tidal Estuaries, Bostwick H. Ketchum
Journal of Marine Research
An empirical theory is presented which describes the exchanges between various parts of an estuary as a result of tidal oscillations, and which permits the calculation of the average distribution of fresh and salt water within the estuary. The characteristics of the estuary used in the calculations are the mean range of tides, the river flow, and the topography, all readily available for most estuaries. The calculations are shown to produce results which are similar to distributions observed in three very different estuaries. The theory will permit calculation of the changes in distribution of salinity and fresh water in any …