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The Mode Site Revisited, William J. Schmitz Jr. Jan 1989

The Mode Site Revisited, William J. Schmitz Jr.

Journal of Marine Research

In the 1970's, an intense physical oceanographic effort was focused on the MODE Area (centered at 28N, 70W) to study mesoscale eddies and their effect on the larger-scale longer-term (or general) interior ocean circulation. At that time there was considerable discussion as to the typicality of these results. It has become clear that the time-dependent field is horizontally inhomogeneous; eddies have a geography related to the general circulation. In some areas, significant temporal inhomogeneity (nonstationarity) has been observed, but this issue has not yet been clarified for the MODE Area. Recently, a collective experiment to study the effect of fronts …

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Interaction Of Internal Waves And Mean Flow Observed Near A Coast, Pijush K. Kundu, Richard E. Thomson, Barbara M. Hickey, Paul H. Leblond Jan 1988

Interaction Of Internal Waves And Mean Flow Observed Near A Coast, Pijush K. Kundu, Richard E. Thomson, Barbara M. Hickey, Paul H. Leblond

Journal of Marine Research

Vortex stretching has been proposed as a possible mechanism by which internal waves can extract energy from the mean flow. Relationships between the slowly varying (ω < 0.25 cpd) and rapidly varying (0.13 cph < ω < 0.5 cph) components of the flow have been examined in a 4-month-long data set taken off the coast of British Columbia. The rapidly varying component of horizontal velocity generally rotates clockwise, and is in rough agreement with internal wave dynamics. It is horizontally incoherent within a distance of 10 km and is vertically coherent across the water column with a nearly 180° phase change. Scatter plots show that the wavefield is anisotropic, with the Reynolds stresses generally obeying uv < 0, vw < 0 and uw > 0, where (u, v, w) are the fluctuating velocity components in the (onshore, alongshore, upward) directions. Instances have been found in which time variations of uv and the mean horizontal shear rate Vx are negatively correlated, with an implied horizontal viscosity of VH ∼ (3 ± 2) × 105 cm2/s. No correlation of vw and the mean vertical shear V …

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A Numerical Model Study Of Internal Tides On The Australian Northwest Shelf, Peter D. Craig Jan 1988

A Numerical Model Study Of Internal Tides On The Australian Northwest Shelf, Peter D. Craig

Journal of Marine Research

Models of internal tides have been difficult to apply to realistic ocean situations because of restrictive assumptions on the form of either the bottom topography or the vertical density structure. A numerical model, based on the analytic model of Craig (1987a), is applied to a section through the Australian Northwest Shelf, and the results compared with data collected at the North Rankin location. The model simulates accurately the amplitude and phase structure of the internal tide. The predicted temperature and current amplitudes are within one-third of those observed, but the phase relationship between the temperature and surface tide is different …

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Cross-Phyletic Patterns Of Particle Selection By Deposit Feeders, Robert F. L. Self, Peter A. Jumars Jan 1988

Cross-Phyletic Patterns Of Particle Selection By Deposit Feeders, Robert F. L. Self, Peter A. Jumars

Journal of Marine Research

In controlled laboratory experiments using a wide array of exotic sediments of known characteristics (glass and plastic beads) we studied the mechanical, evolutionarily-fixed component of particle selection for ingestion in 5 surface and 6 subsurface deposit feeders, from 3 phyla (Annelida, Mollusca and Arthropoda). Three species were nonselective within all or part of the 3-324 μm particle size range tested, while the remaining 8 species exhibited unimodal patterns of size selection, peaking near 6 μm. In addition, the surface deposit feeders displayed a strong preference for particles of low specific gravity. Particle selection in tube construction by the polychaetes …

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On The Surface Drift Of The Southern Ocean, J. R. E. Lutjeharms, L. V. Shannon, L. J. Beekman Jan 1988

On The Surface Drift Of The Southern Ocean, J. R. E. Lutjeharms, L. V. Shannon, L. J. Beekman

Journal of Marine Research

Drift rates of the sea surface have been calculated for the South Atlantic and South Indian Ocean sectors of the Southern Ocean using drift cards and FGGE buoys. Drift patterns and drift rates, based on results from 40,000 plastic drift cards placed from 1978 to 1981, indicate significant equatorward surface exchange between the Southern Ocean and subtropical ocean gyres. Card drift rates increase with latitude up to the 40-45S zone. Average zonal drift rates lie between 10.3 cm/s and 16.4 cm/s. Zonally averaged drift rates of FGGE buoys are also at a maximum between 40 and 45S but are 15% …

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Buoyancy Driven Planetary Flows, A. Colin De Verdière Jan 1988

Buoyancy Driven Planetary Flows, A. Colin De Verdière

Journal of Marine Research

The large scale flow patterns driven by surface buoyancy flux are obtained as numerical solutions of the planetary geostrophic equations to which dissipation and diffusion have been appended. Within a cartesian β plane, square box geometry, the solution is made of gyres of the largest possible size with western and northern intensification, anticyclonic above the main thermocline, cyclonic below. Within regions of heat gain, the classical equilibrium between downward eddy diffusion and vertical upwelling is approximately observed in the main thermocline. As a consequence the abyssal circulation (southern interior and western boundary current) behave according to the early Stommel-Arons' ideas. …

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Recent Moored Current Meter And Sofar Float Observations In The Eastern Atlantic Near 32n, William J. Schmitz Jr., James F. Price, Philip L. Richardson Jan 1988

Recent Moored Current Meter And Sofar Float Observations In The Eastern Atlantic Near 32n, William J. Schmitz Jr., James F. Price, Philip L. Richardson

Journal of Marine Research

Basic flow statistics from the two-year deployment of a mooring in the vicinity of 32N and 24W are presented, along with intercomparisons between SOFAR float results concurrent with the first year of moored instrument data. Current-temperature meters were deployed in the main thermocline (∼500 m depth), in Mediterranean Water (1000–1100 m depth) along with the SOFAR floats, and at an abyssal (∼3000 m) level. The float and current meter averages over a common time interval are at least roughly the same, with eddy field intercomparisons being better than those for mean flow. Strong year-to-year variability in the time-averaged flow and …

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Microbial-Meiofaunal Interrelationships In Some Tropical Intertidal Sediments, Daniel M. Alongi Jan 1988

Microbial-Meiofaunal Interrelationships In Some Tropical Intertidal Sediments, Daniel M. Alongi

Journal of Marine Research

Interrelationships among microbial and meiofaunal communities were examined for one year at four intertidal mangrove and sandflat habitats in tropical northeastern Australia. None of the microbial and meiofaunal communities correlated with physical factors over the year as densities of most microbial and meiofaunal groups, bacterial productivity and specific growth rates (μ) of bacteria fluctuated significantly over time at each habitat with no distinct seasonality. However, over a tidal cycle, bacterial growth rates were significantly affected by tidal flooding and exposure on the sandflat; bacterial growth rates increased with increasing sediment temperatures upon exposure during daylight. Protozoan and meiofaunal …

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Cold-Seep Benthic Communities In The Japan Subduction Zones: Geological Control Of Community Development, Myriam Sibuet, S. Kim Juniper, Guy Pautot Jan 1988

Cold-Seep Benthic Communities In The Japan Subduction Zones: Geological Control Of Community Development, Myriam Sibuet, S. Kim Juniper, Guy Pautot

Journal of Marine Research

A large number of Calyptogena-dominated benthic communities, apparently chemosynthetically-based, were discovered at methane-rich pore-water seeps in the Japan subduction zones (3850–6000 m depth). Photographic and video surveys from four submersible dives were analyzed to study the influence of faulting, topography and substratum on exploitation of cold seeps by megafauna. Pore-water seepage occurred in a variety of geological settings, including subduction-erosion and accretionary prism formation, always in association with major faults which likely facilitated upward migration of fluids from a deep high-pressure zone. Sediment cover and manganese crusts on the seafloor appeared to block pore-water discharge, except where interrupted by …

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Phytoplankton Species Composition And Abundance In A Gulf Stream Warm Core Ring. I. Changes Over A Five Month Period, Richard W. Gould Jr., Greta A. Fryxell Jan 1988

Phytoplankton Species Composition And Abundance In A Gulf Stream Warm Core Ring. I. Changes Over A Five Month Period, Richard W. Gould Jr., Greta A. Fryxell

Journal of Marine Research

During the spring and summer of 1982, Gulf Stream warm core ring (WCR) 82B was sampled during four cruises from April to August to investigate the changes in the phytoplankton flora with time. Discrete water samples from 28 stations were collected for identification and enumeration of phytoplankton. The spring increase in WCR 828 occurred from late April to mid-May and was multiphasic; early periods were dominated by the diatoms Minidiscus trioculatus (4–5 μm diam.) and a small Thalassiosira, possibly T. bulbosa, while later periods were dominated by a small (2–3 μm) biflagellate. In June, another diatom …

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A Provisional Diagenetic Model For Ph In Anoxic Porewaters: Application To The Foam Site, Bernard P. Boudreau, Donald E. Canfield Jan 1988

A Provisional Diagenetic Model For Ph In Anoxic Porewaters: Application To The Foam Site, Bernard P. Boudreau, Donald E. Canfield

Journal of Marine Research

This paper presents a diffusion-advection-reaction model for the pH of anoxic porewaters in nonirrigated sediments. Because of the couplings demanded by the organic-matter decay reaction, various acid-base interconversions, dissolved-iron generation, and CaCO3 and FeS precipitation, the model does not consider H+ alone, but deals simultaneously with 17 dissolved species. The complex and largely unknown kinetics of some of the processes affecting these species have been approximated by simple ad hoc formulations. For this reason, the model must be considered provisional. We have also made extensive use of the local (partial) equilibrium assumption to circumvent the computational problems generated …

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Eddy-Wall Interactions, Doron Nof Jan 1988

Eddy-Wall Interactions, Doron Nof

Journal of Marine Research

A nonlinear one and a half-layer model is considered to examine the collision of isolated eddies with vertical walls. The round undisturbed eddies are allowed to have relatively large amplitudes; they are bounded by a free streamline beyond which the ocean is stagnant. The inviscid interaction is examined by, conceptually, “cutting” the eddies with a straight vertical wall. The resulting events are studied using a perturbation expansion in ε, the nondimensional penetration of the wall into the vortices, i.e., “weak” interactions are examined. Two class of eddies are considered. The first consists of linear quasi-geostrophic eddies (i.e., small amplitude …

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Mesoscale Heterogeneity Of The Wind-Driven Mixed Layer: Influence Of A Quasigeostrophic Flow, Patrice Klein, Bach Lien Hua Jan 1988

Mesoscale Heterogeneity Of The Wind-Driven Mixed Layer: Influence Of A Quasigeostrophic Flow, Patrice Klein, Bach Lien Hua

Journal of Marine Research

Weller (1982) and Kunze (1985) have shown that the presence of a geostrophic flow may be responsible for a large part of the observed mesoscale heterogeneity and intermittency of inertial oscillations. In this paper, the effects of this influence on the dynamics of the wind-driven mixed-layer (ML), in particular on entrainment and ML depth evolution, are analytically derived. A simple ML model including these effects is coupled with the quasigeostrophic numerical model of Hua and Haidvogel (1986) in order to investigate and characterize the specific effects of a quasigeostrophic flow on the ML spatial heterogeneity. Numerical results clearly show that …

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Field Assessment Of Sediment Trap Efficiency Under Varying Flow Conditions, Edward T. Baker, Hugh B. Milburn, David A. Tennant Jan 1988

Field Assessment Of Sediment Trap Efficiency Under Varying Flow Conditions, Edward T. Baker, Hugh B. Milburn, David A. Tennant

Journal of Marine Research

Knowledge of the collection efficiency of sediment traps, particularly under conditions of varying current speed, is presently more a matter of hope than confidence. We report here on a field experiment designed to determine, for a particular trap geometry, the effect of current speed and particle fall velocity on the collection efficiency of a moored trap relative to the presumably unbiased efficiency of an identical drifting trap. The experiment was performed in a deep estuarine tidal passage where a smoothly varying unidirectional flow and a spatially homogenous particle population mimicked laboratory flume conditions. A multiple-sample sediment trap integrated to a …

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Functional Response Of The Euphausiid Thysanoessa Raschii Grazing On Small Diatoms And Toxic Dinoflagellates, Sam Mcclatchie Jan 1988

Functional Response Of The Euphausiid Thysanoessa Raschii Grazing On Small Diatoms And Toxic Dinoflagellates, Sam Mcclatchie

Journal of Marine Research

The functional response of T. raschii feeding on monocultures of small phytoplankton at 0.4–14 μg pigment liter–1 was determined using a time-series method in a large volume flow-through grazing system. A model-free robust regression procedure aided by graphical and statistical methods was used to compare Ivlev, Michaelis-Menten, linear, Disk equation and Holling type III models. Ivlev, Michaelis-Menten and Disk equation models were less preferable to a linear model because their parameters were highly correlated and could not be uniquely determined, although they appear to fit the data graphically. Holling type III model did not fit the data. A …

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Response Of Small Motile Epifauna To Complexity Of Epiphytic Algae On Seagrass Blades, Margaret O. Hall, Susan S. Bell Jan 1988

Response Of Small Motile Epifauna To Complexity Of Epiphytic Algae On Seagrass Blades, Margaret O. Hall, Susan S. Bell

Journal of Marine Research

Field collections and experiments were performed to examine the relationship between the biomass of epiphytic algae (= habitat complexity) on Thalassia testudinum blades and the density of associated motile epifauna. Samples collected at Egmont Key, Florida indicated a significant positive association between the density of harpacticoid copepods, the most numerous taxon on seagrass blades, and biomass of the dominant epiphyte, Giffordia mitchelliae. Similar results were noted for nematodes, amphipods, and crustacean nauplii. Seagrass blades with large amounts of epiphytic algae are often older than blades with lesser amounts of algae, and have had a longer time to be colonized by …

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The Northern Limit Of Spawning By Atlantic Eels (Anguilla Spp.) In The Sargasso Sea In Relation To Thermal Fronts And Surface Water Masses, Robert C. Kleckner, James D. Mccleave Jan 1988

The Northern Limit Of Spawning By Atlantic Eels (Anguilla Spp.) In The Sargasso Sea In Relation To Thermal Fronts And Surface Water Masses, Robert C. Kleckner, James D. Mccleave

Journal of Marine Research

American and European eels (Anguilla rostrata and A. anguilla) spawn in a large poorly defined area east of the Bahamas between about longitude 50W and 75W in the Sargasso Sea. We use the distribution of tiny Anguilla larvae taken in ichthyoplankton collections and associated characterizations of hydrography to test two hypotheses concerning distribution of water masses and the northern limit of spawning by both species. Data are presented from four transects of closely spaced stations conducted during February and April 1983 which refute our hypothesis that a positive correlation exists between the distribution of the Subtropical Underwater and …

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The Comparison Of Macrobenthic Recolonization Patterns Near And Away From Crab Burrows On A Sublittoral Sand Flat, Simon F. Thrush Jan 1988

The Comparison Of Macrobenthic Recolonization Patterns Near And Away From Crab Burrows On A Sublittoral Sand Flat, Simon F. Thrush

Journal of Marine Research

This study assessed the influence of crab burrows (Macrophthalmus hirtipes) on localized patterns of macrobenthic colonization on a sand flat at 6 m depth in Otago Harbor, New Zealand. 150 m2 of surface sediments were artifically disturbed to simulate a storm and core samples were collected 2, 4, and 30 days later. At each time, samples were randomly collected near and away from crab burrows. A general pattern of high abundances away from burrows was apparent for most common taxa, number of taxa, number of individuals, and dominant polychaete feeding guilds. The differences in abundance near and …

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Implications Of Conservation Equations For The Determination Of Absolute Velocities, C. L. Frenzen, Alex C. Warn-Varnas Jan 1988

Implications Of Conservation Equations For The Determination Of Absolute Velocities, C. L. Frenzen, Alex C. Warn-Varnas

Journal of Marine Research

The consequences of assuming that density is conserved in the problem of determining absolute velocities are investigated. Two questions are considered: (i) the constraints that the density must satisfy to be compatible with the assumed geostrophic and hydrostatic dynamics and (ii) whether and to what extent the indeterminacy in this dynamics is removed by this additional assumption.

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Spatial Variations In The Sulfur Chemistry Of Salt Marsh Sediments At North Inlet, South Carolina, L. R. Gardner, T. G. Wolaver, M. Mitchell Jan 1988

Spatial Variations In The Sulfur Chemistry Of Salt Marsh Sediments At North Inlet, South Carolina, L. R. Gardner, T. G. Wolaver, M. Mitchell

Journal of Marine Research

Profiles of particulate and dissolved sulfur species have been measured in marsh sediments along three transects across the various growth zones (tall, medium and short) of Spartina alterniflora. In general, organic carbon, total sulfur, pyritic sulfur, pyritization index and dissolved sulfide increased with distance from tidal creek banks, whereas acid volatile sulfur (FeS), pH and Eh decreased with distance. These patterns probably are controlled by spatial variations in belowground production, pore water movement and fiddler crab burrowing. The creekside marsh (tall Spartina) is characterized by lower rates of belowground production (and thus lower rates of sulfate reduction and …

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Effects Of Bivalve Siphonal Currents On The Settlement Of Inert Particles And Larvae, Stephen C. Ertman, Peter A. Jumars Jan 1988

Effects Of Bivalve Siphonal Currents On The Settlement Of Inert Particles And Larvae, Stephen C. Ertman, Peter A. Jumars

Journal of Marine Research

Dye studies in a flume revealed that the strong exhalent siphonal current of an individual cockle, Clinocardium nuttallii, behaved much like a cylinder held in the flow, shedding vortices downstream. The inhalent flow was much slower and more diffuse, its effects being limited to the lowermost few centimeters above the bottom. Flume experiments with inert particles having settling velocities similar to those of polychaete larvae revealed that the vortex shedding from the excurrent jet led to variability in deposition of the particles a few centimeters downstream of the jet, and that neither the jet nor the incurrent flow substantially …

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Field Measurements Of The Fluid And Sediment-Dynamic Environment Of A Benthic Deposit Feeder, Douglas C. Miller, Richard W. Sternberg Jan 1988

Field Measurements Of The Fluid And Sediment-Dynamic Environment Of A Benthic Deposit Feeder, Douglas C. Miller, Richard W. Sternberg

Journal of Marine Research

Field measurements of flow and sediment transport at an intertidal site in False Bay, San Juan Island, Washington, U.S.A., revealed an environment dominated by wind wave-generated oscillatory flows and discrete sediment suspension events. Time series data showed that within a few tenths of a second, near-bottom suspended sediment concentrations can rise to 10 g l–1. These rapid erosion events are correlated with peak wave velocities and are followed by a more gradual (tens of seconds) decline in sediment concentration due to settling and advection. Large suspension events mixed detect able quantities of sediment to a height of 20 …

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Nitrogen Uptake And Nh4+ Regeneration By Pelagic Microplankton And Marine Snow From The North Atlantic, Patricia M. Glibert, Mark R. Dennett, David A. Caron Jan 1988

Nitrogen Uptake And Nh4+ Regeneration By Pelagic Microplankton And Marine Snow From The North Atlantic, Patricia M. Glibert, Mark R. Dennett, David A. Caron

Journal of Marine Research

Comparative rates of nitrogen uptake and NH4+ regeneration by plankton of <153 and <5 μm in size were determined in the Sargasso Sea and Gulf Stream, and by plankton associated with marine snow in the Gulf Stream during May 1982. Rates of total nitrogen uptake of Sargasso Sea phytoplankton exceeded those of the Gulf Stream phytoplankton by factors ranging from 1.8 to 5.6. Rates of microplankton NH4+ regeneration equaled or exceeded rates of NH4+ uptake in the Sargasso Sea, but in the Gulf Stream were negligible in all but one case. Significant rates of NH4 …

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Plankton Dynamics On The Outer Southeastern U.S. Continental Shelf. Part Ii: A Time-Dependent Biological Model, Eileen E. Hofmann, Julie W. Ambler Jan 1988

Plankton Dynamics On The Outer Southeastern U.S. Continental Shelf. Part Ii: A Time-Dependent Biological Model, Eileen E. Hofmann, Julie W. Ambler

Journal of Marine Research

A system of ten coupled ordinary differential equations was developed to investigate the time-dependent behavior of phytoplankton and copepod populations associated with frontal eddy and bottom intrusion upwelling features on the outer southeastern U.S. continental shelf. Model equations describe the interactions of nitrate, ammonium, two phytoplankton size fractions (>10 μm and <10 μm), five copepod categories that represent the developmental stages of a population, and a detrital pool. Formulations for the biological processes are based primarily upon data obtained from laboratory and field experiments for southeastern U.S. continental shelf plankton populations. Time series of nutrient and plankton distributions …

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Plankton Dynamics On The Outer Southeastern U.S. Continental Shelf. Part Iii: A Coupled Physical-Biological Model, Eileen E. Hofmann Jan 1988

Plankton Dynamics On The Outer Southeastern U.S. Continental Shelf. Part Iii: A Coupled Physical-Biological Model, Eileen E. Hofmann

Journal of Marine Research

Gulf Stream frontal eddies and bottom intrusions provide an almost continuous input of nutrients to the waters of the outer southeastern U.S. continental shelf. However, the two types of upwelling differ in physical dynamics, frequency of occurrence and duration. To investigate the effect of these differences on biological production associated with the two upwellings, a ten-component biological model was coupled to circulation and temperature fields constructed from an optimal interpolation of current meter data obtained from moorings deployed on the mid- to outer southeastern U.S. continental shelf as part of GABEX I (February to June, 1980) and GABEX II (June …

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The Maine Progressive - Vol. 2, No. 4 : January 1988, Maine Progressive Jan 1988

The Maine Progressive - Vol. 2, No. 4 : January 1988, Maine Progressive

The Maine Progressive

"If Maine is to be a more progressive society, people must make a commitment to work toward it. We hope that The Maine Progressive will broaden the base of support for progressive causes and bring together active people involved with many issues from all parts of Maine."
(from Vol.1, Issue 1)

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A Numerical Investigation Of The Somali Current During The Southwest Monsoon, Julian P. Mccreary Jr., Pijush K. Kundu Jan 1988

A Numerical Investigation Of The Somali Current During The Southwest Monsoon, Julian P. Mccreary Jr., Pijush K. Kundu

Journal of Marine Research

The dynamics of the Somali Current system during the Southwest Monsoon are investigated using a 2½-layer numerical model that includes entrainment of cool water into the upper layer. Entrainment cools the upper layer, provides interfacial drag, and prevents the interface from surfacing in regions of strong coastal upwelling. Solutions are forced by a variety of wind stress fields in ocean basins with western boundaries oriented either meridionally or at a 45° angle. Solutions forced by southern hemisphere easterlies develop a strong coastal current south of the equator. When the western boundary is slanted, this current bends offshore at the equator …

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Response Of Capelin To Wind-Induced Thermal Events In The Southern Labrador Current, David C. Schneider, David A. Methven Jan 1988

Response Of Capelin To Wind-Induced Thermal Events In The Southern Labrador Current, David C. Schneider, David A. Methven

Journal of Marine Research

The response of schooling fish (Capelin Mallotus villosus Müller) to coastal upwelling events in the southern Labrador Current was investigated during the summer of 1984 and 1987. Theoretical calculations showed that summer wind events, which prevail from the southwest, were capable of inducing upwelling along the western boundary of the Avalon Channel. Significant drops in the temperature of subsurface water near the coast occurred in response to longshore wind stress. Coherence of longshore winds and thermal fluctuations was significantly greater than zero at periods between 3.8 to 6.1 days at two exposed locations along the coast. Regression of temperature on …

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A Shelf/Slope Frontal Filament Off The Northeast Spanish Coast, Dong-Ping Wang, Mário E. C. Vieira, Jordi Salat, Joaquim Tintoré, Paul E. La Violette Jan 1988

A Shelf/Slope Frontal Filament Off The Northeast Spanish Coast, Dong-Ping Wang, Mário E. C. Vieira, Jordi Salat, Joaquim Tintoré, Paul E. La Violette

Journal of Marine Research

A frontal filament on the shelf break in the Balearic Sea was examined using hydrographic, drifter and satellite sensor measurements. The filament was a tongue of low-salinity shelf water marked by a sharp frontal boundary. During the four-day study period, the filament moved across the shelf break with a speed of about 20 cm/s. While drifters generally followed this movement, there were large relative motions between drifters and the filament. Particle velocities in the filament generally were larger than the advancing speed of the filament. This resulted in a strong flow convergence near the head of the filament. The hydrographic …

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Seasonal Variability Of Meridional Temperature Fluxes In The Eastern North Atlantic Ocean, Lothar Stramma, Hans-Jörg Isemer Jan 1988

Seasonal Variability Of Meridional Temperature Fluxes In The Eastern North Atlantic Ocean, Lothar Stramma, Hans-Jörg Isemer

Journal of Marine Research

Seasonal meridional ocean temperature fluxes were computed in a regional study of the eastern North Atlantic Ocean east of 30°30′W between 12°30′N and 39°30′N for the upper 1500 m of the ocean. Historical oceanographic and meteorological measurements are the data base for the direct method of computing temperature fluxes. Seasonal changes in temperature fluxes caused by the seasonality of Ekman transport and geostrophic transport are strongly dependent on latitude. Between 19N and 25N the meridional temperature flux shows low seasonality. In this area the permanent subtropical gyre and the stable trade-winds result in low seasonal changes. North of 25N the …

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