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Evaluating The Impact Of A Standardized Intimate Partner Violence Screening Tool In A Clinical Setting, Dylan Bogucki May 2026

Evaluating The Impact Of A Standardized Intimate Partner Violence Screening Tool In A Clinical Setting, Dylan Bogucki

Evidence-Based Practice Project Reports

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is defined as any act of violence, including physical, sexual, stalking, or psychological aggression by an intimate partner, former or current. Despite being preventable, IPV remains a leading nonobstetric cause of morbidity and mortality among women, which highlights the need for systematic screening in clinical settings. The purpose of this quality improvement project is to identify women who have previously experienced or are currently experiencing IPV and to connect them with appropriate resources. Twenty-one studies were identified, all demonstrating moderate to high methodological quality and supporting the need for routine IPV screening in women’s health settings. …


[Excerpt From] Leading Academic-Practice Partnerships In Nursing And Healthcare, Doreen C. Harper, Maria R. Shirey, Cynthia S. Selleck, Michele H. Talley, Connie White-Williams Apr 2026

[Excerpt From] Leading Academic-Practice Partnerships In Nursing And Healthcare, Doreen C. Harper, Maria R. Shirey, Cynthia S. Selleck, Michele H. Talley, Connie White-Williams

Sigma Publications: Book Excerpts

Leading Academic-Practice Partnerships in Nursing and Healthcare: A Paradigm for Change is a comprehensive guide for unlocking the power of partnerships—transforming healthcare by improving care processes, care coordination, and patient outcomes through collaborative partnerships among nursing academic and practice sectors. Written by experts immersed in this work for well over a decade, this indispensable resource shows how to develop robust partnerships focused on health systems, population health, and community care—and how to build the organizational structure needed to sustain and grow those partnerships.

This book provides:

• An understanding of why academic-practice partnerships are important, their benefits, and the nurses’ …


Quality Improvement Project: Effectiveness Of Staff Education On Fall Prevention, Theresa Oahre Okoyomo Feb 2026

Quality Improvement Project: Effectiveness Of Staff Education On Fall Prevention, Theresa Oahre Okoyomo

Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects

Falls increase injury and mortality rates and decrease patients' quality of life. Hospital falls also incur enormous financial burdens on hospitals. In 2008, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) stopped reimbursing hospitals for fall-related injuries. The problem addressed in this quality improvement project was staff confidence in fall prevention and hospital fall rates. The purpose is to improve staff confidence and reduce fall rates by 95 % within six weeks. The 2025 CDC/STEADI Algorithm for Fall Risk Screening, Assessment, and Intervention was the program of choice because it aligns with the hospital's fall-prevention policy. This project design is …


Increasing Compliance In Pain Reassessment And Documentation In An Acute Care Facilityy, Kriss S. Jones Jan 2026

Increasing Compliance In Pain Reassessment And Documentation In An Acute Care Facilityy, Kriss S. Jones

Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) Scholarly Projects

Purpose: This guideline-directed project aimed to increase registered nurse (RN) compliance with documenting pain reassessment in an adult medical-surgical unit at an acute care facility.

Background: Proper documentation is crucial for clinical decision-making and legal and ethical reasons. The Joint Commission (TJC) has standardized pain documentation requirements to ensure consistent assessment, recording, and management across healthcare settings. Non-compliance can lead to misdiagnosis, inadequate treatment, patient dissatisfaction, and legal consequences. Accreditation bodies audit medical records, and non-compliance may result in penalties, financial losses, or loss of accreditation. Adherence is a clinical best practice and strategic necessity for healthcare organizations. Methodology: A …


Understanding The Influence Of Declining Nursing Motivation On Hospital Performance: A Qualitative Mixed Method Case Study, Kisena J. Leverette Nov 2025

Understanding The Influence Of Declining Nursing Motivation On Hospital Performance: A Qualitative Mixed Method Case Study, Kisena J. Leverette

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This qualitative single-case study examined how a decline in nursing motivation affects nurse retention and organizational performance in a large urban hospital in Cincinnati, Ohio. The data were collected through in-depth interviews with nurse managers and anonymous surveys administered to registered nurses, resulting in a total of 20 participants. There were three emergent themes discovered from the findings from the interview transcripts and survey responses. Supportive leadership, intrinsic and extrinsic factors, safe staffing and workplace management were the primary emergent themes for this research. This research revealed that open communication, fair compensation, and proactive support from leadership are imperative. Additionally, …


A Phenomenological Exploration Of The Lived Experiences Of Educators In Nursing Programs Experiencing Changes In Academic Nurse Administrators From High Attrition, Anny Dionne Oct 2025

A Phenomenological Exploration Of The Lived Experiences Of Educators In Nursing Programs Experiencing Changes In Academic Nurse Administrators From High Attrition, Anny Dionne

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this hermeneutical study was to describe and interpret the lived experiences of educators in nursing programs who experienced changes in academic nurse administrators at colleges and universities in a southern state in the United States. Nursing academic administrators influence the quality of nursing programs. Changes in academic administrators are experienced by educators of nursing programs, who, in turn, contribute to the students' learning experience. Stress is perceived differently in individuals. Lazarus and Folkman's transactional theory of stress and coping (TTSC) is the theory guiding this study. This theory examines how individuals interpret and react to events. The …


Quality Improvement Project Data At Risk: The Implications Of Inconsistent Nursing Documentation On Patient Care Interventions, Amber Jones Aug 2025

Quality Improvement Project Data At Risk: The Implications Of Inconsistent Nursing Documentation On Patient Care Interventions, Amber Jones

Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects

Accurate nursing documentation plays a vital role in ensuring high-quality patient care, yet inconsistencies remain a common challenge, particularly with preventive screenings like pediatric tobacco use. Research shows that when documentation is incomplete or incorrect, opportunities to identify and intervene with at-risk adolescents are often missed. This quality improvement project was developed to address a specific gap in documentation practices at a community health clinic, where staff often failed to consistently complete the pediatric tobacco screening tool. The goal of the project was to determine whether evidence-based education, combined with chart audits and feedback, could improve the consistency in which …


Emergency Nurses’ Perceptions Of A Trauma-Informed Organizational Climate: A Cross-Sectional Study, Audrey Kobina Jul 2025

Emergency Nurses’ Perceptions Of A Trauma-Informed Organizational Climate: A Cross-Sectional Study, Audrey Kobina

Nursing Theses and Dissertations

Healthcare leaders face numerous challenges in today’s complex healthcare environment. The most pressing issues are staffing shortages and burnout among healthcare workers. By 2025, the U.S. healthcare system could experience a shortfall of up to 450,000 nurses, or 20% fewer nurses than needed to provide adequate patient care. High job dissatisfaction and burnout levels are significant factors driving many nurses away from the profession. This three-paper dissertation portfolio addressed how trauma-informed approaches and practices can enhance the work environment by establishing trauma-informed organizational climates to mitigate burnout. Understanding the impact of trauma-informed practices within healthcare systems supports the nursing workforce. …


Improving Student Outcomes, Brenda Burton Jun 2025

Improving Student Outcomes, Brenda Burton

Education Theses and Dissertations

This improvement science dissertation in practice was conducted to make an improvement in education practice to positively affect student outcomes. Plan -> Do -> Study -> Act cycles (Bryk et al., 2015) were employed to identify a specific problem of practice, determine root cause(s), advance change theory, and define potential solutions. Many stakeholders were consulted and the initial phase evaluated the existing condition. Results informed the design of an intervention which was then implemented and evaluated in a second phase. Findings showed that a novel way of communication, the introduction of video technology, was correlated with improved student perceptions, self-regulation, …


Prearrival Phone Call Initiative To Decrease Procedural Cancellations And Delays, Fazali Nkoloma May 2025

Prearrival Phone Call Initiative To Decrease Procedural Cancellations And Delays, Fazali Nkoloma

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

This doctor of nursing practice project evaluation of an organizational quality improvement initiative focused on evaluating the effectiveness of implementing a prearrival phone call process for interventional radiology patients scheduled for procedures requiring moderate sedation or anesthesia. Adherence to NPO guidelines is crucial for patient safety before moderate sedation and anesthesia. The practice problem identified was the number of procedures that were canceled or delayed because of patient nonadherence with NPO guidelines. The practice-focused question that guided this project was, Can the implementation of prearrival phone calls in the preprocedural radiology surgical services help improve patient adherence with NPO protocol …


Implementation Of A Standardized Pain Assessment Tool To Drive Opioid Management In End-Of-Life Patients In A Medical Intensive Care Unit, Sonia Carrizales May 2025

Implementation Of A Standardized Pain Assessment Tool To Drive Opioid Management In End-Of-Life Patients In A Medical Intensive Care Unit, Sonia Carrizales

Doctor of Nursing Practice Final Project Abstract

Purpose

This quality improvement project implemented a standardized pain assessment tool, the Multidimensional Observational Pain Assessment Tool (MOPAT), to drive opioid administration for end-of-life (EOL) patients. This project intended to increase opioid administration to EOL patients through increased confidence levels noted in bedside staff with the use of a standardized pain assessment tool.

Background

The project was implemented in a thirty-two-bed adult medical intensive care unit in Round Rock, Texas. The patients focused on in this project were those transitioned to EOL care.

Methodology

A pre-and post-survey was sent to bedside staff to gauge confidence levels. The MOPAT was then …


Reducing Patient Turnaround Time From The Emergency Department To Freestanding Behavioral Health Facility, Brooke Stephens Msn, Rn, Pmh-Bc Nov 2024

Reducing Patient Turnaround Time From The Emergency Department To Freestanding Behavioral Health Facility, Brooke Stephens Msn, Rn, Pmh-Bc

Nursing Research & Professional Development Conference

Background: Mental health encounters in the emergency department have proven to have a longer length of stay compared to medical encounters, which are associated with poor safety and health outcomes. Mental health patients can experience decompensation of their condition due to the more disruptive milieu and the lack of specialized treatment in the emergency department.

Local Problem: Transferring patients to an inpatient behavioral health facility in a timely manner is of utmost importance; however, the freestanding psychiatric facility has limited resources for complex medical needs requiring medical clearance to be obtained in the emergency department. From September – December 2022, …


Quality Improvement Project: Evaluating The Impact Of An Intrapreneurial Skill Enhancement Program On Enhancing Innovation Perspectives And Overcoming Obstacles Among Nurse Practitioners At A Midwestern Academic Medical Center, Michael Thorn Jul 2024

Quality Improvement Project: Evaluating The Impact Of An Intrapreneurial Skill Enhancement Program On Enhancing Innovation Perspectives And Overcoming Obstacles Among Nurse Practitioners At A Midwestern Academic Medical Center, Michael Thorn

Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects

Nurse practitioners (NPs) face barriers to being innovative in healthcare because of a need for more resources, education, and cultural inclusion compared to physicians and researchers (Joseph et al., 2019). NPs are often disregarded from involvement in the innovation ecosystem and seen as solely end-users of new products and services (Davis & Glasgow, 2020). This Doctor of Nursing Practice project aimed to assess the impact of a 5-week innovation and intrapreneurship course on NPs' perceptions of their ability to innovate at a Midwest academic hospital. The aim was to address the known innovation education gap that NPs rarely receive. Using …


Reducing Inpatient Falls Utilizing Multimodal Standardized Patient Education: An Evidence-Based Practice Project, Sheryl Almandrez May 2024

Reducing Inpatient Falls Utilizing Multimodal Standardized Patient Education: An Evidence-Based Practice Project, Sheryl Almandrez

Doctor of Nursing Practice Final Manuscripts

Purpose of Project: This project aims to utilize multimodal standardized patient education as an evidence-based practice intervention to reduce inpatient falls.

Background: In 2022, Kaiser Foundation Hospital (KFH) San Diego had 116 falls. Inpatient falls with injury account for the second-highest Joint Commission (TJC) sentinel event and California Department of Public Health (CDPH) adverse events. These injuries include lacerations, subdural hematoma, subdural hemorrhage, hip fractures, and wrist fractures. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) have also stopped reimbursing hospitals for the care provided after patients have sustained a fall with injury.

The project was implemented at KFH-San Diego …


Dnp Final Report: At-Risk Nursing Student Success: Implementing A Transition Workshop, Colea Owens May 2024

Dnp Final Report: At-Risk Nursing Student Success: Implementing A Transition Workshop, Colea Owens

DNP Final Reports

This project focused on improving the retention rates of at-risk first-semester nursing students by implementing a transition workshop. The background highlighted how social determinants of health may disproportionately impact at-risk nursing student learning and how evidence-based strategies improve retention. The practice question explored whether a transition workshop would enhance the retention of at-risk students. The PICOT framework included: in at-risk nursing students, does implementing a transition workshop versus no transition workshop improve retention rates within the first semester of nursing school? The body of evidence included a systematic review of best practice interventions for at-risk student retention and engagement, student …


Fostering Resilience In Nurse Practitioner Practice: Development And Validation Of A Guide, Robyn L. Heiser Dec 2023

Fostering Resilience In Nurse Practitioner Practice: Development And Validation Of A Guide, Robyn L. Heiser

Doctoral Scholarly Projects & Capstones

Nurse practitioners (NPs) are a significant part of the U.S. healthcare system providing high quality, safe, consistent care often in low access and rural settings. Nurse practitioners are increasing in demand due to a growing physician shortage and a changing patient demographic of aging patients and patients with increasing complex, chronic illnesses. Nurse practitioners experience chronic work stress from layered demands of their work and role. This challenges their resilience and, if not appropriately managed, could lead to negative consequences for patient outcomes, the well-being of the NP, and overall healthcare system. Applying interventions that could effectively and efficiently foster …


Transformational Leadership Training For Leaders, Kristie M. Gilliland Dec 2023

Transformational Leadership Training For Leaders, Kristie M. Gilliland

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the impact of transformational leadership training on improving a leader’s skills and knowledge in performing daily operations and interacting with frontline staff, decreasing attrition. Ineffective leadership contributes to staff dissatisfaction, poor performance, and attrition. The literature supports transformational leadership is effective in leading teams of nurses and contributes to staff autonomy, staff satisfaction, decreased attrition, and improved patient outcomes. A quasi-experimental research study was completed on a leadership team in a managed care organization. Fourteen leaders with anywhere from 1 to more than 6 years of leadership experience were evaluated. Lewin’s change …


Development And Implementation Of A Nursing Shared Governance Toolkit, Heather Wagner Nov 2023

Development And Implementation Of A Nursing Shared Governance Toolkit, Heather Wagner

Nursing Research & Professional Development Conference

Background: NSG is a well-established structure for nurses and leaders to collaboratively work to improve nurse satisfaction, patient experience, and patient outcomes. Development of structures to support NSG may take several years. It requires cultural change, professional commitment, and the acquisition of new skills by both the nursing leaders and clinical nurses.

Local Problem: Nursing shared governance (NSG) at an acute care Midwestern hospital has been significantly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and nurse turnover. Nursing engagement and clinical excellence are heavily driven by professional shared governance structures.

Method: The purpose of this project was to develop and implement an …


Improving Nursing Communication By Implementing Communication Tools In A Bsn Undergraduate Program To Improve Patient Outcomes In Practice, Christopher Jackson Jul 2023

Improving Nursing Communication By Implementing Communication Tools In A Bsn Undergraduate Program To Improve Patient Outcomes In Practice, Christopher Jackson

Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects

Communication deficiencies were identified among baccalaureate nursing students at South College in Nashville, TN, necessitating changes needing to be made in the nursing curricula. To address the flaws, the quality improvement project proposed implementing changes in clinical assignments during clinical rotations in medical-surgical nursing courses. The project manager discussed the purpose and usage of the SBAR tool, and the students then demonstrated the use of the tool. The clinical faculty rated the students using an eight-question Likert survey to assess the students’ confidence and competency three times; the first assessment at the end of the shift without guidance from their …


Shared Governance And Transition Into Practice: Impact On Work Engagement, Gudrun M. Reiter-Hiltebrand Jul 2023

Shared Governance And Transition Into Practice: Impact On Work Engagement, Gudrun M. Reiter-Hiltebrand

Student Scholarly Projects

Practice Problem: High turnover rates, particularly in new graduate nurses, and poor organizational commitment and engagement negatively affect staffing, operational performance, and patient outcomes. A negative trend for nurse engagement indicators was noted in previous staff engagement surveys of this organization.

PICOT: The PICOT question that guided this project was: In transition-into-practice (TIP) nurses (P), how does the implementation of shared governance (I) compared with no shared governance participation (C), affect their engagement with the hospital (O) within eight weeks (T)?

Evidence: Literature has shown that nurse engagement is one of the nurse indicators positively affected by shared governance …


Nursing Faculty Experiences Of An Academic Merger: A Transcendental Phenomenological Study, Sherry Michelle Boone Jul 2023

Nursing Faculty Experiences Of An Academic Merger: A Transcendental Phenomenological Study, Sherry Michelle Boone

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study was to describe the experience of undergoing a merger of two or more academic institutions within the United States for nursing faculty who chose to voluntarily depart the organization following the merger. The theoretical framework guiding this study was social capital theory as it discusses the importance of relationships and the resources those relationships provide. While assets may be acquired during a merger, social capital must be developed over time and is important for building a new combined healthy organizational culture. The study included nine participants who departed the institution in the timeframe …


Improving Depression Screening Completion Rates For Medicare Patients In A Primary Care Setting, Kenneth J. Haluska May 2023

Improving Depression Screening Completion Rates For Medicare Patients In A Primary Care Setting, Kenneth J. Haluska

Evidence-Based Practice Project Reports

The United States Preventative Services Task Force recommends screening the general adult population for depression (Siu et al., 2016). Despite increasing clinical practice guidelines recommending depression screening, only 40-50% of depressed older adults are recognized and treated (Phoh et al., 2017). The purpose of this evidence-based practice (EBP) project was to implement a medical assistant (MA) depression screening protocol, using the PHQ-9 and staff education, to improve depression screening completion rates in Medicare patients in a primary care setting. An exhaustive literature search of eight databases yielded 14 pieces of evidence that made recommendations for best practice. The evidence was …


Examining The Role Of Authentic Leadership In Job Embeddedness And Turnover Intent, Abigail J. Jamison Apr 2023

Examining The Role Of Authentic Leadership In Job Embeddedness And Turnover Intent, Abigail J. Jamison

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Hospital turnover has increased at alarming rates, particularly since the onset and in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. While traditional theories of turnover look at why employees leave, job embeddedness is both a theory and a framework that examines why people stay. Authentic leadership is a relational leadership style comprised of components of self-awareness, internalized moral perspective, relational transparency, balanced processing, and caring. This quantitative correlational research investigated the relationship of authentic leadership as mediator between job embeddedness and turnover intent, as well as the relationships between the five constructs of authentic leadership, to determine which, if any, caused …


Quality Improvement Initiatives And Interventions For Decreasing Falls In The Hospital Setting, Fredlyn Lolange Jan 2023

Quality Improvement Initiatives And Interventions For Decreasing Falls In The Hospital Setting, Fredlyn Lolange

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Patient falls in health care settings are a widespread and severe problem, and they often happen as a result of a complex set of causes. In the United States, between 3.3 and 11.5 falls occur per 1,000 patient days. Reducing the incidence of falls in a health care setting would bring significant positive change and decrease the incidence of harm to patients in the hospital setting. This staff education project’s purpose is based on addressing falls, a safety concern and a health issue that continues to put patients at an increased risk. Theories used to inform the project include the …


Comparison Of The Effects Of Telehealth Versus N95 On Nurse-Patient Communication, Tony Christopher Bloomfield Jan 2023

Comparison Of The Effects Of Telehealth Versus N95 On Nurse-Patient Communication, Tony Christopher Bloomfield

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Telehealth and face masks are some of the infection control measures nurses use while attending to patients. Nurses provide the most patient care in hospital settings and thus spend the most time with patients in their recovery journey. Because communication is paramount to the role nurses play as health care professionals, there is a substantial need to investigate how infection control measures affect the quality of nurse-patient communication. The purpose of this quantitative cross-sectional study was to describe the relationship of methods aimed at maintaining social distancing between nurses and patients to nurse-patient communication and to compare differences in the …


Assessing Palliative Care Knowledge Among Medicine/Pulmonary Intensive Care Unit Staff To Identify Barriers And Increase Palliative Care Referrals, Ryan Mckendrick Jan 2023

Assessing Palliative Care Knowledge Among Medicine/Pulmonary Intensive Care Unit Staff To Identify Barriers And Increase Palliative Care Referrals, Ryan Mckendrick

DNP Projects

Background: To conduct a needs assessment to identify areas of opportunity for increased awareness of the interdisciplinary medicine/pulmonary intensive care unit (MICU) staffs’ knowledge of palliative care and identify potential barriers to initiating referrals for palliative care consultations. Then provide an educational intervention and assess effectiveness with a post interventions assessment of referrals. The goal of this project is to increase referrals for palliative care consults.

Methods: A pre-/post-survey design will be utilized to assess palliative care knowledge to identify barriers to palliative care consultation referrals. An educational intervention that addresses palliative care knowledge deficits and addresses barriers will be …


Comparison Of The Effects Of Telehealth Versus N95 On Nurse-Patient Communication, Tony Christopher Bloomfield Jan 2023

Comparison Of The Effects Of Telehealth Versus N95 On Nurse-Patient Communication, Tony Christopher Bloomfield

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Telehealth and face masks are some of the infection control measures nurses use while attending to patients. Nurses provide the most patient care in hospital settings and thus spend the most time with patients in their recovery journey. Because communication is paramount to the role nurses play as health care professionals, there is a substantial need to investigate how infection control measures affect the quality of nurse-patient communication. The purpose of this quantitative cross-sectional study was to describe the relationship of methods aimed at maintaining social distancing between nurses and patients to nurse-patient communication and to compare differences in the …


Quality Improvement Initiatives And Interventions For Decreasing Falls In The Hospital Setting, Fredlyn Lolange Jan 2023

Quality Improvement Initiatives And Interventions For Decreasing Falls In The Hospital Setting, Fredlyn Lolange

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Patient falls in health care settings are a widespread and severe problem, and they often happen as a result of a complex set of causes. In the United States, between 3.3 and 11.5 falls occur per 1,000 patient days. Reducing the incidence of falls in a health care setting would bring significant positive change and decrease the incidence of harm to patients in the hospital setting. This staff education project’s purpose is based on addressing falls, a safety concern and a health issue that continues to put patients at an increased risk. Theories used to inform the project include the …


Establishing A Protocol To Address Workplace Violence And Increase The Perceptions Of Safety Among Emergency Department Nurses: A Quality Improvement Initiative, Devan M. Robidoux Jan 2023

Establishing A Protocol To Address Workplace Violence And Increase The Perceptions Of Safety Among Emergency Department Nurses: A Quality Improvement Initiative, Devan M. Robidoux

Master's Theses and Capstones

Background: Violence against emergency department nurses has become a widespread phenomenon that can greatly impact a nurse's job satisfaction and performance. Research has been scarce in examining the relationship between workplace violence and its underlying consequences. There remains a disconnect between precursors of violence against nurses perpetrated by patients and the cultural expectation that violence is a part of the nurses job and, subsequently, what they signed up for when going into the field. Nurses learn that having a greater understanding of the value in the lived experience of their patients leads to better quality delivery of care. However, culturally …


United States Pharmacopeia (Usp) <800> Standards: Increasing Compliance Of Safe Handling And Proper Administration Of Usp General Chapter <800> Drugs, Katelyn N. Sinclair Dec 2022

United States Pharmacopeia (Usp) <800> Standards: Increasing Compliance Of Safe Handling And Proper Administration Of Usp General Chapter <800> Drugs, Katelyn N. Sinclair

Master's Projects and Capstones

Problem: United States Pharmacopeia (USP) developed a set of standards to minimize exposure risks to patients, healthcare workers, and the environment when preparing, handling, and administering hazardous drugs (HDs) known as USP <800> HDs. The guidelines became effective December 1, 2019, but additional information is needed to ensure healthcare personnel are complying with the standards.

Context: Two medical surgical units from Hospital A were included in this project. Currently mandatory online modules about USP <800> standards are provided annually to every healthcare worker, but it is unknown if the policies and procedures are being followed appropriately.

Interventions: Active and passive observations as …