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Covid-19 As A Non-Traditional Threat To Human Security, Siti Nurhasanah, Marthen Napang, Syaiful Rohman

Journal of Strategic and Global Studies

December 2019 marks a change in the perception of security itself because the enemy is invisible in the form of a virus that can endanger human survival. In this article, the author wants to discuss changes in the perception of "threat" in security from a "visible" threat to an "invisible" threat. Library research was used by the author in this article. The author uses three concepts as the development of security, namely traditional security concept, non-traditional security concept, and national security concept to analyze the case. The findings show that invisible threat in the form of virus or pandemic does …

Protecting The States From Electoral Invasions, Drew Marvel

William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal

Since the 2016 U.S. presidential election, the threat of foreign interference in U.S. elections has loomed large in the minds of the American public. During the 2016 campaign season, Russian government-backed hackers infiltrated the networks and computers of the Democratic National Committee (DNC), the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (DCCC), and various campaign officials, harvesting private information and installing spyware and malware for ongoing intelligence purposes. U.S. intelligence officials have indicated that, using similar tactics, the Russian hackers also targeted election systems and officials in all fifty states, successfully breaching at least two of those states’ election systems, Illinois and Florida. …

"When The Enemy Drew Our Attention": Reconsidering Prior Restraint In The Context Of Dual Use Research Of Concern, Caine Caverly

William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal

Through 2016 and 2017, a team led by Canadian virologist David Evans, and funded by an American pharmaceutical company, attempted to synthesize the previously extinct horsepox virus. After just six months and an expenditure of $100,000, the research team was able to successfully construct the virus “using only commercially available information, technology and tools.” In January of 2018, the team went on to publish their information in an American-based journal, PLOS ONE.

The publication was controversial because it included a potential “blueprint” for the synthesis of a genetic strand in the same viral family as the highly lethal, albeit eradicated, …

National Cybersecurity Innovation, Tabrez Y. Ebrahim

Faculty Scholarship

National cybersecurity plays a crucial role in protecting our critical infrastructure, such as telecommunication networks, the electricity grid, and even financial transactions. Most discussions about promoting national cybersecurity focus on governance structures, international relations, and political science. In contrast, this Article proposes a different agenda and one that promotes the use of innovation mechanisms for technological advancement. By promoting inducements for technological developments, such innovation mechanisms encourage the advancement of national cybersecurity solutions. In exploring possible solutions, this Article asks whether the government or markets can provide national cybersecurity innovation. This inquiry is a fragment of a much larger literature …

An Exploration Of Gender And National Security Through The Integration Of Women Into Military Roles, Alexine D. Carr

Pepperdine Policy Review

This paper stems from curiosity as to whether there are differences in the outcomes or abilities of militaries to function effectively when females are included. Notions of high-stakes warfare, the physiology of both genders, tradition, and a culture built upon hypermasculine ideals deserve consideration within the context of both 21 st -century feminist thought and overall fighting aptitude. In the pages that follow, the militaries of the United States, Israel, and Sweden are examined to 1) determine what women specifically contribute within a military setting, and 2) argue that integration aligns with priorities of both feminism and national security. Specifically, …

Nations And Markets, Harlan G. Cohen

Scholarly Works

Economics and security seem increasingly intertwined. Citing national security, states subject foreign investments to new scrutiny, even unwinding mergers like the purchase of Grindr or the creation of TikTok. The provision of 5G has become a diplomatic battleground – Huawei at its center. Meanwhile, states invoke national security to excuse trade wars. The U.S. invoked the GATT national security exception to impose steel and aluminum tariffs, threatening more on automotive parts. Russia invoked that provision to justify its blockade of Ukraine, as did Saudi Arabia and the UAE to excuse theirs of Qatar. And with the spread of COVID-19, states …

Climate Change And Global Security, Nathan Jones, John P. Sullivan

Journal of Strategic Security

No abstract provided.

There Must Be Something In The Water: Understanding Pfas Contamination Of Groundwater As A National Security Issue, Kylie N. Ford

Student Theses 2015-Present

This report addresses the widespread pollution of domestic groundwater resources with Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) caused by firefighting activities performed at military installations across the United States. Two former military bases in Southeastern Pennsylvania are used as a single case study: the Naval Air Development Center (NADC) in Warminster and the Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base (NASJRB) in Horsham. Chapter 1 gives a history of domestic military bases from the perspective of the infrastructure buildup and downsizing that occurred over the 20th Century, along with the environmental degradation revealed during brownfield redevelopment. The chapter then gives specifics about …

The President And Nuclear Weapons: Authorities, Limits, And Process, Mary B. Derosa, Ashley Nicolas

Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works

There is no more consequential decision for a president than ordering a nuclear strike. In the Cold War, the threat of sudden nuclear annihilation necessitated procedures emphasizing speed and efficiency and placing sole decision-making authority in the president’s hands. In today’s changed threat environment, the legal authorities and process a U.S. president would confront when making this grave decision merit reexamination. This paper serves as a resource in the national discussion about a president’s legal authority and the procedures for ordering a nuclear strike, and whether to update them.

Two Armies: Balancing America’S Landpower For Competition And National Security, Mike Anderson

Journal of Strategic Security

Abstract:

The United States ground forces face divergent array of threats from a return of great power competitors and from a continuance of irregular non-state opponents and stability operations, leading the Army and Marine Corps to struggle with capability focuses. American ground forces historically swing from preparing their forces for one spectrum of conflict to the other based on immediate and perceived threats. The pendulum swing creates uncertainty and capability gaps, requiring sharp shifts when unanticipated, immediate threat emerge. A hybrid force model creates two distinct army groups within the larger Army force – allowing one to focus on conventional …

India’S Maritime Diplomacy In South West Indian Ocean: Evaluating Strategic Partnerships, Chinmoyee Das

Journal of Strategic Security

Being a maritime nation with considerable economic and military power, India has shown keen interest in demonstrating its role as a major security provider in the IOR. In the Southwest Indian Ocean too, India has sought to develop a security presence and strengthen its position by capitalising on its historic ties with the littoral nations of the region through provision of military training, defence equipment and security advisors. India’s efforts are mostly directed at making the Indian influence more visible in the strategic affairs of the region that seem to be clouded by the increasing Chinese forays into the region. …

The Global Positioning System And Military Jamming: The Geographies Of Electronic Warfare, Tegg Westbrook

Journal of Strategic Security

GPS supports infrastructure assets that are essential to the functioning of national and international banking operations, power grid, transportation, and communication systems, therefore its reliability and accuracy is critical. GPS boosts productivity around the world and has radically changed military operations. Despite the importance of GPS, the relative weakness of GPS signals are vulnerable to interference. This weakness provides a range of opportunities for criminals, terrorists and state actors using GPS jamming devices. Different types of jammers can cause varying degrees of interference, but the use of powerful military jammers are becoming more prevalent. This article provides an overview of …

Lessons From The Mueller Report, Part Ii: Bipartisan Perspectives: Hearing Before The H. Comm. On The Judiciary, 116th Cong., June 20, 2019 (Statement Of Carrie Cordero), Carrie F. Cordero

Testimony Before Congress

No abstract provided.

Cybersecurity For Critical Infrastructure: Addressing Threats And Vulnerabilities In Canada, Samuel A. Cohen

Graduate Theses/Dissertations

The aim of this thesis is to assess the unique technical and policy-based cybersecurity challenges facing Canada’s critical infrastructure environment and to analyze how current government and industry practices are not equipped to remediate or offset associated strategic risks to the country. Further, the thesis also provides cases and evidence demonstrating that Canada’s critical infrastructure has been specifically targeted by foreign and domestic cyber threat actors to pressure the country’s economic, safety and national security interests. Essential services that Canadians and Canadian businesses rely on daily are intricately linked to the availability and integrity of vital infrastructure sectors, such as …

Disaggregating The United States Military: An Analysis Of The Current Organizational And Management Structure Of U.S. National Security Policy As It Relates To Military Operations In Space, Joseph M. Zeman

Graduate Theses/Dissertations

This thesis was written to provide the reader with a comprehensive assessment about the realities of the current organizational and management structure of United States national security policy as it relates to the conduct of military operations in space. To create an encompassing argument, this thesis considers the current organizational structure of United States space policy while acknowledging that space has, in fact, become a warfighting domain. A reorganization of this magnitude has the potential to generate a succinct chain of command for military space operations while condensing the space acquisitions process and ultimately providing military space operations with the …

Determining Defense: Bureaucracy, Threat And Missile Defense, Emilyn Tuomala

Honors Scholar Theses

What caused interest in the U.S. missile defense systems to change over time, starting as an impossible idea and now a multibillion dollar reality? The common belief is that national security decisions and technological choices are rationally determined in response to external threats. Is it possible that technological defense decisions are shaped by bureaucracy and political ideology as well? Was funding poured into SDI due to pressure from Russian threats? From U.S. policymakers with close ties to defense contractors? I measure interest in missile defense through the amount of money allocated to these projects, evaluating how it has changed since …

Nato Under Pressure, Lyubomir Monov

Journal of Strategic Security

This article examines some of the formidable challenges and concerns of North Atlantic Treaty Organization that could influence its unity and integrity. A combination of issues that encompass military problems, internal political glitches and critical rhetoric from the President of the United States may undermine NATO’ s capacity to act in the best interest of its members. Now even more than ever before, this causes uncertainty about the future of the Alliance. Therefore, this paper opens a discussion about possible scenarios for NATO’s disintegration and how this might affect some of the smallest member states, namely, Bulgaria. Admittedly, the security …

Halting Boko Haram / Islamic State's West Africa Province Propaganda In Cyberspace With Cybersecurity Technologies, Sunday O. Ogunlana

Journal of Strategic Security

Terrorists use cyberspace and social media technology to create fear and spread violent ideologies, which pose a significant threat to public security. Researchers have documented the importance of the application of law and regulation in dealing with the criminal activities in cyberspace. Using routine activity theory, this article assessed the effectiveness of technological approaches to mitigating the expansion and organization of terrorism in cyberspace. Data collection included open-source documents, government threat assessments, legislation, policy papers, and peer-reviewed academic literature and semistructured interviews with fifteen security experts in Nigeria. The key findings were that the new generation of terrorists who are …

Why Should Law And Policy Makers Understand Extremist Beliefs? The Islamic State (Isis) As A Case Study: Past, Present, And Future, Ali Rod Khadem

Lewis & Clark Law Review

The overarching argument in this Article is that inadequate comprehension of extremist doctrines undermines efforts in law and policy. Selecting the Islamic State (ISIS) as a case study, this Article attempts to resolve three legal and policy dilemmas by exposing internal ISIS doctrine (i.e. by considering the perspectives of the movement itself). This focus on ISIS is justified, for despite the movement’s recent territorial decline, it is precisely its doctrine and ideology that will persist and enable the rise of 2.0 and 3.0 movements modeled after the prototype. In considering ISIS, the aim here is to demonstrate the general need …

The Future Of Strategic Information And Cyber-Enabled Information Operations, Ben Hatch

Journal of Strategic Security

To prepare for future challenges across the continuum of conflict, the United States (US) must optimize how it manages, counters, defends, and exploits the effects of information by organizing for strategic information and cyber-enabled information operations across and through multiple domains. Currently, information related capabilities are fielded across the United States Government (USG) among multiple organizations and agencies, and therefore lack efficiencies normally gained through combined action, unity of command, and unity of effort. In considering a solution to these challenges, this study examines historic and current examples of successful information operations to show organization matters, and reviews options to …

Beyond The Counterinsurgency Paradigm Of Governing: Letting Go Of Prediction And The Illusion Of An Internal Enemy, Bernard E. Harcourt

Faculty Scholarship

Bernard E. Harcourt expands the thesis about the illusion of insurgency in the United States to the current day. What, he asks, could alter fraudulent and overblown perceptions about the sanctity and importance of the national security state? He suggests that the way forward might begin with relinquishing the institutionalized practice of predicting danger. How to do this and what the consequences might be for his three-pronged analysis of state counterinsurgency strategy provides fresh thinking for future analysis and policymaking.

Reflections On The Christchurch Massacre: Incorporating A Critique Of Islamophobia And Twail, Cyra Akila Choudhury

Faculty Publications

On March 15, 2019 in Christchurch, New Zealand, a white supremacist entered a mosque full of worshippers and gunned down over 50 people. He was welcomed into the house of worship as Muslim immigrants and converts were about to start their Friday prayers. News of the attack spread quickly across the globe. Social media news feeds and online sources provided near-instantaneous updates. There were calls to prioritize the lives and stories of the victims and survivors. Although there were calls not to glorify or even humanize the shooter, people understandably professed interest in his writings and his motivation. Once it …

Troping The Enemy: Metaphor, Culture, And The Big Data Black Boxes Of National Security, Robert Albro

Secrecy and Society

This article considers how cultural understanding is being brought into the work of the Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA), through an analysis of its Metaphor program. It examines the type of social science underwriting this program, unpacks implications of the agency’s conception of metaphor for understanding so-called cultures of interest, and compares IARPA’s to competing accounts of how metaphor works to create cultural meaning. The article highlights some risks posed by key deficits in the Intelligence Community's (IC) approach to culture, which relies on the cognitive linguistic theories of George Lakoff and colleagues. It also explores the problem of …

Sticking To Their Guns: The Missing Rma For Cybersecurity, Lior Tabansky

Military Cyber Affairs

Why has cybered conflict disrupted the security of the most developed nations? A foreign adversary contemplating an attack on a developed nation's heartland certainly faces multiple state-run military-grade lines of defense on land, sea and air. A foreign adversary launching a direct cyber-attack on a non-military homeland target will meet none. Armed forces do not shield a society from cyber-attacks originated by foreign adversaries, no longer provide a buffer between the enemy and homeland, nor can they identify the attacker after an attack occurred.

Adversaries succeed in waging cybered conflict against the U.S. and its allies. Having repeatedly inflicted economic …

A Narrative Of Uncertain Intent: Communication Ethics Literacy And Fbi Counterterrorism Practices, Hannah Karolak

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This project works in the horizon of one driving question: What value does communication ethics bring to counterterrorism practices in this current moment? Following insights of communication ethics scholars that have come before, this work understands communication ethics as practices that yield social literacy about what matters to an other. This work adds to communication ethics scholarship the following finding: When applied to current and future events, communication ethics literacy affords one a lens for opening and sustaining spaces for creative communicative response. Through five chapters—which work in tandem to perform an application of communication ethics literacy to the current …

Most Secret And Confidential: Intelligence In Theage Of Nelson,, Michael Riggle

Naval War College Review

In Most Secret and Confidential, Steven Maffeo has written an exceptional study of how intelligence was collected and used during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. To limited degrees, the intelligence activi- ties of the United States, Spain, Russia, Denmark, and several other European nations are described. More detail is pro- vided concerning the excellent French in- telligence efforts under Napoleon. The bulk of the text, however, deals with the use of intelligence by the British government, especially the Admiralty, during the years between 1793 and 1815.

Sir John Fisher’S Naval Revolution,, James Goldrick

Naval War College Review

This is a very good book and a very im- portant one. Nicholas Lambert has fol- lowed in the path of Jon Sumida’s In Defense of Naval Supremacy to present a lucid, compelling, and comprehensive analysis of the policies of Admiral Sir John Fisher and the Royal Navy in the decade before 1914. This work is based upon Lambert’s doctoral study of the de- velopment of the submarine, but it goes much farther than his original work in explaining the fundamental elements of Fisher’s naval policies and their effects on the Royal Navy.

The Political Influence Of Naval Force In History,, Jan Van Tol

Naval War College Review

Sir James Cable is a noted writer on naval affairs. His Gunboat Diplomacy, 1919–1991 is a well regarded classic on the role of naval force. His latest work is a historical survey of the political purposes for which gov- ernments have made use of naval force. Cable defines “naval force” as that “ex- ercised by fighting ships manned by disciplined sailors at the direction of a central command responsible to the political leadership.” His definition is necessary to distinguish naval force as we understand it today from the force exercised by pirates, privateers, adven- turers, and users of “landing craft” …

Macarthur’S War: Korea And The Undoing Ofan American Hero,, Donald Chisholm

Naval War College Review

No figure of the Korean War looms quite so large as General of the Army Douglas MacArthur, simultaneously brilliant, ar- rogant, inscrutable, successful, and fallen—all the elements of a Greek tragedy. His military career, spanning the major portion of the twentieth century, also ren- ders him appealing as a symbol of broader themes of that war and of American soci- ety. So we come to Stanley Weintraub’s MacArthur’s War, advertised on its dust jacket as a “fascinating, well rendered history of the general who refuses to fade away,” a book based on “extensive re- search in primary and secondary sources …

Naval Strategy In Northeast Asia: Geostrategic Goals,Policies And Prospects,, Robert Marabito

Naval War College Review

The growing economic, strategic, and cultural importance of Asia calls for a U.S. foreign policy attuned to the unique environment of this diverse area. As this economic dreadnought emerges from the fog of uneven treaties, wars, and cultural misunderstanding, U.S. politico-military thinkers must recog- nize the pressures of history and geog- raphy that will dislodge any policy not firmly anchored in Asian realities. Northeast Asia in particular, with its in- creasing importance in world trade, its potential for undersea resource develop- ment, archipelagic territorial disputes, and the possibility of environmental catastro- phe caused by its rapid industrialization and nuclear-waste dumping …