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Deep Water Movements In The North Atlantic As A Link Between Climatic Changes Around Iceland And Biological Productivity Of The English Channel And Celtic Sea, L. H.N. Cooper Jan 1955

Deep Water Movements In The North Atlantic As A Link Between Climatic Changes Around Iceland And Biological Productivity Of The English Channel And Celtic Sea, L. H.N. Cooper

Journal of Marine Research

Since World War II, a major investigation has been pursued at Plymouth to establish the cause of the great changes which have taken place in the waters of the English Channel in the last 30 years. About 1930 a productive water, relatively rich in nutrients and macroplankton, was replaced by a poorer one. We sought the cause in the neighbouring shelf waters and found none. Whatever the cause, it was transmitted through the Atlantic Ocean. Today a level of nutrients similar to that found in the Channel in the 1920's occurs only at 700 m, from which no known mechanism …

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Discussions On The Relationships Between Meteorology And Oceanography, G. E.R. Deacon, H. U. Sverdrup, Henry Stommel, C. W. Thornthwaite Jan 1955

Discussions On The Relationships Between Meteorology And Oceanography, G. E.R. Deacon, H. U. Sverdrup, Henry Stommel, C. W. Thornthwaite

Journal of Marine Research

G. E. R. DEACON: There must be some of you who, like me, did most of their seagoing 20 to 30 years ago and find it difficult to keep pace with the present urgency of introducing more precise reasoning into oceanography. This afternoon's session dealing mainly with such precise arguments has not been easy to follow, and it is clear that there is much serious hard work ahead....

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An Experiment To Determine The Hydrodynamic Forces On A Cable Inclined To The Direction Of Flow, E. E. Watson Jan 1954

An Experiment To Determine The Hydrodynamic Forces On A Cable Inclined To The Direction Of Flow, E. E. Watson

Journal of Marine Research

The hydrodynamic force on a cable inclined to the direction of flow, though derived previously, is not widely known. A simple experiment is described which verifies the magnitude and direction of this force, showing that it is normal to the cable, not parallel to the flow.

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Source Of Water In Basins Off Southern California, K. O. Emery Jan 1954

Source Of Water In Basins Off Southern California, K. O. Emery

Journal of Marine Research

Water temperature and salinity measurements from most of the 14 basins off southern California, when compared with older data, show no detectable changes. The water in each basin is nearly isothermal and isohaline from the bottom to near the sill depth....

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Wind Stress On An Artificial Pond, William G. Van Dorn Jan 1954

Wind Stress On An Artificial Pond, William G. Van Dorn

Journal of Marine Research

The wind-induced slope of the surface in an 800-foot model-yacht pond has been measured to a relative accuracy of 5 x 10-7. This slope is proportional to the sum of the surface and bottom stresses….

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The Role Of Organic Matter In Determining The Distribution Of Pelecypods In Marine Sediments, Richard G. Bader Jan 1954

The Role Of Organic Matter In Determining The Distribution Of Pelecypods In Marine Sediments, Richard G. Bader

Journal of Marine Research

Sediments in the region of Mt. Desert Island, Maine, indicate that their organic content and its state of decomposition…

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Oceanographic Features Of A Submarine Eruption That Destroyed The Kaiyo-Maru No. 5, Masito Nakano, Sanae Unoki, Masao Hanzawa, Ryuzo Marumo, Jiro Fukuoka Jan 1954

Oceanographic Features Of A Submarine Eruption That Destroyed The Kaiyo-Maru No. 5, Masito Nakano, Sanae Unoki, Masao Hanzawa, Ryuzo Marumo, Jiro Fukuoka

Journal of Marine Research

When Myojinsho Reef erupted in September 1952, tsunami waves were recorded several times by a. self-registering wave gauge installed on the southwestern coast of Hachijo Island about 130 km from that Reef. The largest one of these tsunamis appeared on 24 September, and it is presumed that this wave ca.used the destruction of the KAIYO-MARU No. 5. Results of investigation of these recorded tsunami waves and other phenomena are reported.

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Analysis Of A Hugh M. Smith Oceanographic Section From Honolulu Southward Across The Equator, R. B. Montgomery Jan 1954

Analysis Of A Hugh M. Smith Oceanographic Section From Honolulu Southward Across The Equator, R. B. Montgomery

Journal of Marine Research

Observations from a line of stations made in February-March 1950 ext.ending from 5° S to 21° N along meridian 158° W are analyzed, and the results are presented as distributions of sigma-t, salinity, oxygen, and phosphate in the vertical section. The method of analysis is partly new and is designed to achieve consistency among the several variables. This section is one of a number made in the central Pacific by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

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The Statistical Analysis Of A Seiche Record, P. Whittle Jan 1954

The Statistical Analysis Of A Seiche Record, P. Whittle

Journal of Marine Research

The series analysed consists of 660 15 sec observations of the water level in a rock channel on the Wellington coast. Both correlogram and periodogram were employed in an attempt to isolate possible discrete components of the spectrum and to characterise the continuous component....

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A Study Of The Salt Balance In A Coastal Plain Estuary, D. W. Pritchard Jan 1954

A Study Of The Salt Balance In A Coastal Plain Estuary, D. W. Pritchard

Journal of Marine Research

Observations of salinity and current velocity taken in the James River estuary are used in this investigation. Time means are taken over several tidal cycles and the nonadvective motions and nonadvective salt flux are related to these means. The analysis shows that in the James River estuary the horizontal advective flux and the vertical nonadvective flux of salt are the most important factors in maintaining the salt balance. The vertical advective flux is of secondary importance but is still significant. The horizontal nonadvective flux of salt is small. In addition, the vertical nonadvective flux of salt is partly related to …

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Observations Of The Structure Of Red Tides In New Haven Harbor, Connecticut, Shirley A. Macmillan Conover Jan 1954

Observations Of The Structure Of Red Tides In New Haven Harbor, Connecticut, Shirley A. Macmillan Conover

Journal of Marine Research

Observations were made on nonoatastrophic red tides in New Haven Harbor, Connecticut, in the summers of 1952 and 1953. Hydrographic, chemical, and biological factors were measured and weather conditions were ta.ken into account. Oxygen production-consumption experiments and nutrient enrichment experiments were also carried out....

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Iron In Marine Waters, George J. Lewis Jr., Edward D. Goldberg Jan 1954

Iron In Marine Waters, George J. Lewis Jr., Edward D. Goldberg

Journal of Marine Research

The soluble and particulate iron in marine waters of the North Pacific were determined spectrophotometrically by utilizing the iron complexes of alpha, alphabipyridyl and bathophenanthroline….

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Seasonal Variation In The Concentration Of Copper In The Surface Waters Of San Juan Channel, Washington, Tsaihwa J. Chow, Thomas G. Thompson Jan 1954

Seasonal Variation In The Concentration Of Copper In The Surface Waters Of San Juan Channel, Washington, Tsaihwa J. Chow, Thomas G. Thompson

Journal of Marine Research

The concentration of copper in the surface water of San Juan Channel in the State of Washington was determined over a period of 17 months….

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A Camera For Photographing Bathythermograph Slides, Carl L. Schaniel Jr. Jan 1954

A Camera For Photographing Bathythermograph Slides, Carl L. Schaniel Jr.

Journal of Marine Research

The instrument described here is a simple portable device that quickly produces accurate and permanent 2¼" x 3¼" photographic prints of bathythermograph data, both smoked slide and calibration grid being photographed simultaneously….

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Formulas For Sound Velocity In Sea Water, Robert T. Beyer Jan 1954

Formulas For Sound Velocity In Sea Water, Robert T. Beyer

Journal of Marine Research

Recent measurements by Del Grosso show a discrepancy between computed and observed values of sound velocity in sea water. The basis of Kuwahara's formula has been re-examined. The chief cause of the discrepancy lies in the use of a value for the compressibility of pure water that is too large.

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Determination Of Inorganic Phosphate In Sea Water By An Iso-Butanol Extraction Procedure, Charles M. Proctor, Donald W. Hood Jan 1954

Determination Of Inorganic Phosphate In Sea Water By An Iso-Butanol Extraction Procedure, Charles M. Proctor, Donald W. Hood

Journal of Marine Research

A method is described for the determination of inorganic phosphate in sea water by extraction of the phosphomolybdate complex into iso-butanol and by reduction in the organic phase with stannous chloride. The color does not fade in 75 minutes. Arsenic and silicate, in amounts ordinarily encountered in sea water, do not interfere. The method is an order of magnitude more sensitive than others· in current use and has the same relative accuracy.

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Deposition Of Salts From Sea Water By Frigid Concentration, Kurt H. Nelson, Thomas G. Thompson Jan 1954

Deposition Of Salts From Sea Water By Frigid Concentration, Kurt H. Nelson, Thomas G. Thompson

Journal of Marine Research

The order of formation of solid phases when sea water freezes has been investigated down to -40° C. About 80% of the water present in the original quantity of sea water is transformed into ice before the first salt crystallizes

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The Use Of Electrical Conductivity Measurements For Chlorinity Determination, M. J. Pollak Jan 1954

The Use Of Electrical Conductivity Measurements For Chlorinity Determination, M. J. Pollak

Journal of Marine Research

Limitations in our knowledge of the electrical conductivity of sea water are discussed. An empirical equation is presented which gives chlorinity aa a function of specific conductance and temperature at atmospheric pressure.

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A Comparison Of Certain North Atlantic Wind, Tide Gauge And Current Data, Joseph Chase Jan 1954

A Comparison Of Certain North Atlantic Wind, Tide Gauge And Current Data, Joseph Chase

Journal of Marine Research

Wind component.a from large areas within the zones of the trades and westerlies of the North Atlantic Ocean are determined by means of a geostrophic template and mean weather maps….

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Static Stability Parameters In Oceanography, M. J. Pollak Jan 1954

Static Stability Parameters In Oceanography, M. J. Pollak

Journal of Marine Research

The use of static vertical stability criteria in oceanography is discussed and two basic types of such stability parameters are derived. It is shown how these can be determined by using sound velocity as one of the variables. Computation can be simplified by means of a graph.

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Wind Mixing Currents, John C. Freeman Jr. Jan 1954

Wind Mixing Currents, John C. Freeman Jr.

Journal of Marine Research

A wind system may create an oeean current by differential mixing in a two layer ocean; such a current may be imposed on other currents due to the wind. In one situation studied, such differential mixing produced an average transport of water about 10 to 20 % of the transport due to wind stress.

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Statistics Of The Sea Surface Derived From Sun Glitter, Charles Cox, Walter Munk Jan 1954

Statistics Of The Sea Surface Derived From Sun Glitter, Charles Cox, Walter Munk

Journal of Marine Research

Aerial photographs of the sun's glitter on the sea surface, taken under carefully chosen conditions in the Hawaiian area, were coordinated with measurements of winds (1-27 knots) from a vessel….

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Polarographic Determination Of Nitrate In Sea Water, David Tung-Whei Chow, Rex J. Robinson Jan 1953

Polarographic Determination Of Nitrate In Sea Water, David Tung-Whei Chow, Rex J. Robinson

Journal of Marine Research

A new and accurate method for the determination of nitrate in sea water, based on the pola.rographic reduction of nitrate in the presence of uranyl ions, is presented. Sulfate ions depress the reduction current by a definite proportion, depending on the chlorinity of the water sample; for chlorinities in the range of 14 to 19 ‰, this effect is rather constant. Fluoride interferes strongly with the reduction of nitrate, but aluminum or zirconyl salts may satisfactorily eliminate this effect. Other interfering ions and preservatives are also discussed. A procedure for the determination of nitrate in sea water ha.s been proposed …

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On The Nature, Occurance And Origin Of Cold Low Salinity Water Along The Edge Of The Gulf Stream, W. L. Ford, J. R. Longard, R. E. Banls Jan 1953

On The Nature, Occurance And Origin Of Cold Low Salinity Water Along The Edge Of The Gulf Stream, W. L. Ford, J. R. Longard, R. E. Banls

Journal of Marine Research

In the left margin of the Gulf Stream, looking in the direction of flow, a narrow discontinuous band of relatively cold water is often found. This haa been attributed to upwelling from the colder depths of the ocean, but recent investigations throw doubt on this explanation, since this water, which forms a thin layer close to the surface, may have a lower salinity than any water in the depths. Evidence is given that the only cold low salinity source is the so-called Shelf water, which is found in a broad band between· the shore and a boundary off the Continental …

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A Seawater Sampling Bottle, R. L.I. Fjarlie Jan 1953

A Seawater Sampling Bottle, R. L.I. Fjarlie

Journal of Marine Research

A new type seawater sampling bottle consisting of a tube with hinged lids and a frame holding three reversing thermometers is described. The bottle is designed to be free flushing, reliable mechanically, and simple to operate. The relative sampling efficiency of Nansen, Knudsen, Ekman and new type bottles is compared.

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The Determination Of Organic Phosphorus In Sea Water With Perchloric Acid Oxidation, Andrew L. Hansen, Rex J. Robinson Jan 1953

The Determination Of Organic Phosphorus In Sea Water With Perchloric Acid Oxidation, Andrew L. Hansen, Rex J. Robinson

Journal of Marine Research

A method is proposed for the determination of organic phosphorus in sea water; in this procedure the organic material is oxidized with perchloric acid and the organic phosphorus is converted to phosphate. Oxidation in a perchloric acid medium ia superior to sulfuric acid: (a) The perchlorate salts formed upon digestion of sea water are readily water-soluble in contrast to certain sulfates; (b) A small blank correction for impurities must be applied....

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A Recording Bathypitotmeter, Willem V.R. Malkus Jan 1953

A Recording Bathypitotmeter, Willem V.R. Malkus

Journal of Marine Research

The stability of a cable towed through the sea has suggested the use of its weighted end as a platform for velocity measurement. This report describes an instrument, lowered on standard hydrographic wire, which uses mechanical sensors to record speed, temperature, and pressure on a waxed paper roll. Initial measurements are presented which indicate that the vertical profile of an ocean current can be determined in approximately one hour.

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The Size Of Water Masses Containing Plankton Blooms, Henry Kierstead, L. Basil Slobodkin Jan 1953

The Size Of Water Masses Containing Plankton Blooms, Henry Kierstead, L. Basil Slobodkin

Journal of Marine Research

If a phytoplankton population is assumed to be increasing logarithmically in a mass of water surrounded by water which is unsuitable for the survival of the population, it can be shown that there is a minimum critical size for the water mass below which no increase in concentration of phytoplankton can occur....

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The Chaetognatha Over The Continental Shelf Of North Carolina With Attention To Their Relation To The Hydrography Of The Area, E. Lowe Pierce Jan 1953

The Chaetognatha Over The Continental Shelf Of North Carolina With Attention To Their Relation To The Hydrography Of The Area, E. Lowe Pierce

Journal of Marine Research

A series of vertical plankton samples and hydrographic data were obtained over and somewhat beyond the continental shelf off North Carolina by the ALBATROSS III during four cruises covering the period from 24 May to 14 June 1949. Continental shelf, continental slope, and Florida Current waters were found in the area sampled. Initial mixing between the water masses apparently occurs near the edge of the continental shelf....

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A Possible Initial Condition For Red Tides On The Coast Of Florida, L. Basil Slobodkin Jan 1953

A Possible Initial Condition For Red Tides On The Coast Of Florida, L. Basil Slobodkin

Journal of Marine Research

It seems likely that the occurrence of a discrete mass of water, with a salinity lower than that of normal Gulf of Mexico surface water, is a necessary prerequisite for the occurrence of red tide off the Florida Coast.

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