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Units For Specific Volume Of Sea Water, Martin J. Pollak Jan 1961

Units For Specific Volume Of Sea Water, Martin J. Pollak

Journal of Marine Research

Considerable confusion has developed in oceanographic literature concerning the appropriate units to be used in reporting specific volume and its ancillary parameters, specific-volume anomaly and thermosteric anomaly (specific-volume anomaly at in situ temperature and salinity and atmospheric pressure). The problem revolves around the question, should specific volume and its anomalies be given in terms of liters or cubic centimeters as the unit of volume....

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The Isotherm Follower, E. C. Lafond Jan 1961

The Isotherm Follower, E. C. Lafond

Journal of Marine Research

The isotherm follower is an instrument that is capable of seeking out a given isotherm in the sea, locking on to the isotherm, following it up and down, and recording its depth with respect to time. This instrument has been employed singly and in triangular arrangements of three to provide the speed and direction of internal waves. It has proven to be valuable in determining the nature of vertical oscillations of sea temperature.

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The Low Frequency Components Of The Spectrum Of Wind-Generated Waves, O. M. Phillips, E. J. Katz Jan 1961

The Low Frequency Components Of The Spectrum Of Wind-Generated Waves, O. M. Phillips, E. J. Katz

Journal of Marine Research

This paper is concerned with the dynamical processes involved in the growth of the lower frequency spectral components of wind-generated waves. Some calculations of Miles (1960) are extended, leading to the concept of a transition frequency for a given fetch as the frequency above which energy is supplied to the waves by the instability (or sheltering) mechanism and below which it is supplied by the resonance mechanism....

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The Physiological Ecology Of A Marine Diatom, Skeletonema Costatum (Grev.) Cleve, Herbert Curl Jr., Guy C. Mcleod Jan 1961

The Physiological Ecology Of A Marine Diatom, Skeletonema Costatum (Grev.) Cleve, Herbert Curl Jr., Guy C. Mcleod

Journal of Marine Research

The marine plankton diatom, Skeletonema costatum, was isolated from local waters and cultured in enriched sea water. The effects of light, temperature, salinity, and concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen on its growth and photosynthesis were determined separately and simultaneously. The effects of exocrine production by Skeletonema and grazing by copepods also wer e tested . The experimental results were used in developing an index of the photosynthetic potential of the diatom for seasonal hydrographic conditions found in the continental shelf waters south of Long Island....

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The (Ethylenedinitrilo)-Tetraacetate Titration Of Calcium And Magnesium In Ocean Waters Ii. Determination Of Magnesium, John B. Pate, Rex J. Robinson Jan 1961

The (Ethylenedinitrilo)-Tetraacetate Titration Of Calcium And Magnesium In Ocean Waters Ii. Determination Of Magnesium, John B. Pate, Rex J. Robinson

Journal of Marine Research

M odifications of the EDTA titration of total hardness have been evaluated for use ,n determining magnesium in sea water. In this procedure EDTA is the titrant, Eriochrome Blue Black B the indicator, and ethanolamine the buffer. Various conditions necessary for accurate sea water titrations have been established. A mean magnesium-chlorinity ratio of 0.06689 was obtained when 30 sea water samples were titrated.

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Comparison Of Norpac Temperature Sections With Average Bt Sections Along The Same Tracks, Margaret K. Robinson Jan 1961

Comparison Of Norpac Temperature Sections With Average Bt Sections Along The Same Tracks, Margaret K. Robinson

Journal of Marine Research

The NORPAC ATLAS (NORPAC Comm., 1960), now in press, contains horizontal and vertical charts of oceanographic data collected on the NORPAC Expedition, the first multi-nation synoptic survey of the North Pacific Ocean. Vertical BT temperature sections, included in the NORPAC ATLAS, were prepared by the author....

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The Measurement Of Dehydrogenase Activity In Marine Organisms, Herbert Curl Jr., Judith Sandberg Jan 1961

The Measurement Of Dehydrogenase Activity In Marine Organisms, Herbert Curl Jr., Judith Sandberg

Journal of Marine Research

A method for the estimation of respiratory potential in marine biological material is discussed. The method, which depends upon photometric assay for a dehydrogenase enzyme by the reduction of tetrazolium salt, showed that activity measurements are positively, linearly, related to oxygen consumption measurements. Respiratory potential may be measured immediately upon securing the material, or at a later time.

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Amino Acids In Samples Of Surface Sea Water, Mitsunobu Tatsumoto, W. T. Williams, J. M. Prescott, Donald W. Hood Jan 1961

Amino Acids In Samples Of Surface Sea Water, Mitsunobu Tatsumoto, W. T. Williams, J. M. Prescott, Donald W. Hood

Journal of Marine Research

Both paper and ion exchange chromatographic techniques have been used to identify and make a partial quantitative estimate of amino acids in surface water samples collected in four subtropical regions. The most abundant of the 18 amino acids identified were aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, alanine, valine, isoleucine, and leucine. In general, basic amino acids, possibly except for lysine, seem to be in low concentration. The amino acid composition of hydrolysates of proteinaceous material in sea water varies in the samples. These differences may be important in the ecology of marine organisms.

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A Multipurpose Large Volume Sea-Water Sampler, R. H. Bodman, L. V. Slabaugh, V. T. Bowen Jan 1961

A Multipurpose Large Volume Sea-Water Sampler, R. H. Bodman, L. V. Slabaugh, V. T. Bowen

Journal of Marine Research

The need for large volumes of sea-water, from all depths, for radioisotope studies with carbon-14, tritium or fission-products, has resulted in the development of a variety of sampling devices….

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Dissolved Nitrogen In West Greenland Waters, D. C. Nutt, L. K. Coachman, P. F. Scholander Jan 1961

Dissolved Nitrogen In West Greenland Waters, D. C. Nutt, L. K. Coachman, P. F. Scholander

Journal of Marine Research

The nitrogen tension in several water masses in the West Greenland coastal region departs only about 5% from the value of the atmosphere. Significantly higher values of nitrogen tension were found in the upper layers of waters near glacier fronts. These values are attributed to the solution of gases trapped in the glacier ice and released to the water under considerable hydrostatic pressure.

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A Multiple-Detector Irradiance Meter And Electronic Depth-Sensing Unit For Use In Biological Oceanography, Robert W. Holmes, James M. Snodgrass Jan 1961

A Multiple-Detector Irradiance Meter And Electronic Depth-Sensing Unit For Use In Biological Oceanography, Robert W. Holmes, James M. Snodgrass

Journal of Marine Research

The underwater irradiance meter or submarine photometer described here is designed to operate in the upper 100 to 150 m. It permits direct measurement of the downward blue-green irradiance (480 mµ) to a depth of 100-120 m on a clear day in water with an attenuation coefficient in the blue-green region of the spectrum of approximately 0.04/m. The meter can accommodate as many as five individual detector units as well as an associated depth-sensing element....

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The Peru-Chile Undercurrent, Warren S. Wooster, Malvern Gilmartin Jan 1961

The Peru-Chile Undercurrent, Warren S. Wooster, Malvern Gilmartin

Journal of Marine Research

The presence of a southward-moving undercurrent along the west coast of South America, underlying the Peru Current at depths of several hundred meters, has been established by direct measurements with parachute drogues, by calculations of geostrophic motion, and by analysis of the distributions of salinity and dissolved oxygen....

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Pycnoclines Created By Mixing In An Aquarium Tank, Townsend Cromwell Jan 1960

Pycnoclines Created By Mixing In An Aquarium Tank, Townsend Cromwell

Journal of Marine Research

The experiments described in this paper were carried out by the author before his death in an airplane crash near Guadalajara, Mexico, 2 June 1958. We had planned to collaborate in studying the results from the standpoint of possible model similarity between events in the experimental tank and in the ocean, possibly repeating some of the experiments or devising new ones. But I was unable to find many of the pertinent numerical data in Mr. Cromwell's files.

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Salinity Effects In Estuauies, M. R. Abbott Jan 1960

Salinity Effects In Estuauies, M. R. Abbott

Journal of Marine Research

This paper examines the relative importance, in the equation of motion, of the convective acceleration terms and of the extra pressure gradient due to a longitudinal gradient of salinity up an estuary. For estuaries in which the latter is the most important, a criterion is given for the direction of mean water velocity just above the bed.

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Boundary Layer Effects In Estuaries, M. R. Abbott Jan 1960

Boundary Layer Effects In Estuaries, M. R. Abbott

Journal of Marine Research

This paper is concerned with the velocity in the boundary layer of an estuary during a tidal cycle; the estuary considered has negligible salinity effect. The problem reduces to solving the usual non-steady boundary layer equations if it is assumed that (a) flow is two-dimensional, with a horizontal bed at any cross-section, and (b) little variation in breadth of the estuary in the boundary layer region. Further, the eddy viscosity is considered constant; thus the boundary layer equations are the same as those for a laminar layer except that they have an enhanced coefficient of viscosity due to turbulence....

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Tripyridyltriazine, A Reagent For The Determination Of Iron In Sea Water, Peter Collins, Harvey Diehl Jan 1960

Tripyridyltriazine, A Reagent For The Determination Of Iron In Sea Water, Peter Collins, Harvey Diehl

Journal of Marine Research

Iron, in the parts per billion range in which it occurs in sea water, can be determined spectro-photometrically with 2, 4, 6-tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ). The intense violet compound formed by TPTZ and the ferrous ion is extractable into nitrobenzene if sodium perchlorate be added to the solution. The extraction affords a means of concentrating the iron from a large sample into a small volume of nitrobenzene for spectrophotometric measurement....

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On The Use Of Time Series Concepts And Spectral And Cross-Spectral Analyses In The Study Of Long-Range Forecasting Problems, Willard J. Pierson Jr. Jan 1960

On The Use Of Time Series Concepts And Spectral And Cross-Spectral Analyses In The Study Of Long-Range Forecasting Problems, Willard J. Pierson Jr.

Journal of Marine Research

Monthly values of sea surface temperature anomalies and wind anomalies for an area of the North Atlantic Ocean are studied as a vector Gaussian process. The covariances and the spectra and cross-spectra provide information on the nature of the interaction of ocean and atmosphere. The long period fluctuations are found to be fairly coherent. Indications are that the sea surface temperature can be predicted for one month into the future on the basis of past values with a 50 % reduction of variance. Prediction problems are discussed.

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Magnesium, Strontium, And Barium Concentrations And Calcite-Aragonite Ratios Of Some Recent Molluscan Shells, Karl K. Turekian, Richard L. Armstrong Jan 1960

Magnesium, Strontium, And Barium Concentrations And Calcite-Aragonite Ratios Of Some Recent Molluscan Shells, Karl K. Turekian, Richard L. Armstrong

Journal of Marine Research

Approximately 100 recent molluscan shells have been analyzed spectrographically for Mg, Sr and Ba; their calcite-aragonite ratios were determined by X-ray diffraction. The methods are described in detail. The most important parameter controlling the concentration of these trace elements in calcium carbonate shells appears to be generic association rather than water temperature or calcite-aragonite ratio of the shell. As a group, snails are higher in Mg and lower in Sr and Ba than clams....

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Observed And Computed Path Radiance In The Underwater Light Field, J. E. Tyler Jan 1960

Observed And Computed Path Radiance In The Underwater Light Field, J. E. Tyler

Journal of Marine Research

This paper presents experimental data on changes in underwater radiance in zenith and nadir directions as a function of depth for both overcast and clear sunny lighting conditions at the surface. The equation developed by Preisendorfer (1957) to describe path radiance along any path is then used to predict observed changes, and predicted results are compared with the observed data.

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Seasonal Variation In Sea Level In The Pacific Ocean During The International Geophysical Year, 1957-1958, June G. Pattullo Jan 1960

Seasonal Variation In Sea Level In The Pacific Ocean During The International Geophysical Year, 1957-1958, June G. Pattullo

Journal of Marine Research

Seasonal variations in sea level derived from IGY measurements are described and compared with those previously published. These measurements confirm the earlier descriptions, which were baaed on observations from gauges attached mostly to continental coastlines. That is, in low latitudes in each hemisphere, sea level is high at the end of summer. There is a zonal band of high sea level from about the Equator to 40° N in September while in comparable southern latitudes sea level is low....

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Determination And Occurrence Of Cobalt In Sea Water, Thomas G. Thompson, Taivo Laevastu Jan 1960

Determination And Occurrence Of Cobalt In Sea Water, Thomas G. Thompson, Taivo Laevastu

Journal of Marine Research

Methods have been investigated to ascertain the most desirable procedure for determining the trace concentrations of cobalt in sea water. The nitroso-R-salt method of Sandell was adopted and modified for sea water analysis. Samples of water were secured with the nonmetallic water sampler of Thompson and Chow. Preliminary studies of the waters of the San Juan Archipelago and of Puget Sound showed cobalt concentrations ranging from 0.0039 to 0.0054 µg-at Co/I.

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Determination Of Cobalt In Seawater, Herbert V. Weiss, John A. Reed Jan 1960

Determination Of Cobalt In Seawater, Herbert V. Weiss, John A. Reed

Journal of Marine Research

Cobalt has been isolated from seawater by cocrystallization with α-nitroso-β-naphthol. Quantitative determination by a nitroso-R-salt method for each of two sea.water samples has indicated the cobalt content to be 0.038 µg/l after radiometric correction for losses incurred in the isolation process.

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Recent Oceanographic Investigations In The Gulf Of California, G. I. Roden, G. W. Groves Jan 1959

Recent Oceanographic Investigations In The Gulf Of California, G. I. Roden, G. W. Groves

Journal of Marine Research

Results of seven hydrographic cruises into the Gulf of California during 1956 and 1957 show that the water mass there is characteristic of Equatorial Pacific water though modified by intensive evaporation in surface layers. The combination of wind regime and complicated topographical features plays a predominant role in circulation, upwelling, distribution of temperature, and other hydrographic factors. Seasonal changes are large....

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Theoretical Proof Of The Existence Of Characteristic Diffuse Light In Natural Waters, Rudolph W. Preisendorfer Jan 1959

Theoretical Proof Of The Existence Of Characteristic Diffuse Light In Natural Waters, Rudolph W. Preisendorfer

Journal of Marine Research

This paper develops a mathematical model for the radiance distribution of light penetrating a homogeneous hydrosol on the basis of the general theory of radiative transfer. It is proved that the radiance distribution approaches an asymptotic pattern at great depths. This is in accord with previous field measurements of the directional patterns in underwater light and with L. V. Whitney's conjecture that there is at some depth in natural waters a characteristic diffuse light symmetrically distributed around the vertical. The angular form of this equilibrium light pattern is derived in terms of the mathematical model presented.

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On The Heat And Salt Balance Of The California Current Region, Gunnar I. Roden Jan 1959

On The Heat And Salt Balance Of The California Current Region, Gunnar I. Roden

Journal of Marine Research

The average monthly variation of the heat and salt balance of the upper 200 m is investigated for eight areas of the Pacific Ocean off California and Baja California. Accuracy of the method and of the nonseasonal variations of the balance is estimated. It is shown that observed heat changes are princiaplly due to radiation and advection, the heat exchange with the atmosphere being rather small and constant....

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A Test Of Mixing Length Theories In A Coastal Plain Estuary, Richard E. Kent, D. W. Pritchard Jan 1959

A Test Of Mixing Length Theories In A Coastal Plain Estuary, Richard E. Kent, D. W. Pritchard

Journal of Marine Research

Observations of vertical and horizontal variations in salinity and velocity in the James River estuary have been previously employed in the indirect determination of the vertical eddy flux of salt…

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The Effect Of Pressure On The Electrical Conductivity Of Sea-Water, B. V. Hamon Jan 1958

The Effect Of Pressure On The Electrical Conductivity Of Sea-Water, B. V. Hamon

Journal of Marine Research

Values of the pressure coefficient of electrical conductivity of sea-water (cblorinity 19.7‰) at different temperatures are presented. The pressure coefficients vary from 1.50 × 10-5 decibar-1 at 0.5°C to 0.82 × 10-5 decibar-1 at 19.5°C. The accuracy is estimated to be ±5%. The results have been confirmed by tests at sea.

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Profiles Of Wind-Created Water Waves In The Capillary-Gravity Transition Region, Allen H. Schooley Jan 1958

Profiles Of Wind-Created Water Waves In The Capillary-Gravity Transition Region, Allen H. Schooley

Journal of Marine Research

Crapper (1957) has theoretically predicted that pure capillary waves have profiles that peak downward, which is the reverse of the gravity wave case. This paper confirms Crapper's theory and shows enlarged profiles of capillary waves that were photographed with a high-speed motion picture camera in a small water-wind tunnel. Under the conditions of measurements, the maximum vertical distance between trough and crest for the capillary waves observed was about 0.5 wavelength....

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Trace Elements In The Pelagic Coelenterate, Velella Lata, Robert Bieri, David H. Krinsley Jan 1958

Trace Elements In The Pelagic Coelenterate, Velella Lata, Robert Bieri, David H. Krinsley

Journal of Marine Research

Twelve elements (Cu, Ni, Mn, Ti, Si, Cr, Sr, V, Ba, Ag, Pb, and Mo), not previously reported from the genus Velella, were found in the ash of V. lata; zirconium was also searched for but was not found. Cu, Ni, Mn, Ti, Mg, Ca, and Al were determined quantitatively. The concentration of trace elements in the whole animal and in five different tissues of V. lata was determined in specimens ranging from 14.4 to 84.6 mm in length. The Mg:Ca ratio in Velella is lower than that in sea water but. higher than that in Scyphozoa. Presumably this is …

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Factors, Mainly Depth And Wavelength, Affecting The Degree Of Underwater Light Polarization, Alexandre Ivanoff, Talbot H. Waterman Jan 1958

Factors, Mainly Depth And Wavelength, Affecting The Degree Of Underwater Light Polarization, Alexandre Ivanoff, Talbot H. Waterman

Journal of Marine Research

Field and laboratory comparisons of visual, photographic and photoelectric methods of measuring linear polarization of underwater light demonstrate that satisfactory agreement may be obtained between their results. While laboratory data match closely, several uncontrollable factors, especially changes in cloudiness, increase the variance of field measurements. Of the three, the photoelectric polarimeter lends itself best to the study of degree of polarization in the horizontal plane at various depths....

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