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Terrorism In National And International Law, Caleb M. Pilgrim

Penn State International Law Review (1982 - 2011)

Efforts at regulating terrorism so far illustrate one central fact: the lack of balance between our conception of terrorism as applied by the individual practitioner and our conception of terrorism as practiced by government officials. The balance seems weighted in favor of governments even in those pathological cases where the patients had been rather unceremoniously treated for their allergies to dictatorship. Government in some cases control, in others influence, the sources of information concerned with national security. Stigmatization of sometime legitimate resistance - labeling it as "terrorist" - deprived such protests of legitimacy and protection. The people in power, the …

Covert Involvement In Essentially Internal Conflicts: United States Assistance To The Contras Under International Law, Helen Michael

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

This Article examines whether contemporary international law is equipped to address the recurrent phenomenon of covert involvement by a state in internal conflicts of another state. Ms. Michael analyzes this phenomenon in the context of United States assistance to the Contras in collective self-defense on behalf of El Salvador, and Nicaragua's concomitant support of the Salvadoran Rebels' attempts to overthrow the existing El Salvador Government. Ms. Michael summarizes the extensive history of conflict between the United States and Nicaragua culminating in the contemporary dispute existing between the Reagan Administration and the Sandinista Government. Both the Sandinistas and the Reagan Administration …

The Prosecution Of War Criminals In Canada, W J. Fenrick

Dalhousie Law Journal

A Commission of Inquiry on War Criminals, headed by Mr. Justice Jules Deschenes, was established by the Federal Government on 7 February 1985 to determine whether or not alleged Nazi war criminals were resident in Canada and to recommend legal measures to ensure that such war criminals are brought to justice. The Commission submitted a two part Report to the Governor General in Council on 30 December 1986. Part I has been published, and Part II, concerned with allegations against specific individuals is confidential. The Commission, bearing in mind the concern of the Canadian public about all atrocities related to …

The Status Of The Law Of Nations In Early American Law, Stewart Jay

Vanderbilt Law Review

A perennial issue is the relationship of international law to the domestic law of the United States. The question appears in various con-texts, but in each the central problem is determining whether the body of customary international law is binding on the national and state governments. Discussions about this subject inevitably lead to consideration of separation of powers at the national level. If the United States may depart from international law, which branch of government has the power to do so? If one branch transgresses international law, is this action binding on the others?' For example, a recent case examined …

Law For A World Community, John Quigley

Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce

Changes in international relations are creating a context for a new role for law. The exigencies of survival require solutions that can be achieved only at a supranational level. In the process, international law is being transformed from a law between and among states to a law that includes international organizations, individual persons, corporations, and other non-state groups. It is moving from a set of negative prohibitions that sought to keep states from injuring each other by acts of violence to a set of positive obligations to preserve and improve life for all. Law is shifting from being an interstate …

International Propaganda And Developing Countries, Adeno Addis

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

This Article will use the term propaganda in its negative sense and explore its impact on developing nations' capacity for self-determination. Following a brief suggestion about a workable definition in Part II, Part III isolates the particular threat that propaganda poses for developing nations. Part IV then surveys the fractured history of international propaganda regulation. Part V examines the relationship between self-determination and propaganda, with specific reference to disinformation and what will be termed "structural propaganda." Individual state responses to propaganda are outlined in Part VI. Part VII explores the same issue on the international level and suggests the creation …

Deference And Its Dangers: Congress' Power To "Define ... Offenses Against The Law Of Nations", Charles D. Siegal

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

This Article has not sought to argue that we are today bound to the framers' limited conception of the law of nations. The way that law develops has changed dramatically in 200 years; there is no reason to believe that the framers would not have supported an evolving definition of offenses against the law of nations. And, even if they did not, an originalist interpretation of the offenses clause is still not warranted. Nor has this Article argued that Congress has no leeway in defining offenses; its points are less strict.

When Congress determines that a certain set of actions …

Nicaragua: United States Assistance To The Nicaraguan Human Rights Association And The Nicaraguan Resistance, Suzanne B. Goldberg, Lee Crawford, Kevin Reed, John Tennant

Faculty Scholarship

The question of providing aid to the Nicaraguan Resistance has been significant to United States human rights policy throughout the Reagan Administration. Although events have changed repeatedly during the winter of 1988, including a truce between the Nicaraguan Government and the Resistance and a Congressional decision not to provide military aid to the Resistance, the underlying policy issues remain constant. The Harvard Human Rights Yearbook presents two notes, infra, discussing the Military Construction Appropriations Act of 1987, which granted $100 million in aid to the Nicaraguan Resistance. The first note discusses the Nicaraguan Human Rights Association (Asociacidn Nicaraguense Pro-Derechos Humanos …

The Law Of Piracy: "Piracy" In The Twentieth Century, Alfred P. Rubin

International Law Studies

No abstract provided.

The Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act: A Case Study In The Legality Of Economic Sanctions

Washington and Lee Law Review

No abstract provided.

International Law And The United States' Air Operation Against Libya, Christopher J. Greenwood

West Virginia Law Review

No abstract provided.

Extradition And United States Prosecution Of The Achille Lauro Hostage-Takers: Navigating The Hazards, Jordan J. Paust

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

On October 7, 1985, members of a Palestinian group hijacked the passenger ship Achille Lauro. Not only did the hijackers hold more than one hundred passengers and crew members hostage for several days, but they murdered one of the passengers, Leon Klinghoffer, a United States national. On October 9 the hijackers released the vessel and remaining hostages. On October 10 the hijackers and an alleged mastermind of the operation, Mr. Abbas, were on board an Egyptian aircraft flying over the high seas in the Mediterranean when United States military aircraft intercepted the Egyptian aircraft and forced it to land in …

Porfiry's Proposition: Legitimacy And Terrorism, Thomas M. Franck, Scott C. Senecal

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

Suppose that, in 1938, the Prague government of President Edvard Benes, foreseeing the inevitable dismemberment of Czechoslovakia after the Munich Pact, had infiltrated a trained death squad of German Jewish exiles across the German border, in civilian clothing, to assassinate Adolf Hitler. Suppose they had succeeded and had then fled to Holland.

How should international law govern this hypothetical event? Should it require Holland either to try the assassins for murder or to return them to Germany for trial? Or should it exculpate, even commend, the assassins for a job well done? Or should the law remain silent? Would the …

Peace And The World Court: A Comment On The Paramilitary Activities Case, Robert F. Turner

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

One of the most painful experiences of my government service occurred on January 18, 1985, when as Acting Assistant Secretary of State for Legislative and Intergovernmental Affairs I was called on to sign letters informing Congress of the President's decision "not to participate further in the case brought by Nicaragua before the International Court of Justice." I felt deeply that the United States approach was mistaken--not so much on legal as on political grounds'--and in advocating my views I pushed strongly against the proper limits of legitimate dissent within the bureaucracy.

Having defended the Court against speculative criticism from lawyers …

Economic Sanctions And International Terrorism, Kenneth W. Abbott

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

In this Article I hope to take at least a step toward clarifying these matters by presenting a framework for the analysis of antiterrorism sanctions and using that framework to discuss several of the sanctions that the United States currently employs.

Parts Two and Three of this Article set out the elements of the framework. Part Two begins by describing the varying forms or levels of state involvement in terrorism, shown graphically in Figure 1. All forms of state involvement are not alike, at least analytically, and Part Two will discuss the appropriateness of employing sanctions or other measures of …

Preliminary Thoughts On Some Unresolved Questions Involving The Law Of Anticipatory Self-Defense, Rex J. Zedalis

Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law

No abstract provided.

American Bombing Of Libya: An International Legal Analysis, Gregory Francis Intoccia

Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law

No abstract provided.

The April 14, 1986 Bombing Of Libya: Act Of Self-Defense Or Reprisal, Jeffrey Allen Mccredie

Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law

No abstract provided.

Self-Help In Combatting State-Sponsored Terrorism: Self Defense And Peacetime Reprisals, Guy B. Roberts

Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law

No abstract provided.

Legality Of Economic Sanctions Underinternational Law: The Case Of Nicaragua, J. Curtis Henderson

Washington and Lee Law Review

No abstract provided.

Books Received, Law Review Staff

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

Books Received

THE WORLD OF SCIENCE AND THE RULE OF LAW

By John Ziman, Paul Sieghart, and John Humphrey

New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. Pp. viii, 343. $37.00

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ESSAYS ON INTERNATIONAL LAW

By Stuart S. Malawer

Buffalo: William S. Hein & Co., 1986. Pp. ix, 201. $35.00

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THE IMF IN A CHANGING WORLD, 1945-85

By Margarett Garritsen deVries

Washington: International Monetary Fund, 1986. Pp. x,226

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SOVIET LAW AND SOVIET REALITY

By Olimpiad S. Ioffe

Dordrecht: Martinus Nijohoff Publishers, 1985. Pp. vi, 234

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SWITZERLAND'S ROLE AS AN INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL CENTER

By Benedicte Vibe Christensen

Washington: International …

Banning The Bomb: Law And Its Limits, Lori Fisler Damrosch

Faculty Scholarship

We can all agree with the contributors to this volume that nuclear weapons present the threat of unimaginable devastation that could bring an end to civilization and even to life on this planet. The grim calculations and stark images come back again and again, but they cannot be repeated too often: over 50,000 weapons in the United States and Soviet arsenals, each with a destructive force dwarfing the explosions at Hiroshima and Nagasaki; radiation effects producing indescribable suffering and death; environmental damage that defies quantification or prediction; the specter of nuclear winter rendering the earth uninhabitable. No rational being can …

Recent Development--U.S. Legislation To Prosecute Terrorists: Antiterrorism Or Legalized Kidnapping?, Catherine C. Fisher

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

This Recent Development examines the jurisdictional bases for the proposed extraterritorial extension of The Terrorist Prosecution Act to crimes that do not occur within the territory of the United States and to persons who are not United States citizens. The historical basis for allowing the prosecution of persons who have been forcibly brought into the court's jurisdiction and constitutional due process concerns that accompany such enforcement means are also detailed. Also discussed is the potential conflict between the Act and United States foreign relations law, particularly with respect to the possible forceful intrusion by the United States upon another state's …

Revolutions And Treaty Termination, Philip Noonan

Penn State International Law Review (1982 - 2011)

It is a widely accepted principle of international law that ordinary changes in government do not affect treaty obligations. During the course of the twentieth century, however, certain states and some writers have asserted that revolutionary changes in government do affect treaty obligations. Nevertheless, many states continue to adhere to the rigid rule that treaty obligations should not be affected even by radical changes in government. This rule can create anomalous and unreasonable results. Accordingly, it may be better to replace the present blanket rule with a flexible test that encompasses all relevant factors and provides a result in accordance …

The Transnational Boycott As Economic Coercion In International Law: Policy, Place, And Practice, Christopher C. Joyner

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

Despite the technological and political intricacies that earmark the current international economic system, the transnational boycott remains a prominent technique of international economic coercion.

The transnational boycott can be described as a coercive quasi-conspiratorial combination effort by one state to prevent another state from transacting commercial business. Threats or intimidation may be directed at the target state's customers to induce them to withhold or withdraw their patronage. While the ends and means of transnational boycotts may seem clear, their legal status appears to be open to conjecture. This situation can be attributed in no small part to the more sophisticated …

Reprisal Redux, James Larry Taulbee, John Anderson

Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law

No abstract provided.

Japanese Labor Relations And Legal Implications Of Their Possible Use In The United States, Marcia J. Cavens

Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business

Current economic conditions have led many United States companies to search for ways of regaining competitive positions in international markets. Japan's enviable succes in international trade suggests several possible remedies, one of which is development of more harmonious labor-management relations. Some commentators have opposed the application of these cooperative labor practices in the United States, claiming that cultural differences are insurmountable. Japanese-style labor relations, however, have been implemented in the United States, either by conscious imitation, or though similar, domestically developed systems termed quality of worklife and participative management programs. Speculations about and experiments with Japanese labor relations have become …

Chemical And Biological Warfare: Focus On Asia, Lee D. Klein

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

This Note concludes that (1) the Geneva Protocol of 1925 and the Biological Weapons Convention of 1972 provide conventional restraints upon the use of lethal or seriously injurious CBWs; (2) modern treaties, customs, judicial decisions, and writings form a public international law norm that imposes a legal restraint limiting the use of lethal or seriously injurious CBWs and binding all states regardless of their acceptance of conventional prohibitions; and (3) the law of war today is characterized more accurately as the "law of armed conflict," because it must of necessity apply to conflicts that are not purely interstate. Before discussing …

Books Received, Law Review Staff

Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law

Casebook on Carriage by Sea.

By E.R. Hardy Ivamy

London: Lloyd's of London Press, 1982. Pp. xxxix, 203. £11.50.

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Casebook on Shipping Law

By E.R. Hardy Ivamy

London: Lloyd's of London Press, 1982. Pp. xxx, 205. £11.50.

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Regional Development Agencies in Europe

Edited by Douglas Yuill

Hampshire, England: Gower, 1982. Pp. vii, 449.$44.50.

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United States Trade Policy Legislation: A Canadian View

By Rodney de C. Grey

Montreal: The Institute for Research on Public Policy, 1982. Pp. xvii, 130. $7.95.

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Transfer of Technology: U.S. Multinationals and Eastern Europe

By Marilyn L. Liebrenz

New York: Praeger Publishers, 1982. …

International Law: 1906 -1981, William W. Bishop Jr

Law Quadrangle (formerly Law Quad Notes)

Based on remarks delivered by Professor Bishop at the 75th anniversary meeting of the American Society of International Law, held in Washington, D.C., April 23-25, 1981.