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Using Paper Theatres As An Expressive Arts Therapy Method: Activating Imaginal Worlds In Community Arts Practice, Silvina S. Ibanez May 2021

Using Paper Theatres As An Expressive Arts Therapy Method: Activating Imaginal Worlds In Community Arts Practice, Silvina S. Ibanez

Expressive Therapies Capstone Theses

Paper theatres are an artistic form that became widely popular in 19th century Europe. Also known as toy theatre and model theatre, a paper theatre has a small build-your-own proscenium and pre-cut paper characters that can be manipulated. Different styles of paper theatre can be found in several cultures.

In contemporary art, the use of paper theatres in several modalities led to an exploration of whether such theatres also could be used as an art therapy method. Research was conducted into expressive art therapy principles, Jungian perspectives, and recent studies in neurosciences. The studies included in the literature review confirmed …


A Virtual Art Therapy Curriculum For High School Students During The Covid-19 Pandemic: Informed By Bronfenbrenner’S Ecological Systems Theory, Kendra Soule May 2021

A Virtual Art Therapy Curriculum For High School Students During The Covid-19 Pandemic: Informed By Bronfenbrenner’S Ecological Systems Theory, Kendra Soule

Expressive Therapies Capstone Theses

During the 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic became a global health threat. In order to maintain public safety many schools had to transition onto a virtual space using online programs and classrooms. Not only did schools move to an online platform, but also mental health therapy moved to telehealth platforms to serve those affected by the pandemic. Art therapy is a form of therapy that uses the tangible art making process, art piece, and therapeutic relationship as aspects of therapy. With the move to the virtual setting, art therapists had to modify their work to fit the new setting. Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological …


The Integration Of Tbri & Expressive Therapies Continuum: In-Home Expressive Arts Interventions For Foster And Adoptive Families During Covid-19, Jill Stockburger May 2021

The Integration Of Tbri & Expressive Therapies Continuum: In-Home Expressive Arts Interventions For Foster And Adoptive Families During Covid-19, Jill Stockburger

Expressive Therapies Capstone Theses

With the onset of COVID-19 and the necessary isolation of a global pandemic, the therapeutic space was forced to redefine itself within the virtual realm as the ripple effect of collective trauma further compounded families healing from complex or relational trauma. Clinicians were virtually invited more into participants’ living spaces and interdependence with interpersonal family dynamics through this evolution. By combing the evidence-based practice of Trust-Based Relational Interventions with the framework of the Expressive Therapies Continuum, a more expansive, embodied, and uniquely client-centered, neurologically developmental approach emerged that engaged the healing potential of the caregiver-child relationship through increased co-regulation and …


Creating A Movement Group In The 2-Dimensional World: Using Dance/Movement Therapy Interventions To Build Connections For Children, Naomi E. Muhs May 2021

Creating A Movement Group In The 2-Dimensional World: Using Dance/Movement Therapy Interventions To Build Connections For Children, Naomi E. Muhs

Expressive Therapies Capstone Theses

The world experienced many changes after the COVID-19 pandemic hit, including counseling sessions transitioning to being delivered through the service of distance counseling. As a growing field, dance/movement therapy must explore distance counseling services to expand and have relevancy within the demands of current society. This project addressed the gap in the research on the integrating of distance counseling services and dance/movement therapy while presenting an interactive remote method for facilitating a group therapy session with a dance/movement therapy approach. Every piece of literature that was researched helped in creating the interventions that were implemented with the clients. The following …


Self-Compassion Integrated Art Therapy For Mothers During A Pandemic, Shannon Dover May 2021

Self-Compassion Integrated Art Therapy For Mothers During A Pandemic, Shannon Dover

Expressive Therapies Capstone Theses

This thesis reviews literature related to parental mental health and the novel coronavirus (COVID-19). COVID-19 is a collective trauma in which individuals experience the trauma differently depending on race, gender, and class. Women’s experience of living during COVID-19 related to changes in the workplace, caretaking, and more. The pandemic influenced parents and notably mothers with increased stress, depression, grief, and anxiety. The practice of self-compassion reduces shame and self-criticism which are common experiences during parenting and trauma. Self-compassion and art therapy can aid in resiliency and make living during COVID-19 more comfortable. With a literature review, results yield the following …


Storytelling As An Expressive Arts Therapy Intervention With Children Via Telehealth, Sidney Marie Joines May 2021

Storytelling As An Expressive Arts Therapy Intervention With Children Via Telehealth, Sidney Marie Joines

Expressive Therapies Capstone Theses

As an expressive arts therapist in training working in the midst of a global pandemic, I sought to develop a creative, safe, accessible, and effective intervention for children via telehealth during a time of great uncertainty. Coronavirus 2019 has had a massive impact on mental and physical health and disrupted the lives of billions across the globe; the pandemic also forced mental health professionals to online formats. I found a significant lack of literature around expressive arts therapy via telehealth. Through considering theoretical approaches from cinematherapy, narrative therapy, metaphor therapy, play therapy, and expressive arts therapy, I developed an eight-week …


A Critical Approach To Resilience And The Need For Community: Anti-Oppressive Music Therapy At A Homeless Shelter During Covid-19, Corrine Mina May 2021

A Critical Approach To Resilience And The Need For Community: Anti-Oppressive Music Therapy At A Homeless Shelter During Covid-19, Corrine Mina

Expressive Therapies Capstone Theses

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected death and infection rates of racial and ethnic minorities, the elderly, immigrants and refugees, and those experiencing poverty, amplifying the racial, socio-economic, and systemic inequalities that already existed in the United States of America. People experiencing homelessness often do not have the privilege to shelter-in-place or work from home; the same goes for essential workers who must work in-person to provide social services. This community engagement project challenges the notion of individual resilience through the lens of critical race theory and a systems approach to oppression observed in an emergency homeless shelter serving …


The Impact Of Mindfulness On Healthcare Provider Burnout During Covid-19, Natasha Johnson May 2021

The Impact Of Mindfulness On Healthcare Provider Burnout During Covid-19, Natasha Johnson

Mindfulness Studies Theses

Healthcare providers are subject to unique stress as part of their job in a helping profession and regularly suffer the effects of burnout and secondary traumatic stress. Mindfulness-based interventions have been demonstrated to be effective in reducing burnout and addressing the impacts of secondary traumatic stress, however the current COVID-19 pandemic poses a new, more debilitating type of stress to healthcare providers. This paper seeks to examine the existing evidence on the effects of mindfulness in reducing burnout and secondary traumatic stress, incorporate new evidence on the unique stress of COVID-19, and determine if mindfulness interventions remain effective. It also …


Contemplating Library Instruction: Integrating Contemplative Practices In A Mid-Sized Academic Library, Brooke Duffy, Lisa Rose-Wiles, Martha M. Loesch May 2021

Contemplating Library Instruction: Integrating Contemplative Practices In A Mid-Sized Academic Library, Brooke Duffy, Lisa Rose-Wiles, Martha M. Loesch

Library Publications

In recent years there has been growing interest in the integration of contemplative practices into higher education, but little has been published regarding contemplative practices or contemplative pedagogies in academic libraries. Nor have explicit links been made to critical librarianship (critlib), particularly regarding the stress associated with the profession and the “resilience narrative” of “doing more with less”. In this paper, we review the literature and describe our experiences introducing a variety of contemplative elements into our library instruction program, most recently in the virtual environment. Building on the three levels of “intervention” modeled by Barbezat and Bush (2014) to …


Exploring Social Determinants Of Covid-19 Related Sickness And Suffering In The Bronx, Hamida Chumpa May 2021

Exploring Social Determinants Of Covid-19 Related Sickness And Suffering In The Bronx, Hamida Chumpa

Student Theses and Dissertations

Through a positivistic and phenomenological approach, the study examines social determinants of COVID-19 related sickness and suffering in the Bronx, New York City, New York, ZIP codes 10462, 10472, 10467, 10458, 10474, and 10464. I utilize a violence paradigm (structural and everyday violence) to describe the social determinants of risk and sickness-related suffering and deploy an assemblage framework to shed light on how these determinants create negative synergies that undermine wellbeing and render certain communities vulnerable to extreme suffering. The mixed methods include 64 surveys and eight interviews. Analysis methods include a descriptive analysis of survey results and a thematic …


The Effect Of State Level Covid-19 Stay-At-Home Orders On Death Rates, Stephen A. Langeland, Jose Marte, Kyle Connif May 2021

The Effect Of State Level Covid-19 Stay-At-Home Orders On Death Rates, Stephen A. Langeland, Jose Marte, Kyle Connif

Helm's School of Government Conference - 2021-2024

This paper attempts to examine a correlation between lockdown length and COVID-19 case rate, death rate and fatality rate. In March of 2020, the publishing of alarmist epidemiological models prompted government officials to enact sweeping emergency measures (Miltimore 2020). Notably, the Imperial College London model published by epidemiologist Neil Ferguson predicted a “best-case scenario” of 1.1 million COVID-19 deaths in the U.S. by August 2020. This model heightened concern that the hospital system would be overwhelmed, a reason cited by President Trump’s Coronavirus Task Force members, Dr. Birx and Dr. Fauci, as justification for the “15 Days to Flatten the …


Social And Emotional Learning In A Pandemic: Lack Of Cultural Relevancy For Bay Area Elementary Students, Patricia Lopez-Chavez May 2021

Social And Emotional Learning In A Pandemic: Lack Of Cultural Relevancy For Bay Area Elementary Students, Patricia Lopez-Chavez

Education | Master's Theses

Social and Emotional Learning (SEL) is a pedagogical approach that aims to support the whole student’s academic, social, and emotional growth. CASEL (2020) purports that SEL addresses inequity and empowers youth. While combating inequity is the ideal, the vast majority of SEL programs are not designed in accordance with the teaching practices of Culturally Relevant Teaching (CRT) and Trauma Informed Pedagogy (TIP). Consequently, SEL programs perpetuate inequity for marginalized and minoritized students when lacking cultural and trauma considerations (Boldt, et al., 2020). This study explored if and how teachers differentiate and integrate Social and Emotional Learning, Culturally Relevant Teaching, and …


Conceptualization Of College Students' Covid-19 Related Mask-Wearing Behaviors Using The Multi-Theory Model Of Health Behavior Change, Robert E. Davis, Manoj Sharma, Kayla E. Simon, Amanda H. Wilkerson May 2021

Conceptualization Of College Students' Covid-19 Related Mask-Wearing Behaviors Using The Multi-Theory Model Of Health Behavior Change, Robert E. Davis, Manoj Sharma, Kayla E. Simon, Amanda H. Wilkerson

Environmental & Global Health Faculty Research

Background: Recommendations and policies, regarding the use of face coverings, have been instituted to control transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Understanding of psychosocial factors related to the use of face coverings within the context of COVID-19 is needed. This study aimed to conceptualize mask-wearing behavior among students using the Multi-theory Model (MTM) of behavior change. Methods: In October 2020, students (n = 595) enrolled in a large public southeastern US university were recruited to participate in a cross-sectional survey, using a valid and reliable instrument. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate techniques described mask-wearing behavior and differentiated theoretical drivers of mask-wearing …


Conceptualization Of College Students' Covid-19 Related Mask-Wearing Behaviors Using The Multi-Theory Model Of Health Behavior Change, Robert E. Davis, Manoj Sharma, Kayla E. Simon, Amanda H. Wilkerson May 2021

Conceptualization Of College Students' Covid-19 Related Mask-Wearing Behaviors Using The Multi-Theory Model Of Health Behavior Change, Robert E. Davis, Manoj Sharma, Kayla E. Simon, Amanda H. Wilkerson

Environmental & Occupational Health Faculty Presentations

Background: Recommendations and policies, regarding the use of face coverings, have been instituted to control transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Understanding of psychosocial factors related to the use of face coverings within the context of COVID-19 is needed. This study aimed to conceptualize mask-wearing behavior among students using the Multi-theory Model (MTM) of behavior change. Methods: In October 2020, students (n = 595) enrolled in a large public southeastern US university were recruited to participate in a cross-sectional survey, using a valid and reliable instrument. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate techniques described mask-wearing behavior and differentiated theoretical drivers of mask-wearing …


Sleep Disturbances In Frontline Health Care Workers During The Covid-19 Pandemic: Social Media Survey Study, Nancy H. Stewart, Anya L. Koza, Serena Dhaon, Christiana Shoushtari, Maylyn Martinez, Vineet M. Arora May 2021

Sleep Disturbances In Frontline Health Care Workers During The Covid-19 Pandemic: Social Media Survey Study, Nancy H. Stewart, Anya L. Koza, Serena Dhaon, Christiana Shoushtari, Maylyn Martinez, Vineet M. Arora

Student Publications

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, health care workers are sharing their challenges, including sleep disturbances, on social media; however, no study has evaluated sleep in predominantly US frontline health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess sleep among a sample of predominantly US frontline health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic using validated measures through a survey distributed on social media.

Methods: A self-selection survey was distributed on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram for 16 days (August 31 to September 15, 2020), targeting health care workers who were clinically active during the COVID-19 …


Faculty Spotlight — Dr. Corinne Lengsfeld, Bailey Mcginley, Owen Mckessy May 2021

Faculty Spotlight — Dr. Corinne Lengsfeld, Bailey Mcginley, Owen Mckessy

DU Undergraduate Research Journal Archive

Interview with Dr. Corinne Lengsfeld.


Trend Of Research Visualization Of Covid-19 Complications In Pubmed Database Using Scientometric Analysis From 2020 To March 20, 2021, Dr. Abeel Naseer, Dr. Muhammad Shoaib, Mr. Nusrat Ali, Dr. Muhammad Bilal May 2021

Trend Of Research Visualization Of Covid-19 Complications In Pubmed Database Using Scientometric Analysis From 2020 To March 20, 2021, Dr. Abeel Naseer, Dr. Muhammad Shoaib, Mr. Nusrat Ali, Dr. Muhammad Bilal

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

This study focused to evaluate the published articles on PubMed whose focus was to study the different relations between COVID 19, and different complications caused due to it. The main complications that were used to formulate this study are Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT), Stroke, Pulmonary Embolism, Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC), Myocardial Infarction (MI), anosmia, and pneumonia. The data was extracted from the PubMed database on March 20, 2021at 03:20 PM, PST with the period of 2020 to March 20, 2021. We used Biblioshiny, VOSviewer, and MS Excel software to analyze data and found 2375 published documents. The results revealed that …


Spring 2021 May 2021

Spring 2021

Scientia

From the Dean: A Decade of Purpose and Progress; Lab Notes: Alumna Wins Gordon Bell Special Prize, New Scholarships, Vaccination Site Volunteers; Women in Science Lecture, National Institutes of Health Grants, "Unequal Cities" Research; All Hands on Deck: Inspired pandemic approaches showcase interdisciplinary acumen in action; Unlocking Potential: Christopher Beasley thinks psychology is key to academic transformation for the formerly incarcerated; Puzzle Master: Bridget Tenner goes to pieces solving problems in cutting-edge mathematics


Lawyers Response To Covid-19 Infodemic On Social Media, Jibran Jamshed May 2021

Lawyers Response To Covid-19 Infodemic On Social Media, Jibran Jamshed

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Objectives: The primary objective of this study is to examine and analyze the skills and practices of lawyers in response to the misinformation/Infodemic of COVID-19 on Social Media platforms.

Research Methodology: In this quantitative study an online survey was conducted among lawyers in Pakistan. The population of the study was made up of practicing lawyers from different District Bar Associations in Pakistan. A questionnaire was distributed to collect data regarding demographic information, use of social media, response to misinformation about COVID-19 on social media and to identify the methods employed by lawyers to check the authenticity of such …


Predicting Covid-19 Behavior: Is It All Due To Political Orientation?, Caleb Potts May 2021

Predicting Covid-19 Behavior: Is It All Due To Political Orientation?, Caleb Potts

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

ABSTRACT

Adherence to COVID-19 preventing measures is becoming increasingly important as governments across the world realize COVID-19 is not an acute, but a chronic problem. There is, however, disagreement over to what extent COVID-19 is a problem. In the United States, the division appears to be primarily along party lines (Democrat and Republican[1]), though even within parties there is division. This division might be explained by differences in: the behavioral immune system and trust in government. Additional factors to examine include: personality, fear of COVID-19, and religious beliefs. The present study used previously validated self-report measures to assess …


Learnings From The Impact Of Online Learning On Elementary Students' Mental And Social-Emotional Well-Being Amid The Covid-19 Pandemic, Nadeen Hamzeh May 2021

Learnings From The Impact Of Online Learning On Elementary Students' Mental And Social-Emotional Well-Being Amid The Covid-19 Pandemic, Nadeen Hamzeh

Education | Master's Theses

This research examined practices that might foster students’ mental and emotional well-being, quality relationships among students and staff and safe and inclusive school climates through online platforms, especially during times of crisis such as during the COVID 19 pandemic. In order to achieve that goal, this study sought to identify the kinds of protective and risk factors that help or hinder students’ ability to cope and thrive, through a scholarly framework of Critical Race Theory (Yosso, 2005), Online Learning (Hughes, 2004) and Social-emotional Learning (Durlak et al., 2011). The researcher conducted personal interviews with a variety of educators serving at …


Assessment Of Patient And Employee Mental Health During Covid-19, Lanerica Rogers, Tammy Phillips, Aerial Petty, Gabriana Freire, Carline Denis-Barnes May 2021

Assessment Of Patient And Employee Mental Health During Covid-19, Lanerica Rogers, Tammy Phillips, Aerial Petty, Gabriana Freire, Carline Denis-Barnes

Research Day

Background: Many individuals in the United States have anecdotally reported a decline in their mental health due to worry and stress over the COVID-19 pandemic. Although much research has been dedicated to populations across the country, patients and employees at community health centers have been overlooked in terms of the effect of pandemic conditions on their mental health. The present study seeks to understand how the mental health of these populations has been impacted and offer recommendations for what can be done to address any unmet mental health needs.

Methods: Survey responses were compiled from patients and employees of the …


Effects Of Message Frame And Cultural Orientations On Covid-19 Prevention Behaviors, Mika Hashimoto May 2021

Effects Of Message Frame And Cultural Orientations On Covid-19 Prevention Behaviors, Mika Hashimoto

Communication ETDs

This study aimed to explore effective message strategies to promote COVID-19 prevention behaviors among college students. Due to the fewer symptoms and lessened impact of COVID-19 in this population, young adults tend to have low perceived risk that results in low engagement in preventive behaviors. Also, some people may hold beliefs or values that are contrary to preventive behaviors. Thus, applying message framing theory, this study tested the effects of perceived risk and cultural orientation on adherence to prevention behaviors. The results showed that perceived risk and cultural orientation were associated with intention to maintain physical distance and wearing a …


The Political Pandemic: Investigating The Relationship Between Political Ideology And Covid-19 Compliance, Allison Moore May 2021

The Political Pandemic: Investigating The Relationship Between Political Ideology And Covid-19 Compliance, Allison Moore

Undergraduate Theses

One key to curtailing the health costs of COVID-19 is adherence to social distancing measures. Despite their importance, distancing measures seem to have proved divisive. The present research sought to identify ideological differences in behavioral compliance to distancing measures and to account for the psychological underpinnings of behavioral differences. A first study (April, 2020; N=571) using Amazon’s Mechanical Turk revealed conservatives to be significantly less likely to obey social distancing recommendations than liberals. Differences among conservatives and liberals in adherence to self-reported social distancing practices were significantly mediated by perceived COVID-19 health risk and perceived media accuracy in covering the …


Stress, Alcohol Use, And Punitive Parenting During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Jennifer Price Wolf, Bridget Freisthler, Caileigh Chadwick May 2021

Stress, Alcohol Use, And Punitive Parenting During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Jennifer Price Wolf, Bridget Freisthler, Caileigh Chadwick

Faculty Research, Scholarly, and Creative Activity

Background
Emerging research suggests that parents are experiencing heightened stress during the COVID-19 pandemic. Parental stress is a risk factor for harsh or punitive parenting, and this association may be exacerbated by the use of alcohol.
Objective
We examine whether parental stress is associated with use of punitive parenting, as well as whether this association is modified by drinking pattern.
Participants & setting
We used advertisements and word-of-mouth to recruit 342 parents living in Central Ohio during the initial stay-at-home order for COVID-19.
Methods
We used geographic ecological momentary assessment (gEMA) to measure parental stress and punitive parenting during three …


Impact Of Coronavirus On The Performance Of Library And Information Science Professionals: A Comparative Survey, Subhajit Panda, Noble . May 2021

Impact Of Coronavirus On The Performance Of Library And Information Science Professionals: A Comparative Survey, Subhajit Panda, Noble .

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The spread of the deadly disease Coronavirus has had a negative impact on every aspect of human life, including the education sector with no exception. As a preventive measure, Governments worldwide announced lockdown & closure of the educational institutions, promote a drastic change in the education environment, from conventional classroom-based to online interaction-based. As the second wave of the pandemic strikes India with a tsunami of cases, LIS professionals serve as front-line workers to keep the educational system functioning without interruption. The present study tried to analyze the performance of LIS professionals during this nightmare with thousands of barriers, like …


Physical Activity In A University Community Before And After A Covid-19 Shutdown, Brynn Hudgins May 2021

Physical Activity In A University Community Before And After A Covid-19 Shutdown, Brynn Hudgins

Masters Theses, 2020-current

Reaching recommended levels of physical activity (PA) is important for achieving and maintaining health, however there are many potential barriers which may impact an individual’s ability to engage in PA. The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the transition to remote teaching and learning, shut-downs of places to engage in PA, and changes to the daily work routine of university staff. Therefore, overall PA levels were likely impacted. The purpose of this study was to assess whether a significant change in PA occurred before and after one university transitioned to remote learning and working due to COVID-19 shutdowns. Subjects were recruited from …


The Impact On Organization Behavior In A Telecommuting World And The Potential Impacts On The Business, Jerrilynn Dvorak May 2021

The Impact On Organization Behavior In A Telecommuting World And The Potential Impacts On The Business, Jerrilynn Dvorak

Dissertations, Theses, and Projects

Local and national COVID-19 restrictions have caused many organizations to transition their employees to working remotely, a practice previously not considered or widely adopted. Global pandemics happen so infrequently that much of the world's population has not lived through or experienced such an event. There were little to no protocols to prepare organizations and individuals mentally, physically, emotionally, and financially for the challenges that the pandemic would bring. The COVID-19 pandemic provided a unique opportunity for more employees who previously did not have that opportunity to work from home. This shift created a much larger sample size to study the …


Insufficient Sleep And Poor Sleep Quality Completely Mediate The Relationship Between Financial Stress And Dietary Risk Among Higher Education Students, Chen Du, Wenyan Wang, Pao Ying Hsiao, Mary-Jon Ludy, Robin M. Tucker May 2021

Insufficient Sleep And Poor Sleep Quality Completely Mediate The Relationship Between Financial Stress And Dietary Risk Among Higher Education Students, Chen Du, Wenyan Wang, Pao Ying Hsiao, Mary-Jon Ludy, Robin M. Tucker

Public and Allied Health Faculty Publications

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic worsened financial stress for higher education students in the U.S. Financial stress is associated with poor dietary behaviors; however, factors that might influence this relationship are not well characterized. The present cross-sectional study investigated the associations between financial stress and dietary intake and dietary risk scores among higher education students (undergraduate and graduate students) in the U.S. and examined whether poor sleep quality and short sleep duration mediated the relationship between financial stress and dietary risk score. Validated tools were used to assess financial stress, sleep quality, sleep duration, dietary intake, and dietary risk. …


County-Level Factors That Influenced The Trajectory Of Covid-19 Incidence In The New York City Area, Ashley Wendell Kranjac, Dinko Kranjac May 2021

County-Level Factors That Influenced The Trajectory Of Covid-19 Incidence In The New York City Area, Ashley Wendell Kranjac, Dinko Kranjac

Sociology Faculty Articles and Research

More than a century of research has shown that sociodemographic conditions affect infectious disease transmission. In the late spring and early summer of 2020, reports of the effects of sociodemographic variables on the spread of COVID- 19 were used in the media with minimal scientific proof attached. With new cases of COVID-19 surging in the United States at that time, it became essential to better understand how the spread of COVID-19 was varying across all segments of the population. We used hierarchical exponential growth curve modeling techniques to examine whether community socioeconomic characteristics uniquely influence the incidence of reported COVID-19 …