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Spatial Variation Of Total Co2 And Total Alkalinity In The Northern Indian Ocean: A Novel Approach For The Quantification Of Anthropogenic Co2 In Seawater, C. Goyet, C. Coatanoan, G. Eischeid, T. Amaoka, K. Okuda, R. Healy, S. Tsunogai
Spatial Variation Of Total Co2 And Total Alkalinity In The Northern Indian Ocean: A Novel Approach For The Quantification Of Anthropogenic Co2 In Seawater, C. Goyet, C. Coatanoan, G. Eischeid, T. Amaoka, K. Okuda, R. Healy, S. Tsunogai
Journal of Marine Research
As part of a cooperative effort of the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) and of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) program, we have measured total CO2 (TCO2) and total alkalinity (TA) along three sections in the northern Indian Ocean. One section through the Gulf of Aden to the Arabian Sea is parallel to the coast of Yemen. One section is across the Arabian Sea along the nominal 9N latitude and the other section is across the Bay of Bengal along the nominal 10N latitude. The measurements were performed on board R/V Knorr in September-October 1995. …
Some Historical, Theoretical And Applied Aspects Of Quantitative Water Mass Analysis, Matthias Tomczak
Some Historical, Theoretical And Applied Aspects Of Quantitative Water Mass Analysis, Matthias Tomczak
Journal of Marine Research
The concept of water masses is reviewed from the point of view of quantitative water mass analysis. A theoretical framework is presented which describes the life history of water masses in terms of formation, consolidation, aging and decay. Water masses are described as physical entities and compared with their atmospheric counterparts (air masses). The classical temperature-salinity diagram is expanded into the mathematical concept of water types in an n-dimensional parameter space. Water types and their standard deviations are introduced as the foundation for quantitative water mass analysis. The relationship between parameter space and physical space is established through the …
Modeling The Antarctic Circumpolar Current: A Comparison Of Fram And Equivalent Barotropic Model Results, V. O. Ivchenko, A. E. Krupitsky, V. M. Kamenkovich, N. C. Wells
Modeling The Antarctic Circumpolar Current: A Comparison Of Fram And Equivalent Barotropic Model Results, V. O. Ivchenko, A. E. Krupitsky, V. M. Kamenkovich, N. C. Wells
Journal of Marine Research
Analyzing the FRAM simulations, Killworth (1992) noticed a strong tendency for self-similarity in the vertical structure of the velocity field of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). By assuming the self-similarity as a hypothesis, Krupitsky et al. (1996) developed an equivalent barotropic (EB) model of the ACC capable of describing the horizontal structure of the ACC. Compared to the multi-level-primitive-equation GCM, the EB model appeared substantially simpler and therefore useful in pilot process-oriented and sensitivity studies. In the present study dynamical and kinematical comparisons of the EB and FRAM outputs are given.
Formation And Circulation Of The Water Masses Between The Southern Indian Ocean And Antarctica: Results From Δ18o, Michael P. Meredith, Karen J. Heywood, Russell D. Frew, Paul F. Dennis
Formation And Circulation Of The Water Masses Between The Southern Indian Ocean And Antarctica: Results From Δ18o, Michael P. Meredith, Karen J. Heywood, Russell D. Frew, Paul F. Dennis
Journal of Marine Research
We present measurements of the stable isotopes of oxygen (18O and 16O) from seawater samples collected during the Antarctic Deep Outflow Experiment (ADOX) cruises in the Southern Ocean and southern Indian Ocean, February to March, 1993 and 1994. The data are used in conjunction with hydrographic data to infer characteristics of the formation and circulation of water masses found in the region. The waters on the continental shelf of Antarctica (adjacent to the Princess Elizabeth Trough; PET) are isotopically the lightest found due to the injection of about 1% of glacial meltwater, and are probably advected to …
On The Chaotic Evolution Of Baroclinic Instability Of Wave-Wave Interactions With Topography, John Kroll
On The Chaotic Evolution Of Baroclinic Instability Of Wave-Wave Interactions With Topography, John Kroll
Journal of Marine Research
De Szoeke (1986) developed an asymptotic solution for the nonlinear evolution of a type of baroclinic instability of a two-layer quasi-geostrophic model over topography. He found that under certain conditions pairs of hybrid modes interacting with topography could become unstable in the linearized model. He also found that the addition of the nonlinearity stabilized the flow which he analyzed using an expansion in small ε, a measure of the topographic height. This work is extended and modified by first considering a slightly varying mean flow (time dependent parametric forcing) which produces chaotic behavior, and then considering friction which allows chaos …
Temporal Variations Of Mixed-Layer Oceanic Co2 At Jgofs-Kerfix Time-Series Station: Physical Versus Biogeochemical Processes, Ferial Louanchi, Diana P. Ruiz-Pino, Alain Poisson
Temporal Variations Of Mixed-Layer Oceanic Co2 At Jgofs-Kerfix Time-Series Station: Physical Versus Biogeochemical Processes, Ferial Louanchi, Diana P. Ruiz-Pino, Alain Poisson
Journal of Marine Research
The seasonal and interannual variations in mixed-layer carbon dioxide in the Southern Ocean are analyzed from January 1990 to March 1995 at KERFIX time-series station (50°40S-69°25E). The temperature, salinity and chlorophyll time series are used as constraints on a simple box model to extrapolate total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), total alkalinity (TA) and oceanic CO2 fugacity (fCO2) over the five years of the monitoring. Results of the simulation are compared to all available observations. Both measured and simulated DIC and TA give seasonal signals of 25 µmol/kg and 8 µeq/kg, respectively. In spite of a …
Lagrangian Statistics In Unforced Barotropic Flows, J. H. Lacasce, K. G. Speer
Lagrangian Statistics In Unforced Barotropic Flows, J. H. Lacasce, K. G. Speer
Journal of Marine Research
We consider the dispersion of particles in potential vorticity (PV)-conserving flows. Because particle drift is preferentially along the mean PV contours, Lagrangian dispersion is strongly anisotropic. If the mean PV field moreover is spatially variable, as when there is topography, the anisotropy is more clearly visible in the dispersion of displacements along and across the mean PV field itself. We examine several numerical examples of unforced barotropic flows; in all cases, this "projected" dispersion is more anisotropic than that in cartesian (x, y) coordinates. What differs is the rate at which spreading occurs, both along and across …
The Effects Of Multiple Trap Spacing, Baffles And Brine Volume On Sediment Trap Collection Efficiency, Scott D. Nodder, Bridget L. Alexander
The Effects Of Multiple Trap Spacing, Baffles And Brine Volume On Sediment Trap Collection Efficiency, Scott D. Nodder, Bridget L. Alexander
Journal of Marine Research
The hydrodynamic effects on trapping efficiency of sediment trap cross-frame position, baffles and brine volume were evaluated in three short-term (<1 week) experiments in a temperate shallow marine environment (Evans Bay, Wellington Harbour, New Zealand). The effects of trap position and brine were further investigated during two open ocean, free-floating sediment trap deployments (1-2 days) near the Subtropical Front (STF), east of New Zealand. In the Evans Bay experiments (numbered I-III), cross-frames, each holding 12 cylindrical traps (inside diameter 9 cm, height 95 cm), were moored 3 meters above the seafloor in 15-18 m water depths at three randomly selected inner harbor sites. Triplicate subsamples from each cylinder were analyzed for total dry weight and mass fluxes calculated. The STF deployments utilized JGOFS MULTI-traps (inside diameter 7 cm, height 58 cm) attached to cross-frames moored at three depths (120, 300 and 550 m) on drifting arrays (Experiments IV and V). MULTI-trap samples were analyzed for total particulate mass, carbon and nitrogen. Results from Experiments I and V indicate that a spacing of about 3-trap diameters was sufficient to minimize inter-trap interactions and maintain trapping efficiency among traps suspended on a cross-frame at the same depth. Furthermore, baffles had no effect on trapping efficiency and an undetectable impact on zooplankton "swimmer" populations also collected in traps (Experiment II). In Experiment III, traps that were filled completely with high-density salt brine (50‰ excess NaCl) collected 2-3 times less material than traps with a basal brine height equivalent to 1- and 2.5-trap diameters. In contrast, high levels of inter-site variability confounded the STF MULTI-trap deployments during Experiment IV. However, variability in flux measurements from both Experiments III and IV increased 2 to 3-fold in brine-filled traps. Thus, the potential for brine-filled traps to undercollect material with higher levels of variability could possibly explain previously reported inaccuracies in the sediment trap method.
Distributions Of Nuclear Fuel-Reprocessing Tracers In The Arctic Ocean: Indications Of Russian River Influence, Lee W. Cooper, Tom Beasley, Knut Aagaard, James M. Kelley, L. L. Larsen, Jacqueline M. Grebmeier
Distributions Of Nuclear Fuel-Reprocessing Tracers In The Arctic Ocean: Indications Of Russian River Influence, Lee W. Cooper, Tom Beasley, Knut Aagaard, James M. Kelley, L. L. Larsen, Jacqueline M. Grebmeier
Journal of Marine Research
Radionuclide sampling in 1986 and 1993 in the Canada Basin, and in 1993 in the Amundsen Basin and on the adjacent Laptev shelf, provides new insights into the origin, timing, pathways, and mechanisms for dispersal of non-fallout radioactive tracers in the Arctic Ocean. First, samples from the Beaufort Sea shelf, slope, and adjacent basin show a four-fold increase in 129I concentrations from 1986 to 1993. Second, anthropogenic non-fallout radionuclide concentrations in the Beaufort Sea increase with proximity to slope boundary currents. Third, there is evidence for riverine contributions of anthropogenic radionuclides to surface waters of the Amundsen Basin and …
On The Predictability Of Regional Oceanic Jet Stream: The Impact Of Model Errors At The Inflow Boundary, Shi Jiang, Paola Malanotte-Rizzoli
On The Predictability Of Regional Oceanic Jet Stream: The Impact Of Model Errors At The Inflow Boundary, Shi Jiang, Paola Malanotte-Rizzoli
Journal of Marine Research
When a jet is simulated in a fine-resolution regional model with inflow and outflow boundaries, its dynamical behavior depends crucially on the specified inflow boundary condition (IBC). Our primary goals are (1) to explore the model's ability to simulate the jet when the IBC is approximately known, (2) to examine the dynamical propagation and growth of the IBC errors in both space and time, and (3) to assess the relative usefulness of different types of data used to specify the IBC. This paper represents the results of an ensemble of 30 IBC-perturbed experiments derived from the Semi-Spectral Primitive Equation Model …
Strange Encounters Of Eddies With Walls, Doron Nof
Strange Encounters Of Eddies With Walls, Doron Nof
Journal of Marine Research
The impingement of a westward drifting lens-like anticyclonic ring on a meridional boundary is examined analytically and numerically using an (inviscid) layer-and-a-half model. A nonlinear analytical solution is constructed with the aid of a slowly varying perturbation expansion and numerical simulations are performed with the Bleck and Boudra model. It is found that, in contrast to conventional wisdom which implies that an anticyclonic ring encountering a wall moves poleward due to the image effect, the ring stays roughly in a fixed latitude. As it slowly moves into the wall due to β, it gradually leaks fluid toward the equator until …
Lattice Boltzmann Solutions Of The Three-Dimensional Planetary Geostrophic Equations, Rick Salmon
Lattice Boltzmann Solutions Of The Three-Dimensional Planetary Geostrophic Equations, Rick Salmon
Journal of Marine Research
We use the lattice Boltzmann method as the basis for a three-dimensional, numerical ocean circulation model in a rectangular basin. The fundamental dynamical variables are the populations of mass- and buoyancy-particles with prescribed discrete velocities. The particles obey collision rules that correspond, on the macroscopic scale, to planetary geostrophic dynamics. The advantages of the model are simplicity, stability, and massively parallel construction. By the special nature of its construction, the lattice Boltzmann model resolves upwelling boundary layers and unsteady convection. Solutions of the model show many of the features predicted by ocean circulation theories.
Organic Matter Accumulation And Preservation In Alaskan Continental Margin Sediments, Xiaoling Ding
Organic Matter Accumulation And Preservation In Alaskan Continental Margin Sediments, Xiaoling Ding
Marine Biology
Continental margin sediments provide a historical record of the sources and fate of organic matter (OM) originating both from the continents and from primary productivity in the overlying water column. However, since this record can be altered by microbial decomposition within the sediment, the history cannot be interpreted without understanding how decomposition can affect OM composition. Also, the margins accumulate much of the OM buried in ocean sediments; hence, knowledge of processes influencing preservation of OM in these sediments is essential to understanding the global carbon cycle. OM preservation was examined using two approaches. First, I studied sediments in the …
Enhanced Dispersion Of Near-Inertial Waves In An Idealized Geostrophic Flow, N. J. Balmforth, Stefan G. Llewellyn Smith, W. R. Young
Enhanced Dispersion Of Near-Inertial Waves In An Idealized Geostrophic Flow, N. J. Balmforth, Stefan G. Llewellyn Smith, W. R. Young
Journal of Marine Research
This paper presents a simplified model of the process through which a geostrophic flow enhances the vertical propagation of near-inertial activity from the mixed layer into the deeper ocean. The geostrophic flow is idealized as steady and barotropic with a sinusoidal dependence on the north-south coordinate; the corresponding streamfunction takes the form ψ = - Ψ cos (2αy). Near-inertial oscillations are considered in linear theory and disturbances are decomposed into horizontal and vertical normal modes. For this particular flow, the horizontal modes are given in terms of Mathieu functions. The initial-value problem can then be solved by projecting …
The Malin Cascade In Winter 1996, A. E. Hill, A. J. Souza, K. Jones, J. H. Simpson, G. I. Shapiro, R. Mccandliss, H. Wilson, J. Leftley
The Malin Cascade In Winter 1996, A. E. Hill, A. J. Souza, K. Jones, J. H. Simpson, G. I. Shapiro, R. Mccandliss, H. Wilson, J. Leftley
Journal of Marine Research
We report evidence for cascading of shelf-edge water down the continental slope northwest of Ireland at 55N in February 1996. The measured surface density contrast between shelf-edge and slope waters was 0.01 kg m-3 and the resulting dense plume was 20-50 m thick over the continental slope and penetrated to a depth of 500 m. Cascade waters were warmer but saltier than overlying slope waters and their shelf-edge origin was confirmed by relatively higher chlorophyll concentrations and a distinctive nutrient signature. Other cross-slope transects 100 km north and south of the cascade site showed dense water at the shelf …
The Influence Of The Ambient Flow On The Spreading Of Convected Water Masses, Sonya Legg, John Marshall
The Influence Of The Ambient Flow On The Spreading Of Convected Water Masses, Sonya Legg, John Marshall
Journal of Marine Research
We investigate the influence of a cyclonic vortical flow on the lateral spreading of newly mixed fluid generated through localized deep convection. Localized open ocean deep convection often occurs within such a cyclonic gyre circulation, since the associated upwardly domed isopycnals and weaker stratification locally precondition the ocean for deeper convection. In the absence of ambient flow, localized convection has been shown to result in strong lateral fluxes of buoyancy generated by baroclinic instability, sufficient to offset the local surface buoyancy loss and limit the density anomaly of the convectively generated water mass. Here we examine the consequences of a …
The Southern Flux Of Sea Ice In The Tatarskiy Strait, Japan Sea And The Generation Of The Liman Current, Seelye Martin, Mitsuhiro Kawase
The Southern Flux Of Sea Ice In The Tatarskiy Strait, Japan Sea And The Generation Of The Liman Current, Seelye Martin, Mitsuhiro Kawase
Journal of Marine Research
The circulation in the surface waters of the Japan Sea is driven in part by thermohaline forcing associated with the flux of cold, low-salinity water from the Tatarskiy Strait. Existing numerical models suggest that this water contributes to the Liman Current, which flows from northeast to southwest along the Russian coast. The major source of Japan Sea freshwater is the Amur River, which flows into the sea through Tatarskiy Strait, but has a near-zero minimum during January to March. As an alternate source of freshwater to the surface layer, we derive from meteorological and remote sensing data for the 1992-1994 …
Corrigendum To Surface-Intensified Rossby Waves Over Rough Topography (J. Mar. Res., 50, 367–384), R. M. Samelson
Corrigendum To Surface-Intensified Rossby Waves Over Rough Topography (J. Mar. Res., 50, 367–384), R. M. Samelson
Journal of Marine Research
In Samelson (1992), Eq. (13) should be changed to… respectively. The same error appears in the Abstract.
Tidal Resuspension And Deposition Of Particulate Matter In The Oyster Grounds, North Sea, Wim Van Raaphorst, Hans Malschaert, Hans Van Haren
Tidal Resuspension And Deposition Of Particulate Matter In The Oyster Grounds, North Sea, Wim Van Raaphorst, Hans Malschaert, Hans Van Haren
Journal of Marine Research
Moored current meters, fluorom eters and transmissometers were used in combination with sediment traps (aspect ratio >4) and shipborne sampling to determine fluxes of deposition and resuspension of total suspended matter (TSM) under tidal action in the 45 m deep Oyster Grounds, North Sea. Here, we present data from the mixed layer below the major thermocline at about 20 m above the bottom (mab) as obtained during a 14-day period of calm weather in July 1994. Around neap tide near-bottom current velocities remained smaller than 0.15 m s-1 and TSM was dominated by particles advected from a relatively turbid …
Under-Ice Observations Of Water Column Temperature, Salinity And Spring Phytoplankton Dynamics: Eastern Bering Sea Shelf, P. J. Stabeno, J. D. Schumacher, R. F. Davis, J. M. Napp
Under-Ice Observations Of Water Column Temperature, Salinity And Spring Phytoplankton Dynamics: Eastern Bering Sea Shelf, P. J. Stabeno, J. D. Schumacher, R. F. Davis, J. M. Napp
Journal of Marine Research
The inundation of two moored platforms by sea ice in late winter and early spring of 1995 provided unique time series of water column temperature, salinity, estimated chlorophyll-a, and phytoplankton fluorescence under advancing and retreating sea ice. One platform was located at 72 m in the weakly advective middle shelf regime. Here, chlorophyll-a concentrations began increasing shortly after the arrival of the ice (arch) during the period of weak stratification and continued to increase while wind actively mixed the water column to >60 m. Changes in water column structure and properties resulted from an event of strong …
Deep Water Properties, Velocities, And Dynamics Over Ocean Trenches, Gregory C. Johnson
Deep Water Properties, Velocities, And Dynamics Over Ocean Trenches, Gregory C. Johnson
Journal of Marine Research
Observations of water properties and deep currents over several trenches in the Pacific Ocean central basins give consistent evidence for recent ventilation of water below the trench sills and cyclonic sense of circulation over the trenches. A dynamical argument for this pattern is advanced. First, a review of previous analyses of hydrographic data shows that the trenches are well ventilated by dense bottom water, that within the trenches this bottom water generally spreads away from its source, and that a cyclonic sense of circulation is suggested over some trenches. Then, this cyclonic sense of circulation over the trenches is further …
A Numerical Study Of Layer Formation Due To Fingers In Double-Diffusive Convection In A Vertically-Bounded Domain, Tamay M. Özgökmen, Oleg E. Esenkov, Donald B. Olson
A Numerical Study Of Layer Formation Due To Fingers In Double-Diffusive Convection In A Vertically-Bounded Domain, Tamay M. Özgökmen, Oleg E. Esenkov, Donald B. Olson
Journal of Marine Research
The evolution of fingers in a double-diffusive system is investigated using numerical integration of two-dimensional equations of motion for an incompressible, Boussinesq fluid. The computational domain is periodic in the horizontal direction and is closed with no-flux boundary conditions in the vertical direction. The main result of this study is the evolution of the system from initially linear profiles for both fast and slow diffusing components to a layered state characterized by a finger zone sandwiched between two mixed layers. The horizontal boundaries in this system play an important role in the development of the layered state. At the top …
The Rectification Of Wind-Driven Flow Due To Its Instabilities, Caroline A. Katsman, Henk A. Dijkstra, Sybren S. Drijfhout
The Rectification Of Wind-Driven Flow Due To Its Instabilities, Caroline A. Katsman, Henk A. Dijkstra, Sybren S. Drijfhout
Journal of Marine Research
Within a quasi-geostrophic two-layer model of the wind-driven ocean circulation, an idealized symmetric double gyre flow is considered. When lateral friction is large enough, this flow is steady and characterized by a motionless lower layer. As friction is decreased, the flow undergoes a transition to time-dependence through a Hopf bifurcation, associated with a mixed barotropic/baroclinic instability. It is shown that the nonlinear self-interaction of this oscillatory unstable mode induces a nonzero time mean response in the lower layer. The origin of this deep flow is clarified through a weakly nonlinear analysis near critical conditions. It is explained how the perturbation …
Process-Specific Cues For Recruitment In Sedimentary Environments: Geochemical Signals?, Sarah A. Woodin, Roberta L. Marinelli, Sara M. Lindsay
Process-Specific Cues For Recruitment In Sedimentary Environments: Geochemical Signals?, Sarah A. Woodin, Roberta L. Marinelli, Sara M. Lindsay
Journal of Marine Research
The most biologically and geochemically active marine sediments are characterized by steep chemical gradients within the top centimeters of sediment (Berner, 1980). A common feature of these environments is disruptions of surface sediments by both physical and biotic forces. Growth and mortality rates for new recruits are affected by many of these surface perturbations. At the same time, these disturbances also impose a discontinuity in concentration across the sediment-water interface, and accordingly, a change in surface chemistry. In this paper we present evidence that the cue used by juveniles to distinguish between recently disturbed and undisturbed surfaces may be disruption …
Seabed Drag Coefficient Over Natural Beds Of Horse Mussels (Atrina Zelandica), Malcolm O. Green, Judi E. Hewitt, Simon F. Thrush
Seabed Drag Coefficient Over Natural Beds Of Horse Mussels (Atrina Zelandica), Malcolm O. Green, Judi E. Hewitt, Simon F. Thrush
Journal of Marine Research
Measurements of seabed drag coefficient, C100, were made under tidal currents at four sites in Mahurangi Harbour, New Zealand. At the first three sites the dominant roughness element was the pinnid bivalve, Atrina zelandica (horse mussel). At the fourth site, which was devoid of horse mussels but covered in cockle shells, patches of seaweed and crab burrows, C100 was smallest (0.0055), but still twice as large as the value typically applied to abiotic, flat, cohesionless seabeds (0.0025). The mean drag coefficient plus-or-minus standard error at the three sites with horse mussels was: 0.0082 ± 0.0010 (site 1); …
Three-Dimensional Stirring Of Thermohaline Fronts, Patrice Klein, Anne-Marie Treguier, Bach Lien Hua
Three-Dimensional Stirring Of Thermohaline Fronts, Patrice Klein, Anne-Marie Treguier, Bach Lien Hua
Journal of Marine Research
This study investigates the stirring of the thermohaline anomalies in a fully turbulent quasigeostrophic stratified flow. Temperature and salinity fields are permanently forced at large scales and are related to density by a linear equation of state. We show, using some inherent properties of quasi-geostrophic turbulence, that the 3-D ageostrophic circulation is the key dynamical characteristic that governs the strength and the spatial distribution of small-scale thermohaline fronts that are strongly density compensated. The numerical simulations well illustrate the formation by the mesoscale eddy field of sharp thermohaline fronts that are mainly located in the saddle regions and around the …
Temporal Variability And Composition Of Settling Particle Fluxes On The Barcelona Continental Margin (Northwestern Mediterranean), P. Puig, A. Palanques
Temporal Variability And Composition Of Settling Particle Fluxes On The Barcelona Continental Margin (Northwestern Mediterranean), P. Puig, A. Palanques
Journal of Marine Research
The results of a year-long sediment-trap experiment provide the first direct observations of sediment fluxes to the seafloor on the Barcelona continental margin. Time-series of vertical particle fluxes and major constituents (organic carbon, biogenic silica, calcium carbonate and aluminosilicates) were determined inside and in the vicinity of the Foix submarine canyon from May 1993 to April 1994. The spatial and temporal variability of bi-weekly total mass fluxes indicate significant high frequency variability related to physical and biological processes at this site. The Foix submarine canyon acts as an actual conduit for transport of sediment from the shelf to the slope, …
Excretion Of Trace Elements By Marine Copepods And Their Bioavailability To Diatoms, Wen-Xiong Wang, Nicholas S. Fisher
Excretion Of Trace Elements By Marine Copepods And Their Bioavailability To Diatoms, Wen-Xiong Wang, Nicholas S. Fisher
Journal of Marine Research
We measured the physiological turnover rate (= excretion rate) of five trace elements (Ag, Cd, Co, Se and Zn) in the marine copepod Temora longicornis following feeding on radiolabeled diatoms. The turnover rate constants of trace elements in copepods were high (0.05 to 0.38 d-1) and were comparable to published values for N and P excretion. Ag, Cd and Co were excreted at higher rates than Se and Zn. Turnover rate constants of Ag, Cd, and Co also increased with increasing food concentration, whereas excretion of Se and Zn was not affected by food concentration. There was little …
The Non-Wavelike Response Of A Continental Shelf To Wind, G. T. Csanady
The Non-Wavelike Response Of A Continental Shelf To Wind, G. T. Csanady
Journal of Marine Research
An overlooked aspect of continental shelf wave generation by wind is that a non-wavelike flow field may accompany the waves. To explore this possibility, we calculate the response of an inclined plane shelf to suddenly applied alongshore wind, affecting a finite portion of the coast. The calculations are based on the classical theory of continental shelf waves, supposing low frequency motions and invoking the boundary layer approximation (alongshore scales much longer than cross-shore ones). The results reveal non-wavelike circulations, with or without bottom friction, on a shelf of finite or unlimited width, unaffected by changing offshore boundary conditions. In the …
Nonlinear Limits To Ocean Thermal Structure, N. P. Fofonoff
Nonlinear Limits To Ocean Thermal Structure, N. P. Fofonoff
Journal of Marine Research
The nonlinear volume changes associated with diffusion and mixing of different seawater types produce significant conversions of gravitational potential energy to kinetic energy to maintain and enhance mixing processes and to limit the magnitudes of temperature gradients that can persist in the ocean. Several examples are given to illustrate these critical temperature gradients beyond which conversion exceeds local energy consumption by mixing. The vertical temperature gradients in the Gulf Stream reduce downstream from Cape Hatteras to the critical limit found in the North Atlantic thermocline. The limiting gradients are also seen in surface thermoclines and in "staircase" structures. Although the …