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Articles 1201 - 1230 of 2516
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Enrichment Of Microbial Populations In Macroaggregates (Marine Snow) From Surface Waters Of The North Atlantic, David A. Caron, Paul G. Davis, Laurence P. Madin, John Mcn. Sieburth
Enrichment Of Microbial Populations In Macroaggregates (Marine Snow) From Surface Waters Of The North Atlantic, David A. Caron, Paul G. Davis, Laurence P. Madin, John Mcn. Sieburth
Journal of Marine Research
Marine snow particles (macroscopic detrital aggregates) were collected from surface waters throughout the western North Atlantic. Counts of phototrophic and heterotrophic picoplankton, phototrophic and heterotrophic nanoplankton, and phototrophic microplankton were made by epifluorescence microscopy. A Most Probable Number culture technique also was used to estimate the density of bacterivorous protozoa. All microbial populations enumerated were highly enriched on macroaggregates relative to their densities in the surrounding water. The degree of enrichment was greater in open ocean environments because microorganisms in the surrounding water were less abundant in the open ocean than in nearshore waters, and also because microbial density on …
Predictions Of Sediment Trap Biases In Turbulent Flows: A Theoretical Analysis Based On Observations From The Literature, Cheryl Ann Butman, William D. Grant, Keith D. Stolzenbach
Predictions Of Sediment Trap Biases In Turbulent Flows: A Theoretical Analysis Based On Observations From The Literature, Cheryl Ann Butman, William D. Grant, Keith D. Stolzenbach
Journal of Marine Research
The physical variables affecting the trapping of particles in sediment collectors are grouped into a set of six dimensionless parameters, as a function of a dimensionless particle collection efficiency. Relevant laboratory calibration studies on sediment trap biases are evaluated to determine the quantitative dependence between collection efficiency and three of the parameters, trap Reynolds number, the ratio of flow speed to particle fall velocity and the ratio of trap height to mouth diameter, as well as trap geometry. We find that few of the parameters have been systematically tested in the laboratory and that trap Reynolds number-similarity for field conditions …
Seasonal Lags Between Organic Carbon Deposition And Mineralization In Marine Sediments, David T. Rudnick, Candace A. Oviatt
Seasonal Lags Between Organic Carbon Deposition And Mineralization In Marine Sediments, David T. Rudnick, Candace A. Oviatt
Journal of Marine Research
The fate of phytoplankton detritus in the muddy sediments of shallow marine ecosystems was studied by labelling the water column of a 13 m3 microcosm with radiocarbon bicarbonate from January to July. By the end of the study, more than 9% of the original inorganic label was found as organic carbon in the top 10 cm of sediment. The accumulation of labelled organic carbon in the sediment totalled 14.5 gC/m2. We estimate that this amount represented 15% of daytime net primary production and roughly half of the labelled organic carbon that was deposited on the sediment. The …
Anomalous Diurnal Tidal Currents On The Yermak Plateau, Kenneth Hunkins
Anomalous Diurnal Tidal Currents On The Yermak Plateau, Kenneth Hunkins
Journal of Marine Research
Recent observations made over the Yermak Plateau, a 100 × 200 km submarine feature northwest of Svalbard, show that ocean currents in that area are dominated by diurnal tidal currents although semidiurnal tidal displacements of the surface always exceed diurnal tidal displacements along the coast in the Arctic Ocean. Currents were recorded with meters suspended below two drifting ice stations, FRAM III in 1981 and FRAM IV in 1982, as they traveled over several weeks from a region of abyssal depths onto the western flank of the Yermak Plateau. Ice drift velocity was calculated from satellite positions and then vectorially …
A Model For The Vertical Flux Of Nitrogen In The Upper Ocean: Simulating The Alteration Of Isotopic Ratios, Mark A. Altabet, Allan R. Robinson, Leonard J. Walstad
A Model For The Vertical Flux Of Nitrogen In The Upper Ocean: Simulating The Alteration Of Isotopic Ratios, Mark A. Altabet, Allan R. Robinson, Leonard J. Walstad
Journal of Marine Research
An idealized, one-dimensional, constant diffusivity mathematical model for the study of the vertical flux of nitrogen in the upper-ocean is presented. We attempt to simulate observed patterns in vertical profiles for the natural abundance of 15N in particulate organic nitrogen (PON) and the concentrations of PON and NO3−. The concentration of phytoplankton nitrogen (II) increased as a result of either increasing the upward flux of NO3−(N) or by increasing the residence time of II. A minimum in the δ15N of phytoplankton nitrogen (δ2) appeared near a maximum in II …
Variability Of The Ocean Surface Color Field In Central California Near-Coastal Waters As Observed In A Seasonal Analysis Of Czcs Imagery, Vittorio Barale, Ruth Wittenberg Fay
Variability Of The Ocean Surface Color Field In Central California Near-Coastal Waters As Observed In A Seasonal Analysis Of Czcs Imagery, Vittorio Barale, Ruth Wittenberg Fay
Journal of Marine Research
A time series of Coastal Zone Color Scanner images has been analyzed, on a seasonal basis, to gain a perspective on the ocean surface color field heterogeneity in central California near-coastal waters. Seasonal composite maps of the diffuse attenuation coefficient at 490 nm were derived, in the form of arithmetic means and corresponding variances, for the years 1981, 1982 and 1983. By identifying "open ocean," "transition" and "coastal" water types in the mean images, and comparing values and areal extention of each class in different periods and years, a distinct seasonality of the spatial characteristics of ocean color emerged. Analogous …
On The Amplification Of Convergences In Coastal Currents And The Formation Of "Squirts", Melvin E. Stern
On The Amplification Of Convergences In Coastal Currents And The Formation Of "Squirts", Melvin E. Stern
Journal of Marine Research
We consider the temporal evolution of a slow downstream decrease in the velocity of a coastal current contained in the light upper layer of the ocean. The quasi-geostrophic model consists of two piecewise uniform potential vorticity regions separated horizontally by a free interface ("front") which intersects the vertical coastal wall in a "nose" region. As time increases, the slope of the front increases in this region, and the magnitude of the downstream convergence also increases, according to a nonlinear long-wave theory. At the time when this theory becomes invalid, the calculation is continued by numerical integration of the "contour dynamical" …
Evolution Of The Near-Surface Thermal Structure In The Western Indian Ocean During Fgge, 1979, Robert L. Molinari, John Swallow, John F. Festa
Evolution Of The Near-Surface Thermal Structure In The Western Indian Ocean During Fgge, 1979, Robert L. Molinari, John Swallow, John F. Festa
Journal of Marine Research
The evolution of mixed layer temperature (taken as sea-surface temperature, SST) in the western Indian Ocean north of 20S and west of 80E during the First GARP Global Experiment (FGGE), 1979 is described and modelled. The FGGE-year development in time and space of SST is compared to the appropriate climatology. FGGE events occurred in phase with climatology, but some amplitude anomalies were observed. Heat budget computations for the surface mixed layer indicate that over 25% of the region studied energy fluxes through the sea surface can account for 80% of the observed SST variance. South of the equator, 80% of …
The Internal Tide On Georges Bank, R. F. Marsden
The Internal Tide On Georges Bank, R. F. Marsden
Journal of Marine Research
Data from a section of eleven current meters oriented across-isobaths at three locations on Georges Bank were examined. On the bank, the M2 tidal currents were barotropic and were in close agreement with the Greenberg (1983) numerical model of the Gulf of Maine. On the slope, the M2 tidal current contained 70° phase shifts for 35 m changes in depth. The results from the model were used to separate currents due to the internal and surface tides. It was found that amplitude of the tidal velocities associated with the baroclinic component of the internal tide were as large as for …
Hindcasting Of Hurricane Characteristics And Observed Storm Damage On A Fringing Reef, Jamaica, West Indies, Björn Kjerfve, K. E. Magill, J. W. Porter, J. D. Woodley
Hindcasting Of Hurricane Characteristics And Observed Storm Damage On A Fringing Reef, Jamaica, West Indies, Björn Kjerfve, K. E. Magill, J. W. Porter, J. D. Woodley
Journal of Marine Research
Hurricane Allen is one of the most severe hurricanes on record and caused extensive damage throughout the Caribbean in early August 1980. Coral reefs along the north coast of Jamaica were devastated by the hurricane-induced waves. As in the case of most hurricanes, no wave measurements were made. We have computed the wind field and hindcast the deep water wave characteristics as the storm impacted the fringing reef at Discovery Bay on the north central coast of Jamaica. The deep water waves propagated into shallow water on the forereef and transformed as a result of shoaling and refraction. We found …
Early Diagenesis In Bioadvective Sediments: Relationships Between The Diagenesis Of Beryllium-7, Sediment Reworking Rates, And The Abundance Of Conveyor-Belt Deposit-Feeders, Donald L. Rice
Journal of Marine Research
Laboratory experimentation and field sampling programs were used to examine the contribution of the conveyor-belt feeding/biodeposition activity of orbiniid polychaetes, Scoloplos spp., to bioturbation in intertidal sediments of Lowes Cove, Maine. Laboratory measurements of particle reworking rates were incorporated into steady-state and transient-state diagenetic models to predict subduction velocities of marker layers in incubated cores from Lowes Cove and to predict the in situ activity-depth profile of the radionuclide Be-7 (half-life = 53.3 d), a useful, naturally-occurring tracer of rapid mixing processes.Incubated cores containing a complete macrofauna from the Cove were mixed bioadvectively with little random mixing (peak-broadening of the …
Time Scales And Structure Of Topographic Rossby Waves And Meanders In The Deep Gulf Stream, W. E. Johns, D. R. Watts
Time Scales And Structure Of Topographic Rossby Waves And Meanders In The Deep Gulf Stream, W. E. Johns, D. R. Watts
Journal of Marine Research
During July–November 1982, current and temperature records were collected from six current meters spanning the lower 2000 m of the water column on two moorings in the Gulf Stream northeast of Cape Hatteras, N.C. Frequency domain EOF analysis of the velocity cross-spectra reveals that there are two kinematically distinct wave processes present in the subinertial range, identifiable as topographic Rossby wave and meander-associated motions, which are energetically dominant at periods longer than and shorter than 14 days, respectively.Simultaneous thermocline depth measurements obtained using inverted echo sounders show that the low-frequency topographic Rossby wave motions are uncoupled with near-surface displacements of …
On The Upwelling Circulation Over The Wide Shelf Off Peru: 2. Vertical Velocities, Internal Mixing And Heat Balance, Gary Shaffer
On The Upwelling Circulation Over The Wide Shelf Off Peru: 2. Vertical Velocities, Internal Mixing And Heat Balance, Gary Shaffer
Journal of Marine Research
An analysis is presented of the mean coastal upwelling circulation over the wide shelf off Peru based on the current and temperature profiling measurements described in Shaffer (1982). The natural coordinate conservation method (NCCM) in temperature (T) space is applied to boxes formed from stations along two lines with 60 km alongshore separation. Mean distributions in x (cross-shelf coordinate) and T are obtained for diapycnal advection and mixing. The vertical component of isopycnal flow is also calculated and found to be considerably less than vertical, diapycnal flow in this region of strong upwelling and internal mixing.Richardson numbers ( …
Seabird Affinities For Gulf Stream Frontal Eddies: Responses Of Mobile Marine Consumers To Episodic Upwelling, J. Christopher Haney
Seabird Affinities For Gulf Stream Frontal Eddies: Responses Of Mobile Marine Consumers To Episodic Upwelling, J. Christopher Haney
Journal of Marine Research
This study combined ship-board counts of seabirds with satellite hydrography to determine whether Gulf Stream frontal eddies influenced spatial and seasonal patterns of apex consumers on the southeastern United States continental shelf and slope. Stratified sampling indicated seabird densities at eddies were 7–15 × higher than in resident shelf and Gulf Stream water, ranging from 2.31–10.91 birds km−2 compared to 0.15–1.51 birds km−2 in noneddy regions. At any given time eddies covered 3–17% of the outer shelf and upper slope, yet 28–59% of total seabird numbers in this domain aggregated within areas influenced by eddies.Gulf stream eddies consist …
Assessing The Energetics And Dynamics Of The Gulf Stream At 68w From Moored Current Measurements, Melinda M. Hall
Assessing The Energetics And Dynamics Of The Gulf Stream At 68w From Moored Current Measurements, Melinda M. Hall
Journal of Marine Research
The energetics and dynamics of the Gulf Stream at 68W have been investigated using year-long time series of velocity and temperature throughout the water column. The major results that have emerged are as follows: (1) There is a net conversion of mean to eddy kinetic and potential energies, the barotropic mechanism being almost twice as strong as the baroclinic. These energy exchanges are dominated by what is happening in the upper 1000 m of the water column. (2) Comparison with other studies suggests that the mooring site may be characterized as a region of downstream spatial growth in eddy energy, …
The Meteorologically Driven Circulation In Mid-Chesapeake Bay, Mário E. C. Vieira
The Meteorologically Driven Circulation In Mid-Chesapeake Bay, Mário E. C. Vieira
Journal of Marine Research
Utilizing 20 days of sea level elevation and current records in mid-Chesapeake Bay, the frequency structure of the meteorological forcing is investigated. For periods longer than 8 days the residual sea level inside the Bay is coupled to the coastal elevation forced by the onshore-offshore component of the wind, while at the 3–8 day scale the system was driven by the local longitudinal wind component. It is suggested, however, that the partition of energy between the longitudinal and lateral wind components may determine whether the Bay responds locally to the wind or to the coastal elevations. The 2–2.5 day sea …
On The Existence Of An Ei Niño-Type Phenomenon In The Benguela System, L. V. Shannon, A. J. Boyd, G. B. Brundrit, J. Taunton-Clark
On The Existence Of An Ei Niño-Type Phenomenon In The Benguela System, L. V. Shannon, A. J. Boyd, G. B. Brundrit, J. Taunton-Clark
Journal of Marine Research
Since the early 1950s, although there have been several warm and cool periods in the Benguela region off southwestern Africa, e.g. the warm event in the southern part of the system during the austral summer of 1982/83, only two events which approximate to an El Niño-type situation have occurred, viz in 1963 and in 1984. During the 1963 event temperatures 2–4°C and salinities 0.1–0.2 × 10−3 above normal were recorded in the upper 50 m off Namibia up to at least 150 km offshore. The pressure adjusted sea level during 1963 was on average 4 cm above the …
A Variational Method For Inverting Hydrographic Data, Christine Provost, Rick Salmon
A Variational Method For Inverting Hydrographic Data, Christine Provost, Rick Salmon
Journal of Marine Research
We present a new method for estimating the three-dimensional field of geostrophic velocity from hydrographic station data. Very simply, we ask for the smoothest velocity field (in the sense of an arbitrarily defined norm) which is consistent with the data and with selected approximate dynamical constraints to within prescribed misfits, which, we will argue, should never be zero. The misfits represent errors in the data and in the approximate dynamical constraints. By varying the misfits relatively to one another, we explore the full envelope of physically plausible estimates of the average geostrophic flow. We illustrate the method by application to …
Rossby Adjustment Over A Step, A. E. Gill, M. K. Davey, E. R. Johnson, P. F. Linden
Rossby Adjustment Over A Step, A. E. Gill, M. K. Davey, E. R. Johnson, P. F. Linden
Journal of Marine Research
The adjustment of a rotating fluid to a geostrophic equilibrium is now a classical problem in the theory of rotating fluids and is associated with the name of Rossby because of his pioneering work in this subject. The case of particular interest here is the one where the fluid is initially at rest but has a discontinuity in surface elevation along a certain line. If the bottom is flat, the adjustment gives rise to a jet flowing along the line of the initial discontinuity, the width of the jet being the Rossby radius of deformation. This paper examines how the …
Trophic Dynamics In Marine Nearshore Systems Of The Alaskan High Arctic (Kelp, Laminaria, Carbon Isotope, Productivity), Kenneth Harlow Dunton
Trophic Dynamics In Marine Nearshore Systems Of The Alaskan High Arctic (Kelp, Laminaria, Carbon Isotope, Productivity), Kenneth Harlow Dunton
Theses (Unassigned)
This dissertation describes two ecological studies in the arctic Alaskan nearshore zone: the productivity and growth strategies of arctic kelp and the use of natural carbon isotope abundances to examine food web structure and energy flow in the marine ecosystem. Linear growth of the kelp, Laminaria solidungula is greatest in winter and early spring when nutrients are available for new tissue growth. Since over 90% of this growth occurs in complete darkness beneath a turbid ice canopy, the plant draws on stored food reserves and is in a carbon deficit during the ice covered period. Annual productivity of L. solidungula …
Estuarine Mean Flow Estimation Revisited: Application To The St. Lawrence Estuary, V. G. Koutitonsky, M. I. El-Sabh
Estuarine Mean Flow Estimation Revisited: Application To The St. Lawrence Estuary, V. G. Koutitonsky, M. I. El-Sabh
Journal of Marine Research
Mean value estimate errors for estuarine (and oceanic) parameters which exhibit serial correlation and nonstationarity over a finite record length are discussed. It is shown that when trends are nonlinear over the record length, the mean value estimate error does not decrease with time. Instead, it goes through a minimum and then increases again. An optimal averaging time over which the mean estimate error is minimum is presented. The mean circulation in the lower St. Lawrence estuary is described over a record length of 78.5 days in 1979. Standard, bias, and rms errors in mean value estimates are discussed, and …
Average Velocity And Transport Of The Gulf Stream Near 55w, P. L. Richardson
Average Velocity And Transport Of The Gulf Stream Near 55w, P. L. Richardson
Journal of Marine Research
Long-term current measurements made with surface drifters, SOFAR floats at 700 m and 2000 m, and current meters at 4000 m have been combined to produce for the first time a vertical section of directly measured average zonal currents in and adjacent to the Gulf Stream. The results from the different data sets are remarkably consistent in showing three vertically coherent zonal jets—the Gulf Stream and two flanking countercurrents. The consistency in location, velocity and transport (per unit width) of these currents supports the conclusion that these are real features of the long-term average velocity field. The current jets coincide …
Evidence Of A Double-Cell Subtropical Gyre In The South Atlantic Ocean, Mizuki Tsuchiya
Evidence Of A Double-Cell Subtropical Gyre In The South Atlantic Ocean, Mizuki Tsuchiya
Journal of Marine Research
A map of the sea-surface geopotential anomaly relative to 10 MPa (1000 dbar) suggests that the subtropical gyre in the South Atlantic contains two high cells centered at about 22S and 32S just off the coast of South America. The two cells mayor may not be connected to each other by a narrow band of high geopotential anomaly along the western boundary. This circulation pattern is associated with a general poleward-deepening trend of the isanosteres below 300 m and a reversed trend in the shallower layer. The reversed trend of the isanosteres is particularly pronounced near 25S. This pattern is …
Spatial Patterns In Temperature And Chlorophyll On Nantucket Shoals From Airborne Remote Sensing Data, May 7-9, 1981, Janet W. Campbell, Wayne E. Esaias
Spatial Patterns In Temperature And Chlorophyll On Nantucket Shoals From Airborne Remote Sensing Data, May 7-9, 1981, Janet W. Campbell, Wayne E. Esaias
Journal of Marine Research
Spatial patterns in 4 aerial mappings of temperature and chlorophyll over Nantucket Shoals were analyzed using a variety of statistical techniques. The goal was to determine whether statistical methods could provide insight concerning phytoplankton dynamics on the Shoals. Statistical techniques included a covariance analysis of large scale trends and a spectral analysis of detrended data. Airborne remote sensors had provided the necessary synopticity in which to observe temporal variability on scales of 0.5–2 days. Maximum correlations between chlorophyll, temperature and depth occurred at nonzero lags, suggesting westward movement of water over the Shoals and a time lag in phytoplankton growth. …
Acoustical Patchiness Of Mesopelagic Micronekton, Charles F. Greenlaw, William G. Pearcy
Acoustical Patchiness Of Mesopelagic Micronekton, Charles F. Greenlaw, William G. Pearcy
Journal of Marine Research
Patterns of acoustical scattering in both depth and horizontal extent were analyzed to estimate the spatial and temporal scales of variability in biomass of mesopelagic sound scatterers, principally micronekton. The patterns observed included extensive layers of low and nearly uniform scattering strength and distinct three-dimensional patches of stronger scattering. These patches dispersed vertically at night after diel migration of a portion of the scatterers, but reassembled quite accurately the following day. Analysis of variance spectra for average acoustical scattering profiles within a patch suggest that micro-patches, with dimensions on the order of 15 m vertically by 1 km horizontally, are …
Dispersal Of Meiofauna In A Turbulent Tidal Creek, M. A. Palmer, G. Gust
Dispersal Of Meiofauna In A Turbulent Tidal Creek, M. A. Palmer, G. Gust
Journal of Marine Research
Traditionally meiofauna have been viewed as strictly infaunal organisms adapted for life between sediment grains. Recent evidence has shown that marine meiofauna also occur in the water column. A set of field experiments investigated processes controlling the abundance of meiofauna in the water column. The transport of meiofauna in a tidal creek was identified to be primarily a passive process resulting from mechanical removal due to current scour. Drifting meiofauna included interstitial, burrowing, and epibenthic species. Copepods, foraminiferans, and juvenile bivalves were suspended in greatest numbers relative to their sediment abundances. Suspension of meiofauna was greatest for species residing in …
Computer Simulations Of The Fraser River Plume, Louise Royer, W. J. Emery
Computer Simulations Of The Fraser River Plume, Louise Royer, W. J. Emery
Journal of Marine Research
Instruments sampling the engine cooling water on two B.C. ferries were used to monitor the temporal and spatial variations of the Fraser River Plume, in the central Strait of Georgia (British Columbia, Canada) for nearly two years. Travelling along two different routes north and south of the river mouth, each ferry provided eight horizontal near-surface salinity transects per day. From each transect, the arithmetic average salinity along the section (denoted southern or northern section average salinity) was extracted, formulated as a time series of hourly or daily values and then compared to equivalent computer simulated series.A numerical model, previously developed …
Some Physical Factors Affecting Ecosystems, Patrice Klein, John H. Steele
Some Physical Factors Affecting Ecosystems, Patrice Klein, John H. Steele
Journal of Marine Research
The response of a simple pelagic ecosystem is investigated in a domain with zero, one- and two-dimensional descriptions of the physical processes. Assuming complete mixing, internal recycling and external exchange of nutrients and their biological products are not additive in terms of the rate of primary production. In a one-dimensional system, advection without diffusion leads to low values of primary production. With two horizontal dimensions, cross diffusion at the boundary gives higher values of production. The consequences for higher trophic levels are described.
Minipellets: A New And Abundant Size Class Of Marine Fecal Pellets, Marcia M. Gowing, Mary W. Silver
Minipellets: A New And Abundant Size Class Of Marine Fecal Pellets, Marcia M. Gowing, Mary W. Silver
Journal of Marine Research
Minipellets, fecal pellets from 3 to 50 μm in diameter, were found on detritus collected by a particle interceptor trap array in the upper 2000 m of the eastern tropical Pacific. The fluxes of minipellets reached 5 × 106 m−2 day−1, and exceeded fluxes of larger (>50 μm diameter) fecal pellets by 3 orders of magnitude. Carbon flux of minipellets was 11–49% that of larger pellets; however, carbon flux of ultrastructurally intact cells (microalgae and bacteria) in minipellets was equal to that of intact cells in the larger pellets. Minipellets also occurred in …
Flow Disruption By An Animal-Tube Mimic Affects Sediment Bacterial Colonization, James E. Eckman
Flow Disruption By An Animal-Tube Mimic Affects Sediment Bacterial Colonization, James E. Eckman
Journal of Marine Research
Simple flume experiments demonstrate that local flow perturbations by a protruding animal-tube mimic can cause a significant increase in bacterial colonization at the sediment-seawater interface. The occurrence and extent of this increase depend on properties of the viscous sublayer adjoining the bed—specifically, its spatial and temporal continuity, and its thickness relative to tube height. In the field homologous tube effects on bacterial colonization and abundances are likely to be common. These effects are postulated to be important to larval recruitment, community composition, the nutrition of deposit feeders, and sediment dynamics.