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The Middle Caddoan Period In The Lower Sulphur River Area, Maynard B. Cliff

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

For purposes of this review, the Lower Sulphur River in Texas includes the area of the Sulphur River basin from the Arkansas border to the eastern edge of Titus County, and encompasses the area of what is today Wright Patman Lake and the White Oak Creek Wildlife Management Area. Traditionally, the Lower Sulphur River area has been tied to cultural constructs defined in the Red River basin, to the north and east. In his ambitious overview of the Caddoan Culture Area, Don Wyckoff generally placed the Lower Sulphur River area with the cultures of the Great Bend. As defined by …

The Caddoan Archaeology Of The Sabine River Basin During The Middle Caddoan Period, Timothy K. Perttula, J. Brett Cruse

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Compared to the earlier and later parts of the prehistoric Caddoan archaeological record in Northeast Texas, archaeologists do not know much about the Middle Caddoan period (ca. A.D. 1200-1400) in the Sabine River basin. During the last few years, however, new archaeological information on settlements, subsistence, and the diverse material culture record suggest that the era was a time of significant cultural change for Caddoan peoples living in the upper and middle Sabine River basin.

The Middle Caddoan Period In The Big Cypress Creek Drainage Basin, Bo Nelson, Mike Turner

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Middle Caddoan period in the Big Cypress Creek drainage basin has been based upon a synthesis of Thurmond's (1990) archaeological overview of the basin. Thurmond defines a transitional Caddoan period (dating ca. A.D. 1300-1400) from 14 sites that have ceramic assemblages combining Early Caddoan and Late Caddoan stylistic attributes. A review of these sites, along with additional information from recent archaeological investigations, suggests that the Middle Caddoan period in the Big Cypress Creek basin has an evolving cultural diversity that extends over a longer period of time, fitting well with Story's definition of the period as dating from ca. …

The Caddoan Occupation Of The Attoyac And Angelina River Basins In The Middle Caddoan Period, Tom Middlebrook

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Angelina River basin, including the drainage of its largest tributary, the Attoyac Bayou, encompasses all of Nacogdoches County and portions of Cherokee, Rusk, Angelina, San Augustine, Shelby, and Sabine counties in deep East Texas. Archaeological studies in the region that have illuminated our understanding of Caddoan developments have been meager and spotty at best.

There is no archaeological evidence in the Angelina River basin of extensive Caddoan occupation during the Early Caddoan period (ca. A.D. 1000-1200). Jelks presented the results of the largest archaeological project conducted in the area in his dissertation dealing with the archaeology of the McGee …

The Archaeology Of The Middle Caddoan Period In The Middle Red River Valley Of Northeast Texas, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Middle Caddoan period sites (estimated to date from ca. A.D. 1100-1300/1350; in the Middle Red River Valley of Northeast Texas appear to have cultural affiliation with the Sanders phase/focus originally recognized by Krieger. Sanders phase components are distributed in the Middle Red, Kiamichi, and Upper Sabine River basins of Southeast Oklahoma and Northeast Texas. In the Middle Red River valley, key components include the A.C. Mackin (41LR36), Fasken (41RR14), Roitsch (41RR16; previously known as the Sam Kaufman site), Holdeman (41RR11), Sanders (41LR2), and Harling (41FNI) sites.

Middle Caddoan period settlements along the Middle Red River include dispersed farmsteads and hamlets …

Middle Caddoan Period Archaeology In The Upper Sulphur River Basin, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Middle Caddoan period archaeological sites in the upper Sulphur River basin are rare, by contrast with the lower Sulphur River area, and probably the best-known site of this age in the upper part of the basin is the Hurricane Hill site (41HP106). The site is located on a high upland landform, at the Cooper Lake dam, overlooking the wide valley of the South Sulphur River.

The Hurricane Hill Middle Caddoan component occurs mainly on the South Rise, a natural sand-covered rise on the crest of the uplands. However, at least one burial and several pit features associated with the component …

Some Observations On Four Probable Middle Caddo Period Cemeteries In Camp And Upshur Counties, Northeast Texas, Robert L. Turner Jr.

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

In this paper, I discuss probable Middle Caddo period ceramic vessels and other artifacts from cemeteries at the Rumsey (41CP3), Harold Williams (41CP10), Graydon Adkins #1 (41UR21), and Graydon Adkins#2 (41UR17) sites in Camp and Upshur counties.

Notes On Caddoan Vessels Collected From The Mosquito Island Site (41ag66), Lake Sam Rayburn, Tom Middlebrook

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

This paper documents four Caddoan ceramic vessels from the Mosquito Island site (4IAG66) at Lake Sam Rayburn. The vessels were obtained from the site by two individuals who violated the provisions of the Archeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA), and were arrested on the site while in the act of disturbing the archaeological site. They were subsequently convicted under ARPA for their illegal actions.

Construction Damages A Prehistoric Caddo Indian Archaeological Site At The City Of Gilmer's Proposed Lake Gilmer, Upshur County, Texas, Timothy K. Perttula, Bo Nelson

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

In March 1996, the archaeological work being conducted at the proposed Lake Gilmer was called to a halt by the archaeological contractor (Horizon Environmental Services of Austin, Texas) and the City of Gilmer long before the required archaeological mitigation of important prehistoric Caddo sites had been completed. The reasons are still somewhat obscure.

After a delay of more than 1.5 years in the completion of the archaeological investigations at the proposed Lake Gilmer, a federal and state-permitted reservoir in Northeast Texas, the Division of Antiquities Protection at the Texas Historical Commission has taken up the task of completing the archaeological …

The Development Of The Burial Mound Tradition In The Caddo Area, Frank F. Schambach

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

This is a significantly revised version of a paper I presented at the 1994 East Texas Archeological Conference in Tyler, Texas. The gist of that paper was that the origins of the burial mound tradition in the Caddo area can be traced, not to the Coles Creek culture in the Lower Mississippi Valley as the conventional wisdom would have it, but to an independent Fourche Maline mound building tradition that developed in and around the Red River Valley beginning about 100 B.C.2 I still think that there was an independent Fourche Maline mound building tradition and I still think that, …

Book Review "Don't Know Much About Caddo Archeology, Don't Know Much .... ", Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

In an otherwise interesting and recently published book by Judith Nies entitled Native American History, there is an extremely wide-of-the-mark discussion of the Spiro site which I would like to share with the readers of Caddoan Archeology. The inaccuracy of the presentation conveys all too well, unfortunately, how little is still known about Caddoan archeology, and about the Caddo peoples, among the general public and the general reader.

Extractive Strategies At Peoria Quarry, Ottowa County, Oklahoma, Don Dickson

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Peoria Quarry complex was first recognized as representing prehistoric activities by geologist Walter P Jenny in 1891. Jenny, who was studying the zinc and lead mines in southwestern Missouri and adjacent areas, made collections from the Peoria extractive area and submitted these specimens along with an introductory letter to Mr. G. K Gilbert of the United States Geological Survey. The latter contacted William H. Holmes, who visited the location in late October of that year (Holmes 1894:7-8). Prior to the evaluation of Jenny, the site was referred to as "old Spanish mines" because the local populace could not attribute …

Radiocarbon And Oxidizable Carbon Ratio Dates From The Camp Joy Mound (41ur144) In Northeast Texas, Timothy K. Perttula, Mike Turner, Bo Nelson

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Camp Joy Mound (41UR144) is a looted Caddo mound on property owned by the U.S. Anny Corps of Engineers, Fort Worth District, at Lake o' the Pines. Although only a small number of artifacts have been found in the mound deposits - principally a few brushed sherds - it appears to be a Late Caddoan period construction with two mound platforms, separated by extensive charcoal lenses from one ( or more) burned Caddoan structure e~posed in a larger looters trench. To ascertain the age of the burned Caddoan structure that stood on the main mound platform, we obtained two …

Caddo Ceramics On The Red River In North Central Texas, Timothy K. Perttula, Earnest R. Martin, Bo Nelson

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Caddo ceramics manufactured after A.D. 900 were widely traded in Texas, being found in some quantity on North Central, East Central, Central, and inland Southeast Texas archeological sites. They were also traded with prehistoric peoples in the Midwest (as far north as Iowa and Illinois) and the Southeastern U.S. While archeologists have known this for some time, much of the ceramic evidence for prehistoric Caddoan trade and exchange with other Native Americans has not been systematically compiled and studied, as became apparent during a recent review of the prehistoric and historic aboriginal pottery in Texas. Consequently, Caddoan archeologists are not …

The Womack, Gilbert, And Pearson Sites: Early Eighteenth Century Tunican Entrepots In Northeast Texas, Frank Schambach

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

For the past few months, I have been working on a detailed response to a paper by James Bruseth, Diane Wilson, and Timothy Perttula published in the fall issue of Plains Anthropologist. There, these authors challenge my Sanders entrepot hypothesis and my new paradigm for the Mississippi period archeology of the Arkansas Valley, claiming that the Sanders focus, as propounded by Alex D. Krieger, is alive and well, so much so that they have renamed it the Sanders phase to ready it for service in the 1990s and beyond.

The Caddoan Oak Hill Village Site, J. Brett Cruse, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Rarely do prehistoric archeologists in North America have the opportunity to completely excavate and study an entire Native American community or village. To be able to expose a Native American village in its entirety provides a unique, and unprecedented, view of the past community and social arrangements that existed among Native American societies before contact with Europeans.

Recently, in northeast Texas, the Oak Hill Village site (41RK214), a large village occupied by prehistoric horticultural-agricultural Caddo peoples between about A.O. 1050 and 1450, was fully uncovered under the direction of J. Brett Cruse (then of Espey, Huston & Associates, Inc., Austin, …

Book Review: Archeology In The Eastern Planning Region, Texas: A Planning Document, Robert L. Brooks

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

With the passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 and ensuing regulatory guidelines, a mandate for the development of "The State Historic Preservation Plan" was clearly established. During the late 1960s and the 1970s, because of limited funding and the absence of information on the structure of these plans, few states had formulated plans or if they had state plans, they were of an extremely general nature. In the 1980s, principally through funding initiatives on the part of the National Park Service and through the efforts of NPS preservation planners such as John Knoerl, many states began their …

"Historical Processes And The Political Organization Of The Hasinai Caddo Indians": A Reply, Nancy Adele, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

In a recent volume of the Caddoan Archeology Newsletter, Daniel Hickerson argues that Apache aggression across the Southern Plains, Apache trade in horses and other European goods, and European-introduced diseases dramatically affected Caddo an populations by encouraging their migration south to the upper Neches/Angelina river basins area traditionally occupied by one segment of the Caddo, the Hasinai groups. In his opinion, the Hasinai confederacy was a nascent chiefdom that developed as a direct result of this mid to late-seventeenth century southern migration. As has been pointed out by Caddoan ethnographers, ethnohistorians, and archeologists for 50 years or more, the Caddo …

The Arkansas River Valley: A New Paradigm, Revisionist Perspectives And The Archaeological Record, Robert L. Brooks

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Recent articles by Schambach have proposed a new paradigm for the late prehistoric period in the Arkansas River Valley. These arguments challenge traditional and long held views on the subsistence economy, architecture, material culture, biological character, and trade relationships of the prehistoric populations of the Arkansas River Valley, and the middle portion of the Red River (the Sanders phase area). My intention in this paper is to examine Schambach's arguments based on a comprehensive review of the archaeological record and by also drawing upon explanatory models of cultural and economic behavior. For the most part, my comments pertain to the …

Of Hearths And Houses, Tom Middlebrook, Ryan Middlebrook

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

During the 1993 East Texas Archeological Field School conducted at the Tyson site (41SY92) in western Shelby County, the junior author had an opportunity to participate in the excavation of a Caddoan hearth. The work was directed by Linda Lindsay, a graduate student in Anthropology at Southern Methodist University. This paper describes our findings and a few features of hearths and houses.

One goal of the 1993 Field School was to explore the area around Feature 3 looking for evidence of a house. This was accomplished by opening a 6 meter by 6 meter unit referred to as Block 1. …

Continuing The Discussion Of The Spiroans And Their Entrepots: A Reply To Brooks's Critique Of My New Paradigm/Or The Archeology Of The Arkansas Valley, Frank Schambach

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Although Brooks seems to agree with me that the archeology of the Arkansas Valley requires a new paradigm, he clearly believes that mine -- which he apparently considers a poorly founded Binfordian screed written primarily for its shock value -- is not the one. Where, according to Brooks, have I gone wrong in my work on the archeology of the Arkansas Valley? Which of my generalizations does he consider so poorly grounded empirically as to suggest, as he insinuates, professionally and perhaps even ethically questionable work, and in what ways does he consider them deficient?

Archeological Investigations Of The Caddo Lake Scholars Program At Caddo Lake State Park, Harrison County, Texas, 1993-1995, Bob D. Skiles, Timothy K. Perttula, Bo Nelson, Mike Turner

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Archeological investigations between 1993-1995 at Caddo State Park, reported herein, represent the initial efforts of the Caddo Lake Institute's archeology team to conduct an education/training program, as well as to begin the process of identifying important archeological and historical resources in the Caddo Lake Basin. The archeology team will undertake several archeological projects in 1995-1996 in the Caddo Lake bioregion, particularly in the RAMSAR Treaty lands (Caddo Lake Wildlife Management Area) and on adjoining tracts of private land. Students and mentors from the consortium of Caddo Lake Scholars Program universities and schools are invited to participate in our archeological efforts, …

Collected Papers On Caddoan Archaeology In The Upper Sabine River Basin, Northeastern Texas, Timothy K. Perttula

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

This Special Publication of the Friends of Northeast Texas Archaeology presents a series of papers written and published between 1983-1994 on various aspects of the archaeology of the Upper Sabine River basin in Northeast Texas (Figure 1). Their particular focus is on the lifeways and material culture of the Caddoan peoples who permanently settled in the basin between about A.D. 700-800 (if not earlier) and the mid- 1700s.

This part of Northeast Texas has a highly significant and diverse archaeological record, one that has intrigued professional and a vocational archaeologists alike for at least 75 years (e.g., Pearce 1920; Johnson …

Evidence Of Resource Procurement And Manufacturing Techniques In Caddoan Ceramic Assemblages From The Sabine, Cypress, And Sulphur River Drainage Basins, Rusk And Titus Counties, Texas, Kathryn Reese-Taylor

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Texas Utilities Services and Espey, Huston & Associates, Inc. have conducted ongoing archaeological investigations of cultural resources in Northeast Texas for the past 15 years. As a part of these studies, prehistoric Caddoan ceramic assemblages were recovered from 13 sites in three distinct drainage basins: three sites from the Sabine River drainage; three sites from the Cypress Creek drainage; and seven sites from the Sulphur River drainage. Recent research on the ceramic collections has emphasized variability in surface treatment, vessel form, and paste composition by means of a detailed attribute analysis and petrographic examination of a sample of the Caddoan …

Preliminary Report On A Stratified Late Archaic-Woodland Era Rockshelter In Rogers County, Oklahoma, Robert W. Jobson Jr., Frank Winchell, A. E. Picarella, Kiven C. Hill

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

In northeastern Oklahoma, very little is known about the transition from the Late Archaic to the Woodland period (Wyckoff and Brooks, 1983: 55). To date, most of the archeological evidence documenting this time period has been derived from sites with mixed or otherwise uncertain components. In this report, we present a preliminary description of a small rockshelter, 34RO252, which has a Late Archaic deposit stratigraphically below a Woodland era cultural deposit. These two deposits are unmixed, discrete, and are physically separated by an apparently sterile clay soil horizon. It is anticipated that the stratified cultural deposits at this site will …

Archaeological Investigations At The Marshall Powdermill And Arsenal (41hs17), Confederate States Of America 1864-1865, Harrison County, Texas, Thomas E. Speir, David H. Jurney

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

The Northeast Texas Archeological Society (NETAS), in conjunction with the East Texas, Dallas, and Tarrant County Archeological Societies has completed a year-long project at the Marshall Powder Mill, 41HS17, Harrison County, Texas. The Marshall Powder Mill manufactured gunpowder, small arms and cannon, and refurbished weaponry. It is one of several arsenals that served the Trans-Mississippi Department of the Confederate States of America, and was among the last in operation from 1864 to 1865. None have been thoroughly investigated archaeologically, thereby ignoring a major aspect of the Confederacy's war effort and an important industrial enterprise.

An Early Ceramic Period Pit Feature At The Swan Lake Site (16bo11), Bossier Parish, Lousiana, Jeffery S. Girard

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

A pit feature containing Tchefuncte-like pottery, a Gary point, and fauna) remains recently was investigated at the Swan Lake Site (168011) located near Willow Chute Bayou in the Red River floodplain of eastern Bossier Parish. Three charcoal samples from the pit yielded radiocarbon ages of 2020 + /-60 B. P., 1830+/-70 B.P., and 1690+/-80 B.P. making this the earliest well-dated context in northwestern Louisiana containing ceramics.

The most conspicuous feature at the site is a mound, now approximately 2.5 m high and about 25 min diameter. Clarence Webb first recorded the site, but only made a short description:

"Solitary mound …

Historical Processes And The Political Organization Of The Hasinai Caddo Indians, Daniel A. Hickerson

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Recent archaeological and ethnohistoric research has begun to reveal the extent of the depopulation that took place among Native American societies as a result of epidemic diseases that were introduced, in some cases, even before direct continuous interaction with Europeans. The research of Henry Dobyns on native demographic trends in Florida has been particularly influential on recent views of Native American demographic decline. While somewhat controversial, the findings of Dobyns and others have stimulated further research focusing on other areas of North America, including the Caddoan region.

Southwestern Pottery And Turquoise In Northeastern Texas, David H. Jurney, William Young

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

Rare and often questionable occurrences of southwestern pottery and turquoise artifacts have been reported in northeastern Texas. These artifacts may mark major interaction networks. Both southwestern pottery and turquoise artifacts have been found at the Sanders site, which is located in the core distribution of these "erratics."

Recent Work At 34pa341 In The Brushy-Peaceable Watershed, Don R. Dickson

Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State

In October 1993, Historic Preservation Associates (HPA) conducted Phase II assessments at several sites in SCS Impoundments 26 and 29 in the Brushy-Peaceable watershed, Pittsburg County, Oklahoma. Timothy C. Klinger acted as principal investigator; field director was Don R. Dickson. Most sites had been seriously disturbed by rodent activity and recent erosion. 34PS341, however, was located on a high terrace of Gardner Creek, did not seem to be as disturbed, and appeared to possibly represent a single Caddoan occupation.

In April 1994, the HPA team excavated an additional 14 1x1 m units in the northeastern part of the site, an …