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2026

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Effect Of Laser Shock Peening On Fatigue Stress Concentration Of Polyester Reinforced By Al-Micro Powder Composites, Ahmed N. Al- Khazraji, Ammar A. Mutasher Aug 2026

Effect Of Laser Shock Peening On Fatigue Stress Concentration Of Polyester Reinforced By Al-Micro Powder Composites, Ahmed N. Al- Khazraji, Ammar A. Mutasher

Engineering and Technology Journal

Laser shock peening is a widely common process for materials treatment and typically used for fatigue strength enhancement especially for metals. In this paper, its effect on polymeric composite materials studied experimentally. Unsaturated polyester was used as a matrix in order to composites preparation and Aluminum powder as fillers. A Hand lay-up technique has been used for composites making. Composites with three volume fractions of Aluminum powder were prepared (2.5%, 5%, and 7.5%). Fatigue specimens as a standard and with (1mm) semi-circular notch are prepared for testing. The fatigue test was performed at room temperature and stress ratio (R=-1). Laser …

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Production Of Self-Cleaning Sio2/Cnt Nanoparticles Substituted Cement Mortar, Layth Al-Gebory, Aseel B. Al‐Zubaidi, Ahmed A. Al‐Tabbakh Aug 2026

Production Of Self-Cleaning Sio2/Cnt Nanoparticles Substituted Cement Mortar, Layth Al-Gebory, Aseel B. Al‐Zubaidi, Ahmed A. Al‐Tabbakh

Engineering and Technology Journal

Manufacturing of building materials with unique properties is one of the most important key-parameters in the development of construction engineering and building materials. The development in the nanomaterials and nanotechnology can be utilized in this field. In this paper, production of eco-friendly, low water absorption and self-cleaning cement mortar reinforced with carbon nanotubes and nano-silica with different weight percentages (0.5%, 1.5%, and 2%) is performed. Results showed prominent improvement of hardness, compression strength and a decrease of water absorption and bending resistance in the reinforced cement mortars. The results show the possibility to control the mechanical properties of the cement …

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Improving The Stability And Critical Speed Of Rotor Bearing System By Using External Damping Source, Tariq M. Hammza, Nassear R. Hmoad, Ehab N. Abas Aug 2026

Improving The Stability And Critical Speed Of Rotor Bearing System By Using External Damping Source, Tariq M. Hammza, Nassear R. Hmoad, Ehab N. Abas

Engineering and Technology Journal

Improving the essential factors of rotor bearing system are the aim of this study. In addition to the presence of two ball bearings to support the rotor, two additional fluid film journal bearings have been used as an external damping sources. The ANSYS Mechanical APDL 18.0 was used to model rotor bearing system with existence of two additional fluid film journal bearings. Matlab software has been used to achieve the analytical solution. The results clearly showed that the maximum response displacement strongly decreasing and the critical speed has been enhance by using an external damping source as well as the …

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Investigation Of The Effect Of Nano Powder Mixed Dielectric On Edm Process, Rasha R. Elias Aug 2026

Investigation Of The Effect Of Nano Powder Mixed Dielectric On Edm Process, Rasha R. Elias

Engineering and Technology Journal

In this paper, Artificial Neural Network was adopted to predict the effect of current, the concentration of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and graphite Nanopowders in dielectric fluid for the machining of Carbon steel 304 using Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM). The process variables were utilized to find their effect on Material Removal Rate (MRR), Surface Roughness (SR), and Tool Wear Rate (TWR). It was revealed from the experimental work that the addition of aluminum oxide and graphite Nanopowders into dielectric fluid maximizing MRR, minimized the SR and TWR at various variables. Minitab software was used in the design of experiments. Analysis of …

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Improved Wear Rate Resistance, Compression Strength And Hardness Of Polymethylmethacrylate Resin With Orange Peel Powder For Artificial Denture Base, Reem A. Mohammed Aug 2026

Improved Wear Rate Resistance, Compression Strength And Hardness Of Polymethylmethacrylate Resin With Orange Peel Powder For Artificial Denture Base, Reem A. Mohammed

Engineering and Technology Journal

The material utilized for manufacturing artificial dentures should have high-grade mechanical properties in order to resist heavy forces inside the mouth. This study includes investigation of some of the mechanical properties (wear rate resistance, compression strength, and hardness) of the specimens prepared by (hand lay-up) method. The wear behavior experiments were performed on (a pin-on-disk tester) under various factors 5%, 8%, 11%, 14%, 17% weight fraction of orange peel, (10, 15, 20 N) load applied and (5, 10, 15 minutes) sliding time, and analysis these experimentally by using the Taguchi’s experimental design (L9) (MINITAB 16). Tests explicated that the specimens …

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Influence Of Recycled Fine Aggregates On Strength Properties Of Reactive Powder Mortar, Doaa H. Nayyef, Shatha S. Hasan Aug 2026

Influence Of Recycled Fine Aggregates On Strength Properties Of Reactive Powder Mortar, Doaa H. Nayyef, Shatha S. Hasan

Engineering and Technology Journal

Although many researchers have done many studies on recycled aggregate concrete, information is very little about the influence of utilizing recycled aggregate in the production of reactive powder concrete. Experimental work was executed to investigate the influence of utilizing recycled concrete as fine aggregate in reactive powder concrete. Five different mixes were prepared, the first mix, or control mix, was prepared with natural sand, four additional mixes were prepared with different percentage of substitution of fine aggregates(20%,40%,60%, and 80%). The investigation was carried out using compressive strength test, direct tensile strength test and flexural strength test, and two methods of …

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Automated Analysis Of Comments On Press Articles In Websites (Articles Literature As Case Study), Afra Abdulrahman, Abdul Monem Rahma Aug 2026

Automated Analysis Of Comments On Press Articles In Websites (Articles Literature As Case Study), Afra Abdulrahman, Abdul Monem Rahma

Engineering and Technology Journal

Due to the increasing electronic publishing sites for printed and certified newspapers, the reader faced the problem of reaching his goal by accessing these sites, which led to the neglect of a large section of important publications. The provision of an automated measure to verify the positive and negative articles based on the analysis of readers' comments on the articles is a necessity to see the important articles that are compatible with the corpus generated by us for inference. The project achieved the previous target and achieved a success rate. The Bag-of-Words Model (BoW) was used to obtain the repetition …

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Evaluation Of The Concentration Of Ubiquitin C Protein (Ubc) In Patients Of Lung Cancer And Comparing With Healthy Subjects, Abbas Mohammed, Saleen Abdulhadi Aug 2026

Evaluation Of The Concentration Of Ubiquitin C Protein (Ubc) In Patients Of Lung Cancer And Comparing With Healthy Subjects, Abbas Mohammed, Saleen Abdulhadi

Engineering and Technology Journal

Ubiquitin protein has a conserved amino acid sequence, found in all eukaryotes and it is important in many of cellular functions .The increase or decrease in the ubiquitin level lead to causing many diseases including cancer .The aim of this study is to measure the concentration of ubiquitin c protein in blood serum of lung cancer patients and healthy control subjects by using ELISA technique. The Mean ± SD for ubiquitin c protein was (7.51 ± 5.76) in blood serum of the normal healthy subject and Std. Error mean was (1.82). While the Mean ± SD was (10.99 ± 4.56 …

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The Study Air Temperature Annual Rates Effect For Urban Of Baghdad City By Using Remote Sensing Data Techniques, Ali Mohammed Ali, Fouad Mashee Al Ramahi Aug 2026

The Study Air Temperature Annual Rates Effect For Urban Of Baghdad City By Using Remote Sensing Data Techniques, Ali Mohammed Ali, Fouad Mashee Al Ramahi

Engineering and Technology Journal

Within a short amount of years, urban land in Baghdad governorate increased as a result of the improvement of the economic factor of human beings, the speedy enlargement Buildings method brought many negative climate issues, for instance, the violent modification of land use and the growth UHI, which led to a decrease in vegetation cover, where influenced the temperature averages, Accordingly, we conducted the following study to find solutions, From 2008 to 2018, Landsat Information 5 and 8 were adopted in this analysis, show that urbanization is increasing rapidly as well as the impact of degrees Temperature in this change, …

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A Modification On Key Stream Generator For Rc4 Algorithm, Suhad Kareem, Abdul Monem Rahma Aug 2026

A Modification On Key Stream Generator For Rc4 Algorithm, Suhad Kareem, Abdul Monem Rahma

Engineering and Technology Journal

Rivest Cipher 4 (RC4) is one of most common stream cipher, but it experience many problem, such as, there is little combination between the plaintext and cipher-text. For this reason RC4 Cipher is vulnerable to a number of attacks. Thereupon, this paper proposes a new modification of the RC4 to strong it. This achieved by modifying key-stream generator based on linear equation with four state tables for generating random numbers. Key control is used for selecting one state table to apply # operation, then performing forward and backward effects to generate the key-stream that used in encryption and decryption. Being …

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Synthesis And Characterization Of Cofe2o4nanoparticles Prepared By Sol-Gelmethod, Rihab Jabbar, Sabah Sabeh, Awham Hameed Aug 2026

Synthesis And Characterization Of Cofe2o4nanoparticles Prepared By Sol-Gelmethod, Rihab Jabbar, Sabah Sabeh, Awham Hameed

Engineering and Technology Journal

Cobalt Ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by Sol-Gel precipitation method. Two samples were synthesized and sintered with different sintering temperatures; sample A at 400 °C and sample B at 800 °C for two hours. The prepared samples were characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM, and AFM, Compressive test and Micro-hardness. The result showed as the sintering temperatures increased, the crystallite size increased from 10.07 nm to 15.14 nm. FTIR spectra showed two strong absorption bands in the range of 800 - 400 cm-1, confirmed formation of spinel ferrites NPs. SEM and AFM micrographs showed that the samples have an approximately …

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Impact Of Climate Change On The Spatiotemporal Distribution Of Stream Flow And Sediment Yield Of Darbandikhan Watershed, Iraq, Mahmoud S. Al- Khafaji, Rana D. Al- Chalabi Aug 2026

Impact Of Climate Change On The Spatiotemporal Distribution Of Stream Flow And Sediment Yield Of Darbandikhan Watershed, Iraq, Mahmoud S. Al- Khafaji, Rana D. Al- Chalabi

Engineering and Technology Journal

The impact of climate change on stream flow and sediment yield in Darbandikhan Watershed is an important challenge facing the water resources in Diyala River, Iraq. This impact was investigated using five Global Circulation Models (GCM) based climate change projection models from the A1B scenario of medium emission. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to compute the temporal and spatial distribution of streamflow and sediment yield of the study area for the period 1984 to 2050. The daily-observed flow recorded in Darbandikhan Dam for the period from 1984 to 2013 was used as a base period for …

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Geometric Modeling Of Compound Nurbs Surfaces, Ali K. Alwan, Wisam K. Hamdan Aug 2026

Geometric Modeling Of Compound Nurbs Surfaces, Ali K. Alwan, Wisam K. Hamdan

Engineering and Technology Journal

The design of sculptured surfaces occupies an essential area in the field of modern industrial, aerospace, and medical applications. The challenge is to design products that have complex features efficiently with great flexibility of editing in certain regions without affecting other regions, which the designer has no intent to modify. In this paper, we propose a surface design method based on compound NURBS surface to model automotive parts with 400 control points. First, a Non-Uniform B-Spline basis function is derived with a cubic degree and 20 control points. This method is utilized to design car posterior door, car hood, and …

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Detection Of Biomedical Images By Using Bio-Inspired Artificial Intelligent, Hanan A. R. Akkar, Sameem A. Salman Aug 2026

Detection Of Biomedical Images By Using Bio-Inspired Artificial Intelligent, Hanan A. R. Akkar, Sameem A. Salman

Engineering and Technology Journal

Computer vision and image processing are extremely necessary for medical pictures analysis. During this paper, a method of Bio-inspired Artificial Intelligent (AI) optimization supported by an artificial neural network (ANN) has been widely used to detect pictures of skin carcinoma. A Moth Flame Optimization (MFO) is utilized to educate the artificial neural network (ANN). A different feature is an extract to train the classifier. The comparison has been formed with the projected sample and two Artificial Intelligent optimizations, primarily based on classifier especially with, ANN-ACO (ANN training with Ant Colony Optimization (ACO)) and ANN-PSO (training ANN with Particle Swarm Optimization …

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Automatic Objects Detection And Tracking Using Fpcp, Blob Analysis And Kalman Filter, Hadeel N. Abdullah, Nuha H. Abdulghafoor Aug 2026

Automatic Objects Detection And Tracking Using Fpcp, Blob Analysis And Kalman Filter, Hadeel N. Abdullah, Nuha H. Abdulghafoor

Engineering and Technology Journal

Object detection and tracking are key mission in computer visibility applications, including civil or military surveillance systems. However, there are major challenges that have an effective role in the accuracy of detection and tracking such as the ability of the system to track the target and the response speed of the system in different environments as well as the presence of noise in the captured video sequence. In this proposed work, a new algorithm to detect moving objects from video data is designed by the Fast Principle Component Purist (FPCP). Then, we used an ideal filter that performs well to …

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Artificial Intelligent Technique For Power Management Lighting Based On Fpga, Hanan A. R. Akkar, Sameh J. Mohammed Aug 2026

Artificial Intelligent Technique For Power Management Lighting Based On Fpga, Hanan A. R. Akkar, Sameh J. Mohammed

Engineering and Technology Journal

The modern technological advances gave rise to new intelligent ways of performance and management in various fields of our lives. The employment of the artificial intelligent techniques proved influential in enhancing the technological developments and in meeting the demands for new, more efficient, more reliable and faster ways of performing activities and tasks. Lighting systems are an important part of human life. For this reason, it is important to reduce and manage energy consumption properly. Light dimming paves the way for massive energy saving in lighting applications. The options include simply reducing the output during the night and achieve maximum …

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Extraction Of Rare Earth Elements From Iraqi Phosphate Ore By Using Of Tributyl Phosphate, Muna K. Abbass, Moayyed G. Jalhoom, Aya M. Kadhim Aug 2026

Extraction Of Rare Earth Elements From Iraqi Phosphate Ore By Using Of Tributyl Phosphate, Muna K. Abbass, Moayyed G. Jalhoom, Aya M. Kadhim

Engineering and Technology Journal

Iraqi phosphate ore deposits have been ascertained to be the second global reserve after Morocco, it has been utilized successfully at Al-Qaim phosphate fertilizers complex in the period 1983-2009. The deposit has valuable content of rare piles of earth and uranium, which is expected to have a good impact on the Iraqi economy if they are recovered from the ore. In the present study, solvent extraction was employed for the extraction of the rare earth elements (REEs), tributyl phosphate (TBP) in kerosene was utilized for extracting ytterbium, yttrium, erbium, and lanthanum from an aqueous solution made via the nitric acid …

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Regression And Statistical Analysis Of Process Parameters On Heat Affected Zone In Electrical Discharge Machining Of Tool Steel, Saad K. Shather, Shukry H. Aghdeab, Waqass S. Khudier Aug 2026

Regression And Statistical Analysis Of Process Parameters On Heat Affected Zone In Electrical Discharge Machining Of Tool Steel, Saad K. Shather, Shukry H. Aghdeab, Waqass S. Khudier

Engineering and Technology Journal

The presented study has the aim of finding out the relationships between input variables and process parameters that describe mathematical models, also to estimate the impact of independent parameters on the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ). In the presented paper, A2-Tool Steel material is the utilized workpiece material, whereas copper is the electrode material. RSM, which is the abbreviation of Response Surface Methodology, is used for identifying the impact of controllable parameters; such controllable effects consist of pulse current, pulse on time, and pulse off time on HAZ. It has been noticed that model has been developed by RSM adequacy is …

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An Analytic Design Approach To Inverse Class-F Rf Power Amplifiers, Firas M. Ali, Mahmuod H. Al-Muifraje, Thamir R. Saeed Aug 2026

An Analytic Design Approach To Inverse Class-F Rf Power Amplifiers, Firas M. Ali, Mahmuod H. Al-Muifraje, Thamir R. Saeed

Engineering and Technology Journal

The design of high efficiency inverse class-F (class-F-1) radio frequency (RF) power amplifiers includes extensive measurements to characterize the RF power device by means of the empirical load-pull test setup. This paper presents an alternative characterization approach based on evaluating the load impedances analytically at the desired harmonic frequencies for a high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) in terms of the internal and package elements of the active device. It additionally provides a method for extracting the parasitic elements of the power device as well as determining the optimum load-line resistance using the transistor manufacturer’s large signal model. A new topology …

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Design Of Efficient Inductive Power Link With Small Size Planar Spiral Coil Receiver For Medical Applications, Muammer M. Omran, Ahmed S. Ezzulddin, Saad Mutashar Aug 2026

Design Of Efficient Inductive Power Link With Small Size Planar Spiral Coil Receiver For Medical Applications, Muammer M. Omran, Ahmed S. Ezzulddin, Saad Mutashar

Engineering and Technology Journal

The efficiency of a WPT system greatly depends on both the geometry and operating frequency of the transmitting and receiving structures. Genetic optimizations algorithms are presented to prepare the proposed design parameters using MATLAB to optimize the link efficiency. Single and double layer PSCs are optimally designed with minimal proximity losses effect. In this paper, we used the benefit of a double layer technique to miniaturize the receiver PCS size. The proposed single layer (10×10) mm2 and double layer (8×8) mm2 PSCs are validated and simulated using HFSS 15.03 software at a frequency of 13.56MHz in both cases of the …

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Multi-Objective Optimization Of Friction Stir Welding For Aluminum Alloy (2024-T3), Abbas K. Hussein, Laith K. Abbas, Ahmed A. Seger Aug 2026

Multi-Objective Optimization Of Friction Stir Welding For Aluminum Alloy (2024-T3), Abbas K. Hussein, Laith K. Abbas, Ahmed A. Seger

Engineering and Technology Journal

In this research, a multi-response optimization based on Taguchi method is proposed for friction stir welding (FSW) process for (2024-T3) aluminum alloy. Three different shoulder diameters of tools with tapered pin geometry of (12, 14 and 14 mm) with variable rotation speed (710, 1000 and 1400 rpm) and welding speed of (40, 56 and 80 mm/min), three different tilting angles of (1, 2 and 3 degree) and three welding direction of (1, 2 and 3 passes). The results of this work showed the single optimization by using (Taguchi method) at the optimum condition for the tensile strength and yield strength …

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Cost Risk Management For Variation Orders In Road Projects In Iraq, Abeer J. Hassan, Raid S. Abd Ali, Hassan H. Joni Aug 2026

Cost Risk Management For Variation Orders In Road Projects In Iraq, Abeer J. Hassan, Raid S. Abd Ali, Hassan H. Joni

Engineering and Technology Journal

This paper aims to develop appropriate solutions for each of the causes for the change orders, which help to manage the cost risk in road projects in Iraq. The literature was reviewed in detail, and the objectives were implemented by using a questionnaire that was distributed to specialists in the public sector to survey all possible causes for exceeding the cost of road projects. As a result, 35 causes were identified for a large number of change orders in road projects and their classification into four axes: design, implementation, financial, and other causes. The results of the questionnaire were analyzed …

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The Characterization And Modeling The Mechanical Properties Of High Strength Concrete (Hsc) Modified With Fly Ash (Fa), Saman M. Kamal, Jalal A. Saeed, Ahmed Mohammed Aug 2026

The Characterization And Modeling The Mechanical Properties Of High Strength Concrete (Hsc) Modified With Fly Ash (Fa), Saman M. Kamal, Jalal A. Saeed, Ahmed Mohammed

Engineering and Technology Journal

One of the main challenges facing Civil Engineering community is to modify cement quantity in the mix design by admixtures to enhance the mechanical properties. According to more than 1000 data from literature, mechanical characteristics of concrete modified with FA were discussed. The statistical variation with modeling were achieved by set of data. The cement was replaced up to 70% with FA (weight of dry cement) and by cube of concrete testing up to 90 days of curing time and different w/c ratio. The compressive strength of concrete varied from 18-67 MPa, while, for modified concrete with FA, compressive strength …

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Study Of Mechanical Properties Of Carbon Steel Plate Sa-516 Gr. 70 Welded By Saw Using V-Shape Joint Design, Samir A. Amin, Mohannad Y. Hanna, Abdulaziz S. Khider Aug 2026

Study Of Mechanical Properties Of Carbon Steel Plate Sa-516 Gr. 70 Welded By Saw Using V-Shape Joint Design, Samir A. Amin, Mohannad Y. Hanna, Abdulaziz S. Khider

Engineering and Technology Journal

Submerged arc welding (SAW) is a fusion type welding and it is considered one of the most important welding types due to its inherent capabilities of high welding speed, high deposition rate, welding large thickness plates owing to its deep penetration characteristic and many other advantages. In this study, the goal was to investigate the effect of welding parameters, namely (welding current and welding speed) as well as the joint design on the mechanical properties (yield stress, bending force on the face of the weldment and hardness of the weld metal. Experiments were conducted employing Design of Expert (DOE) software …

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Preliminary Investigation On G Cement Modified By Nano-Powder, Doaa M. Abdullah, Alaa A. Abdullalhameed, Farhad M. Othman Aug 2026

Preliminary Investigation On G Cement Modified By Nano-Powder, Doaa M. Abdullah, Alaa A. Abdullalhameed, Farhad M. Othman

Engineering and Technology Journal

A proper slurry design is critical to cementing work success. In the present investigation, a ball mill method was utilized for preparing a nano powder from a cement dust material, supplied via Al-Kufa Cement Factory, to reinforce the oil well cement by utilizing it as a partial replacement of oil well cement class (G) using different weight percentages (0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1%). A mixture having water to cement ratio of (0.44) was produced. The produced samples characterizations were achieved via the Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), the X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) as well as the density and compressive strength. Results showed …

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Computational Analysis Of Punching Shear Models Of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Slabs, Mereen H. Fahmi Rasheed, Ayad Z. Saber Agha Aug 2026

Computational Analysis Of Punching Shear Models Of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Slabs, Mereen H. Fahmi Rasheed, Ayad Z. Saber Agha

Engineering and Technology Journal

A computational analysis is presented to predict the ultimate and cracking shear strength of steel fiber reinforced concrete slabs. Different models are suggested considering the effect of concrete compressive and tensile strength, amount of flexural reinforcements, yield strength of the reinforcement bars and steel fiber properties (volume percent, aspect ratio, and type of steel fibers). The predicted results are compared with the experimental data found in literature and found good agreement.

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Analysis And Design Of Beams Reinforced With Steel Fiber And Composite Plates, Mereen H. Fahmi Rasheed, Ayad Z. Saber Agha Aug 2026

Analysis And Design Of Beams Reinforced With Steel Fiber And Composite Plates, Mereen H. Fahmi Rasheed, Ayad Z. Saber Agha

Engineering and Technology Journal

The addition of epoxy bending plate to the tension and compression faces or web is an effective technique for flexural or shear strengthening of reinforced concrete beams, also using of steel fibers with concrete improves the structural behavior and increases the moment capacity and shear resistance of the beams. General equations are derived for predicting the bending moment capacity, maximum and balancing reinforcement ratio the equivalent depth of the compression zone for singly and doubly reinforced rectangular sections and T-beams. The results indicate that bending moment capacity increased in beams with steel fibers and composite plates, while the maximum balancing …

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Assessment Of Uranium In Urine Samples Of Primary School Students, Sahar Amin, Azhar Haleem Aug 2026

Assessment Of Uranium In Urine Samples Of Primary School Students, Sahar Amin, Azhar Haleem

Engineering and Technology Journal

The environmental monitoring of radon in the children urine has been carried out by using solid state nuclear track detector CR-39. This study has been undertaken for the purpose of health risk assessments. The concentration of uranium values excreted with the boy's urine samples ranged from 0.203 Bq.L-1 (1.246 ng/L) and 2.201 Bq.L-1 (13.486 ng/L) with an average value of 0.698 Bq.L-1 (4.007 ng/L). While the concentration of uranium values excreted with the girl's urine samples ranged between 0.290 Bq.L-1 (1.777 ng/L) and 0.675 Bq.L-1 (4.135 ng/L), with an average value of 0.474 Bq.L-1 (2.901 ng/L). The amount of uranium …

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Fabrication And Characterization For Phosphate Nanofertilizer Through Polymer Coating Technique, Azhar Haleem Aug 2026

Fabrication And Characterization For Phosphate Nanofertilizer Through Polymer Coating Technique, Azhar Haleem

Engineering and Technology Journal

Many organic and inorganic materials were used to enhance plant growth and soil fertility, in the present study phosphate and polyvinyl alcohol ( PVA) was used to prepare nanocapsules fertilizer by using Emulsification Solvent Diffusion Method (ESDM), nanocapsules of phosphate and polymer provide long-term sustained-release preparations, ensure long existence of fertilizer in attach with the plant. Particle size distribution was evaluated in addition to particle shapes were characterized by Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), the activity of Nano-fertilizer was studied on Nigella sativa production and its extracts activity. The emulsification solvent diffusion method (ESDM) provided a good yield of P-nanofertilizer, nanoparticles …

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Enhancing Quad Tree For Spatial Index Using Space Filling Curves, Ali Hussain, Rehab Hassan Aug 2026

Enhancing Quad Tree For Spatial Index Using Space Filling Curves, Ali Hussain, Rehab Hassan

Engineering and Technology Journal

Spatial indexes, such as those based on the Quad Tree, are important in spatial databases for the effective implementation of queries with spatial constraints, especially when queries involve spatial links. The quaternary trees are a very interesting subject, given the fact that they give the ability to solve problems in a way that focuses only on the important areas with the highest density of information. Nevertheless, it is not without the disadvantages because the search process in the quad tree suffers from the problem of repetition when reaching the terminal node and return to the behavior of another way in …

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