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2026

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How Dentists Can Remain Advisors Of Merit To Their Patients, Daniel L. Orr Ii, Dds, Ms (Anesth), Phd, Jd, Md, Facd (Nevada Section Chair) Jan 2026

How Dentists Can Remain Advisors Of Merit To Their Patients, Daniel L. Orr Ii, Dds, Ms (Anesth), Phd, Jd, Md, Facd (Nevada Section Chair)

Journal of the American College of Dentists

This article examines how members of the dental profession can sustain their longstanding reputation as trusted advisors amid declining public confidence in major institutions. Grounded in ethical principles, informed consent, and professional self-regulation, dentistry has historically ranked among the most trusted professions. The discussion explores challenges to credibility, including media scrutiny, concerns about anesthesia safety, controversial treatment hesitancy, and debates over community water fluoridation. Emphasizing the concept of the “advisor of merit,” the author argues that continued trust depends on truthful communication, transparency about risks, respect for patient autonomy, and freedom from conflicts of interest in clinical and public health …

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From The Archives: Continued Competency Assessment: Its History And Role In The Health Professions Jan 2026

From The Archives: Continued Competency Assessment: Its History And Role In The Health Professions

Journal of the American College of Dentists

Each issue of the Journal of the American College of Dentists (JACD) features an archival article selected for its continued relevance to contemporary issues in dentistry. This article provides historical context and enduring insights that inform current discussions in the profession.

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J Am Coll Dent 2026 92 4 Jan 2026

J Am Coll Dent 2026 92 4

Journal of the American College of Dentists

The Journal of the American College of Dentists (JACD) publishes scholarly articles, editorials, essays, and reflections addressing the ethical, professional, and social dimensions of dentistry. The Journal serves as a forum for advancing ethics, professionalism, leadership, and excellence within the dental community. By fostering dialogue across disciplines and perspectives, JACD provides readers with insights that encourage ethical, professional practice, lifelong learning, and service to the public, reinforcing dentistry’s commitment to advancing oral healthcare and the common good.

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The Birth Of Standards For Leadership In Oral Healthcare, Sir Nairn H.F. Wilson Cbe Dsc(H.C.) Ddent(H.C.) Phd Msc Bds Fcgdent Fds Rcs Edin, Eng(Hon) & Rcps Glasg(Hon) Ffd Rcsi(Hon) Fcdshk(Hon) Fracds(Hon) Drd Fhea Facd Ficd Fadm Fpfa Frsm Fkc Jan 2026

The Birth Of Standards For Leadership In Oral Healthcare, Sir Nairn H.F. Wilson Cbe Dsc(H.C.) Ddent(H.C.) Phd Msc Bds Fcgdent Fds Rcs Edin, Eng(Hon) & Rcps Glasg(Hon) Ffd Rcsi(Hon) Fcdshk(Hon) Fracds(Hon) Drd Fhea Facd Ficd Fadm Fpfa Frsm Fkc

Journal of the American College of Dentists

The Editorial is a feature in each issue of the JACD. It includes commentary on issue content, relevant topics, or other items of interest to the fellowship.

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Letters To The Editor, David Chambers Ed.M.,M.B.A., Ph.D., Facd, Christopher J. Smiley Dds Jan 2026

Letters To The Editor, David Chambers Ed.M.,M.B.A., Ph.D., Facd, Christopher J. Smiley Dds

Journal of the American College of Dentists

This section of the Journal of the American College of Dentists presents professional correspondence regarding previously published articles and issues relevant to dentistry, ethics, education, policy, and patient care. Letters to the editor provide readers an opportunity to offer scholarly critique, clarification, perspective, or additional insight, while author responses promote constructive academic dialogue and continued professional reflection.

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Letters Of Support From Affiliate Organizations Jan 2026

Letters Of Support From Affiliate Organizations

Journal of the American College of Dentists

This section of the Journal of the American College of Dentists presents professional conference proceedings and/or published guidelines relevant to dentistry, ethics, education, leadership, policy, or clinical care. Conference proceedings may also include documents from affiliate organizations in dentistry.

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A Multiscale Computational Framework Bridging Molecular Dyanmics, Phase-Field, And Elasto–Viscoplstic Fast Fourier Transform: Applications To Process–Structure–Property Relationships In Metallic Materials, Chaimae Jouhari Jan 2026

A Multiscale Computational Framework Bridging Molecular Dyanmics, Phase-Field, And Elasto–Viscoplstic Fast Fourier Transform: Applications To Process–Structure–Property Relationships In Metallic Materials, Chaimae Jouhari

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Metallic materials exhibit process–structure–property relationships that arise from physical mechanisms operating across multiple length and time scales. Atomistic processes control diffusion, thermal response, and interfacial behavior; mesoscale mechanisms govern grain morphology, interface migration, and microstructure evolution; full-field crystal-plasticity calculations resolve heterogeneous mechanical fields; and continuum-scale finite-element (FE) models connect material response to component-level deformation, damage, and performance. Because no single simulation method can resolve all of these mechanisms, predictive modeling requires a framework in which information obtained at one scale can be transferred to the next. This dissertation develops a multiscale computational framework that bridges molecular dynamics (MD), phase-field (PF) …

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Task-Aligned Knowledge Transfer For Vision-Language Models Across Diverse Visual Challenges, Dongyoun Kim Jan 2026

Task-Aligned Knowledge Transfer For Vision-Language Models Across Diverse Visual Challenges, Dongyoun Kim

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Pretrained vision–language models (VLMs) encode broad visual and semantic knowledge, but this knowledge does not always translate into reliable performance on specialized visual tasks. Multi-object region understanding requires fine-grained relational alignment, scientific document question answering requires structured reasoning over tables and charts, and robotic manipulation requires task-relevant perception to influence action generation. This dissertation studies these gaps as a problem of knowledge utilization: helping a pretrained model use available knowledge in a form aligned with the target task. Its central claim is that effective adaptation depends not only on model scale, data volume, or full-backbone fine-tuning, but also on three …

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Finite Mixture Modeling Towards Applications In Material Science And Biomedical Data, Jason Hasse Jan 2026

Finite Mixture Modeling Towards Applications In Material Science And Biomedical Data, Jason Hasse

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This dissertation contains three chapters on different applications of mixture regression models, broadly in materials science and public health. We begin with a basic application of finite mixture models and regression mixture models. The materials science analysis was performed entirely using data from finite element simulations of the additive manufacturing process via powder bed fusion. Visualization of the clustering solution as applied to the additive manufacturing designs highlighted the intuitive patterns that could be found. These patterns simultaneously yield the regression coefficients and subgroups of the geometric regions, providing a way to predict stresses and strains in a new geometry …

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New Era Of Academic Advising: Integration Of Artificial Intelligence Within Academic Advising By, Rachel Elaine Schmitz Jan 2026

New Era Of Academic Advising: Integration Of Artificial Intelligence Within Academic Advising By, Rachel Elaine Schmitz

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Academic advising is a critical component of student success, directly impacting institutional retention, GPA, and student autonomy. This thesis explores the transition of this profession into my proposed fifth era characterized by the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a supportive tool, rather than a replacement, for human connection. Grounded in Peplau’s Interpersonal Relations Theory (IRT), this study examines advisors’ perception of how advanced technology can impact the interpersonal process between students and advisors. A qualitative methodology was used, consisting of seven (N = 7) semi-structured interviews with professional advisors at South Dakota State University. Thematic analysis revealed that AI …

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Detecting Poisoning Attacks In The Rag Systems Using Multi-Tier Anomaly Detection, Somtochukwu Orizu Jan 2026

Detecting Poisoning Attacks In The Rag Systems Using Multi-Tier Anomaly Detection, Somtochukwu Orizu

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems aim to enhance the capabilities of language models by retrieving external knowledge during inference. However, the process of retrieving knowledge introduces new security vulnerabilities to these models, specifically through the possibility of retrieval poisoning attacks in which adversarial documents are added to the system knowledge base to poison the language model’s responses. Although there have been a variety of defenses proposed for retrieval poisoning attacks, limited work has been done in the area of anomaly detection in embedding spaces as a general defense against multiple retrieval poisoning attack strategies. This thesis investigates two embedding-space anomaly detection …

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Demographic Impact And Diagnostic Evaluation Of Mycoplasma Ovipneumoniae In Bighorn Sheep Of The Pine Ridge Badlands, Jeffrey Tillery Jan 2026

Demographic Impact And Diagnostic Evaluation Of Mycoplasma Ovipneumoniae In Bighorn Sheep Of The Pine Ridge Badlands, Jeffrey Tillery

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae (M. ovi) decimates bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) populations through acute die-offs followed by years or decades of failed lamb recruitment. Test-and-remove management has emerged as the primary intervention to restore population growth, and this thesis quantifies the demographic costs of endemic M. ovi infection and evaluates the diagnostic tools upon which this strategy depends. I quantified vital rates across five bighorn sheep subherds (four infected, one uninfected) on the Pine Ridge Reservation (2023–2025), supplemented by pre-outbreak data (2017–2018) from the North Unit of Badlands National Park. Infected subherds declined (λ = 0.965, 95% CrI: 0.813–1.039) while the uninfected …

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Securing Smart Agriculture With Communication-Efficient Federated Unlearning, Ujjwal Pudasaini Jan 2026

Securing Smart Agriculture With Communication-Efficient Federated Unlearning, Ujjwal Pudasaini

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This thesis addresses the data poisoning attack in smart agricultural systems using federated unlearning, where the contribution of compromised field devices must be removed from the global model under communication constraints. We propose FedSCAN, a three-phase framework that identifies critical layers based on parameter sensitivity, classifies active neurons within these layers through relative weight change analysis, and performs unlearning via sparse low-rank adaptation to active neurons while freezing base model parameters. FedSCAN limits computational overhead to a compact parameter subset, enabling devices to participate in a communication-efficient manner. Experimental results on four datasets demonstrate that FedSCAN achieves up to 426.3× …

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Production Of Fungal Biomass And Crude Chitin From Cheese Whey: Effects Of Whey Type And Lactose Hydrolysis On Aspergillus Niger And Trichoderma Reesei, Anye Catharine Nora Drum Jan 2026

Production Of Fungal Biomass And Crude Chitin From Cheese Whey: Effects Of Whey Type And Lactose Hydrolysis On Aspergillus Niger And Trichoderma Reesei, Anye Catharine Nora Drum

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Chitin is a biodegradable and biocompatible biopolymer with broad applications in the food, biomedical, pharmaceutical, and packaging industries. Conventional chitin production from crustacean shells is associated with seasonal availability, intensive chemical processing, and environmental concerns, creating interest in more sustainable alternatives. Filamentous fungi represent a promising source of chitin because of their rapid growth and ability to utilize low cost agro-industrial residues. This study evaluated the feasibility of producing fungal biomass and crude chitin from cheese whey through submerged fermentation while investigating the effects of whey type and enzymatic lactose hydrolysis on fungal growth, substrate utilization, and wastewater remediation. Aspergillus …

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Plant-Insect Interactions In Great Plains Restoration And Invasion Ecology, Joseph H. Cammarano Jan 2026

Plant-Insect Interactions In Great Plains Restoration And Invasion Ecology, Joseph H. Cammarano

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Prairie ecosystem loss and invasive plant species are major ecological problems in the Great Plains. Plant-insect interactions have important consequences for both the restoration of prairie ecosystems and management of invasive plant species. Pollinating insects are vital to the sustainability of prairie ecosystems, and herbivorous insects can provide biological control of invasive plant species. Understanding how restoration strategies may influence potential pollinator communities can have important consequences for restoration sustainability and success and understanding how biological control strategies may help manage invasive plant populations can also help land managers reach restoration and conservation goals. In Ch. 2, I sought to …

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Data-Driven Decision-Making Frameworks For Energy Procurement And Dynamic Pricing In Electric Vehicle Charging Networks, Pallavi Khanal Jan 2026

Data-Driven Decision-Making Frameworks For Energy Procurement And Dynamic Pricing In Electric Vehicle Charging Networks, Pallavi Khanal

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The continued growth of electric vehicles (EVs) is increasing the demand for charging infrastructure and creating new operational challenges for charging network operators (CNOs). Uncertainty in charging demand, electricity market prices, and user charging behavior can significantly impact both the economic performance and reliability of charging network operations. To address these challenges, this thesis develops an integrated data-driven framework that combines charging demand modeling, risk-aware energy procurement, machine learning, and reinforcement learning for intelligent EV charging network operation. The research begins by developing queueing-based models to characterize EV charging demand under time-varying and stochastic arrival conditions. Time-varying Mt/M/1 and Mt/M/c …

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Primary Avian Tracheal Cell Models For The Isolation Of Emerging Avian Metapneumovirus Strains, Tricia Serrao Jan 2026

Primary Avian Tracheal Cell Models For The Isolation Of Emerging Avian Metapneumovirus Strains, Tricia Serrao

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The emergence of avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) subgroups A and B in the United States poultry industry has created an urgent need for standardized, host-specific diagnostic platforms. Historically, reliance on continuous, multi-species cell lines has limited the primary isolation of field strains and introduced potential adaptation artifacts. To address these challenges, this research first established and characterized a reproducible primary cell culture system derived from the tracheal tissues of 1-day-old turkey poults. This system was maintained in an optimized DMEM/F-12 formulation supplemented with 5% FBS, EGF, and ITS, with early-passage cultures achieving 90% confluence within 24 to 48 hours. Morphological and …

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Competitive And Priority Effects Of Native Cool-Season Grasses On Invasive Bromus Species In The Northern Great Plains, Tyler Michael Geltmacher Jan 2026

Competitive And Priority Effects Of Native Cool-Season Grasses On Invasive Bromus Species In The Northern Great Plains, Tyler Michael Geltmacher

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Native grasslands and restoration sites in the Northern Great Plains face pressure from invasive cool-season grass species, such as smooth brome (Bromus inermis) and cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum). Native cool-season grass species may compete in the same niche as the invaders and provide resistance to invasion of existing or restored grasslands. Green needlegrass (Nassella viridula) and junegrass (Koeleria macrantha) were evaluated in this study for competitive effect and priority effect against invasive bromes to inform management decisions. Greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate competitive ability of the two native species as well as how priority influences competition. In my first chapter, …

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Investigating The Cumulative Effect Of Nutrition Education And Nutrition Assistance On Measures Of Participant Health, Adity Chowdhury Kankon Jan 2026

Investigating The Cumulative Effect Of Nutrition Education And Nutrition Assistance On Measures Of Participant Health, Adity Chowdhury Kankon

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This study examined the individual and combined associations of participation in the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) and nutrition assistance programs with diet quality and biomarkers of chronic disease risk. Multistate longitudinal data were analyzed using triple difference-in-differences regression models for body mass index (BMI), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and Diet Quality Index (DQI). EFNEP participation was associated with a reduction in BMI over time among participants not receiving nutrition assistance, but this association was attenuated among assistance participants. A similar differential pattern was observed for HbA1c. No significant differential changes were found for …

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The Fate And Removal Of E. Coli Across Liquid And Sludge Treatment Stages In An Activated -Sludge Water Resource Recovery Facility, Shrawan Tandukar Jan 2026

The Fate And Removal Of E. Coli Across Liquid And Sludge Treatment Stages In An Activated -Sludge Water Resource Recovery Facility, Shrawan Tandukar

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This study evaluates the fate and removal efficiency of Escherichia coli (E. coli) across both liquid and sludge treatment processes at a full-scale activated sludge water resource recovery facility (WRRF) in Brookings, South Dakota. Understanding pathogen reduction within wastewater treatment systems is critical for protecting public health and ensuring regulatory compliance, particularly in facilities practicing water reuse and biosolids management. Liquid and sludge samples were collected from multiple treatment stages between January and July 2025 and analyzed using the IDEXX Colilert Quanti-Tray 2000 method. This study quantifies E. coli concentrations throughout the treatment train to assess removal performance and identify …

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A Framework For Reliable Domain Ai: Knowledge-Grounded Data And Logic-Graph Reasoning, Yangxiao Bai Jan 2026

A Framework For Reliable Domain Ai: Knowledge-Grounded Data And Logic-Graph Reasoning, Yangxiao Bai

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Large language models (LLMs) perform well on general tasks, yet their deployment in specialized, high-stakes domains such as public health remains unreliable. Models hallucinate facts, combine multi-step evidence incorrectly, and retrieve context that corrupts downstream reasoning. Three root causes underlie these failures: training data that underrepresents rare but critical domain themes, reasoning that is opaque and unverifiable, and evidence use that cannot be re-checked when the evidence changes. This dissertation addresses all three. First, we introduce HDBSCAN_SSA, a coarse-to-fine topic-modeling pipeline that couples density-based clustering with a novel Semantic Seed Aggregation algorithm. Using samples drawn from a larger corpus of …

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Spatio-Temporal Demand Forecasting For Optimizing Electric Vehicle Charging Network Operations, Subhamyu Mani Nepal Jan 2026

Spatio-Temporal Demand Forecasting For Optimizing Electric Vehicle Charging Network Operations, Subhamyu Mani Nepal

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The primary objective of this thesis is to create a framework for modeling, forecasting Electric Vehicle load demand and optimizing the EV charging network operation for Charging network operators. As EV’s popularity grows accurate forecasting of EV charging demand and its effect on the distribution network is critical for the efficient planning and operation of charging infrastructure, as well as for enabling Charging Network Operators to participate effectively in wholesale electricity markets. The first part of the work develops Mt /M/1 & Mt /M/c queuing models calibrated using real-world EV charging data to characterize station-level operations under time-varying arrival rates. …

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Page Evidence Promotion For Open-Domain Multimodal Document Question Answering, Abdolhossein Erfanshekooh Jan 2026

Page Evidence Promotion For Open-Domain Multimodal Document Question Answering, Abdolhossein Erfanshekooh

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Open-domain multimodal document question answering requires retrieving a small set of answer-bearing pages from a large document collection before a vision-language model can generate an answer. Although modern retrieval systems may return hundreds or thousands of candidate pages, the answer model typically receives only the highest-ranked few. Consequently, relevant evidence may already be present in the candidate pool yet remain unavailable to the answer model because it is ranked below the reader cutoff. This thesis identifies this retrieval-to-reader gap as a page evidence promotion problem and proposes a framework for diagnosing and addressing it. First, page-level pseudo-supervision is derived from …

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Integration Of Ders Volt-Var Dynamic Constraint Into Time-Coupled Optimal Power Flow For System Stability, Shadrack T. Asiedu Jan 2026

Integration Of Ders Volt-Var Dynamic Constraint Into Time-Coupled Optimal Power Flow For System Stability, Shadrack T. Asiedu

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The transition toward power systems with higher levels of inverter-based generation requires operating models that account for the dynamic support available from distribution-connected resources. Although inverter-based DERs can provide fast reactive-power support through functions such as Volt–VAR control, conventional optimal power flow models generally represent these resources as static power injections. In addition, transmission-level dispatch commonly represents the downstream distribution system as an aggregated load and does not explicitly consider the voltage at the point of common coupling. Consequently, an OPF solution may satisfy the transmission-bus voltage constraints while producing an operating point at which the downstream DERs do not …

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The Influence Of Controlled Intake And Anabolic Implant Timing On Growth Performance And Carcass Traits In Feedlot Ruminants, Justin J. Delver Jan 2026

The Influence Of Controlled Intake And Anabolic Implant Timing On Growth Performance And Carcass Traits In Feedlot Ruminants, Justin J. Delver

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The objective of this dissertation was to evaluate how previous plane of nutrition and anabolic implant timing interact to influence growth performance, composition of growth, and the carcass characteristics in ruminants. Three experiments were conducted using cattle and sheep models to determine the metabolic adaptations driving compensatory growth. In experiment 1, yearling beef steers (n = 192) were fed ad libitum for 141 days (ADLIB) or restricted to 92% of ad libitum intake for 56 (RES56) or 86 (RES86) days followed by realimentation. Cumulative dry matter intake (DMI) was reduced in both restricted groups (P = 0.002) with no difference …

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Effect Of Increasing Potency Of Steroidal Implants In Beef Steers At Weaning From Dry-Lot To Finish, Weston Joseph Peschel Jan 2026

Effect Of Increasing Potency Of Steroidal Implants In Beef Steers At Weaning From Dry-Lot To Finish, Weston Joseph Peschel

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The receiving phase is a stressful transition period in beef production. Newly weaned cattle are offered low-energy, high-forage diets promoting lean tissue and bone development prior to the finishing phase. Steroidal implants containing trenbolone acetate (TBA) and estradiol benzoate (EB) enhance lean gain. Aggressive early implant exposure has been shown to negatively impact intramuscular fat deposition. This two-part study evaluated the initial and carryover effects of increasing doses of combined TBA and EB weaning implants on growth performance, serum metabolites, and carcass traits. In Exp. 1, newly weaned Charolais × Red Angus crossbred beef steers [n = 240 initially; body …

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Modeling Heterogeneous Trajectories Of Chronic Kidney Disease Progression With Finite Mixture Models Using The All Of Us Dataset, Yahaya Mumuni Musah Jan 2026

Modeling Heterogeneous Trajectories Of Chronic Kidney Disease Progression With Finite Mixture Models Using The All Of Us Dataset, Yahaya Mumuni Musah

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) does not progress uniformly across patients, and a single average trajectory often fails to capture this heterogeneity. Understanding variation in disease progression is important for improving risk stratification and clinical management. 
Objectives: This study aims to characterize the heterogeneity of chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression using longitudinal estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) data and to identify factors associated with distinct progression trajectory patterns. 
Methods: A longitudinal cohort study was conducted using data from the All of Us} Research Program collected between April 23, 2002, and October 1, 2023. Adult participants with repeated eGFR measurements were …

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Enzyme Susceptibility And Functionality Of High Protein Retentates And Reconstituted Ingredients, Khushi Dubey Jan 2026

Enzyme Susceptibility And Functionality Of High Protein Retentates And Reconstituted Ingredients, Khushi Dubey

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

This thesis explores the effects of processing history on the enzymatic susceptibility and functional properties of high-protein dairy ingredients, with a specific focus on ultrafiltered (UF) and microfiltered (MF) retentates and spray-dried powders. While retentates and powders are often used interchangeably in industrial applications, processing steps, such as drying, can induce structural and physicochemical changes that affect protein functionality and enzyme accessibility. Milk protein concentrates (MPC) and micellar casein concentrates (MCC) were standardized to 10% protein and subjected to enzymatic treatments, including proteolysis (Alcalase and rennet) and crosslinking (transglutaminase and laccase). Structural modifications were evaluated using capillary gel electrophoresis, non-protein …

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Effect Of Female Employment On Household Expenditure In Bangladesh, Fatema Binte Sharif Jan 2026

Effect Of Female Employment On Household Expenditure In Bangladesh, Fatema Binte Sharif

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Female labor force participation (FLFP) in Bangladesh has increased from 29.2% in 2005–06 to 42.8% in 2022, raising important questions about household resource allocation. This study examines the impact of female employment on household expenditure patterns and challenges the traditional unitary model of decision-making. It focuses on how income controlled by women influences spending across essential and non-essential categories. The analysis uses data from the Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) conducted by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. This research employs Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SURE) approach to estimate budget shares for food, housing, health, education, clothing, and transport. The study …

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Detecting And Characterizing Latent Subpopulations Of Classes Via Mixture Models, Andrew Simpson Jan 2026

Detecting And Characterizing Latent Subpopulations Of Classes Via Mixture Models, Andrew Simpson

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

A class of problems in statistical pattern recognition exists in which there is high-dimensional data with few realizations per class, commonly referred to as few-shot learning. Data that arises in forensic source identification, which deals with providing a probabilistic value of evidence with regard to the source of some object, falls into this class of problems. Namely, the data is sampled from a hierarchical sampling process, lives in a high-dimensional space, the number of sources (or classes) tends towards infinity, and there are few observations per source. This can be thought of as a few-shot learning problem. Because of these …

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