Digital Commons Network^™

Immigration Federalism And The Promise Of State Constitutions, Joanne Gottesman

Lewis & Clark Law Review

This Article explores state constitutions’ promises and pitfalls for immigrant rights advocacy. This is a particularly urgent endeavor, given the anti-immigrant measures of President Trump’s second term and a U.S. Supreme Court that is willing to reverse longstanding precedent. Even cases like Plyler v. Doe, with its guarantee of free public education to undocumented children, could be vulnerable. While U.S. Supreme Court opinions protecting immigrant rights are the gold standard because they apply nationwide, state courts and state constitutions provide critical alternative avenues for relief that should not be overlooked.

This Article considers some state constitutional provisions that may help …

Anything For Views Parenting, Bahar Tarighi

Lewis & Clark Law Review

Children who appear in monetized family vlogs are the product. Without them, the content would not exist, and the revenue would not follow. Yet unlike child actors in traditional entertainment, these children receive no guaranteed wages, no mandated trust accounts, and no right to control the digital record created in their name. This gap is a product of a legal framework that has simply not kept pace: the Fair Labor Standards Act, enacted in 1938, expressly exempted child performers from its protections, and neither Congress nor the majority of states have updated their child labor frameworks to account for the …

Front Matter

Lewis & Clark Law Review

Front Matter contains Table of Contents, Masthead, and faculty for Lewis & Clark Law Review Volume 30, Issue 1.

Truth And Consequences: What Catastrophe Teaches Us About Homeownership And Underinsurance, Kenneth S. Klein

Lewis & Clark Law Review

The firestorms enveloping Los Angeles in January 2025 made yet more inescapable the reality of the increasingly overwhelming impacts that climate change is having on communities. Many thousands of owner-occupied homes were destroyed. Most homes have insurance, but many homeowners will be surprised to find themselves underinsured, meaning their insurance proceeds will be materially less than the insurer-reported, incurred cost of rebuilding their destroyed home. The human consequences on these homeowners, each of whom has lost everything in a single week, are a now sadly all too imaginable tragedy in real time.

How underinsurance happened and what could have been …

Catching The Forgotten: Repairing The Safety Net For Cofa Migrants In The United States, Brian Aguilar

Lewis & Clark Law Review

Citizens of the Freely Associated States—the Republic of the Marshall Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, and the Republic of Belau—are permitted to live and work in the United States without a visa under the Compacts of Free Association (COFA). Yet, for nearly three decades, COFA migrants were excluded from the federal public benefits safety net. This exclusion, a product of legislative oversight in the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, devastated communities like the Marshallese in Springdale, Arkansas, who endured dangerous working conditions, poverty, and severe health vulnerabilities without access to critical federal benefits programs. While …

Adverse Childhood Experiences And Intellectual Disabilities: A Population-Based Comparison, Sarah Hurst, Astrida S. Kaugars

Modern Psychological Studies

Childhood is a critical time for development, and negative experiences during this period may have lasting consequences. Children with intellectual disabilities (ID) are at greater risk for adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) than children without ID. Using data from the 2022 National Survey of Children’s Health (U.S. Census Bureau), we assessed the frequency of ACEs reported based on IDs. Participants were caregivers of 528 children currently diagnosed with an ID and a random sample of 528 children selected from the remaining 49,755 respondents without an ID. As hypothesized, parents of children with ID reported a statistically significant greater number of total …

The Relationship Between Helicopter Parenting And Child Depression And Anxiety: A Literature Review, Leah Wong

Modern Psychological Studies

Child and adolescent mental health have been a subject of increasing concern. Likewise, an emerging pattern of childrearing, known as helicopter parenting, has been gaining attention for its association with negative outcomes. This literature review investigates the relationship between helicopter parenting and children’s depressive and anxious symptoms. The review applies various theories, including parenting styles and self-determination, alongside considerations of early childhood experiences and cultural differences in childrearing. It draws on the current body of research regarding the impacts of such concepts to examine connections between helicopter parenting and child psychopathology. Overall, this literature review found that helicopter parenting impedes …

Digitization Of The Switching Stroop Task, Keagan Duster, Delia Mozqueda-Fuhrmeister, Kesten Anderson, Molly Conway, John Piaszynski, Aaron Winder, Conor Courtney, Kanchna Ramchandran

Modern Psychological Studies

The Switching Stroop (SS) task is a modification of the neuropsychological assessment, the Color Word Interference (CWI) task, which measures inhibition of pre-potent response. Both tests measure the ability to select and match appropriate responses to a cued dimension (instruction) of a stimulus. However, the SS additionally incorporates the ability to adapt to consecutive conflicting stimuli (the construct of dynamic adjustments of control). By integrating with existing commercial software for administering remote neuropsychological tests, we were able to digitize a previously published version of the SS, enhancing user friendliness and functionality. This electronic version of the SS provides a plethora …

Comorbidity Between Ptsd And Eds: Occurrence, Mutual Facilitation, And Integrated Treatment, Ava Avolio

Modern Psychological Studies

This article reviews literature related to comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and eating disorders (ED). Meta-analysis estimates that about one in five people who present with PTSD are also diagnosed with a comorbid eating disorder and about one in four people who present with an eating disorder are diagnosed with comorbid PTSD. However, despite the widespread occurrence, an integrated evidence-based treatment has yet to be established. Preliminary research proposes multiple theories for comorbidity rates. Some propose stress-induced glutamatergic dysfunction may facilitate both disorders, while others contend disordered eating behaviors are maladaptive coping mechanisms for negative affect. Regardless of the underlying …

Preadmission Screening And Resident Review (Pasrr): An Initiative To Reduce Inpatient Length Of Stay, Tatiana Jaggars Bsn, Rn

Patient Care Services / Nursing

No abstract provided.

School-Level Gaps In Mmr Coverage As The Fuel For Measles Outbreaks, Meagan C Fitzpatrick, Chad R Wells, Abhishek Pandey, Lamia Ayaz, Peter J Hotez, Seyed M Moghadas, Alison P Galvani

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

No abstract provided.

Customer Perceptions Of Tipping In Minimal-Service Food Settings, Fabian R. Rodriguez Gomez

Honors Undergraduate Theses

As digital payment systems and point-of-sale technologies become increasingly common, customers are encountering more frequent requests to tip in minimal-service food settings, such as coffee shops, pizza parlors, and quick-service restaurants. These changes have prompted discussions regarding the fairness of tipping, customer willingness to tip, and the growing phenomenon of tipping fatigue. The purpose of this study was to examine how employee effort, social pressure, and social obligation influence customer perceptions of tipping in minimal-service food settings.

A quantitative experimental research design was used with 328 participants recruited through the online platform Prolific. Participants were randomly assigned to scenarios manipulating …

Executive Summary Of The Kdigo 2026 Clinical Practice Guideline For The Management Of Anemia In Chronic Kidney Disease (Ckd), Jodie L Babitt, Jeffrey S Berns, Biykem Bozkurt, Rebecca S Cheung Khedairy, Yarieli Cuevas, Emmanuel E Effa, Michele F Eisenga, Steven Fishbane, Yelena Z Ginzburg, Volker H Haase, S Susan Hedayati, Siah Kim, José A Moura-Neto, Evi V Nagler, Patrick Rossignol, Manisha Sahay, Tetsuhiro Tanaka, Angela Yee-Moon Wang, David C Wheeler, Karen A Robinson, Lisa M Wilson, Renee F Wilson, Amy Earley, Elie A Akl, Marcello Tonelli

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

The Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) 2026 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) represents an update to the guideline published in 2012. Its scope includes diagnosis and evaluation of anemia; use of iron to treat iron deficiency and anemia in CKD; use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and hypoxia-inducible factor-prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors to treat anemia in CKD; and red blood cell transfusions to treat anemia in CKD. The guideline has been developed with patient partners, healthcare providers, and researchers around the world, with the goal to generate a useful resource for healthcare providers and …

Esophageal Myotomy And Risk Of Esophageal Cancer And Mortality In Achalasia: Real-World Cohort Study, Fouad Jaber, Mohamad Ali Ibrahim, Mohammed Jaber, Youssef Soliman, Mai A Khalaf, Tara Keihanian, Fares Ayoub, Mohamed O Othman, Salmaan Jawaid

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Background and study aims: Achalasia is associated with increased risk of esophageal cancer, particularly squamous cell carcinoma. Although esophageal myotomy improves dysphagia, its impact on cancer risk and mortality remains unclear.

Patients and methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the TriNetX research network, including adults (≥ 18 years) with achalasia confirmed by esophageal manometry. Patients were categorized based on treatment of those undergoing esophageal myotomy (peroral endoscopic myotomy [POEM] or laparoscopic Heller myotomy [LHM]) and those managed without myotomy. Patients with prior esophagectomy or malignancies associated with increased esophageal cancer risk were excluded. The primary outcome was incident …

Using Medication Pass Analysis To Examine Longitudinal Changes In Va Inpatient Nurse Staffing And Workload Before And Through The Covid-19 Pandemic: 2019-2022, Melissa K Knox, Chase S Eck, Lynette Dorsey, Paras D Mehta, Christine Yang, Laura A Petersen

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in extended disruption to the health care system. National-level data-driven comparisons of inpatient nurse staffing and workload before and during the pandemic have been limited.

Objectives: Assess the extent to which registered nurse (RN) staffing and workload changed from prepandemic levels in a national integrated health care system.

Research design: Longitudinal descriptive analysis. Medication pass analysis using bar code medication administration data for the peak-time medication pass (PTM) assessing year-over-year changes from 2019 to 2022. To assess significance of year-over-year changes in means we used the Welch 2-sample t test.

Subjects: Staff (N=42,999) administering PTM …

Safety And Efficacy Of Vadadustat Versus Darbepoetin Alfa For Chronic Kidney Disease-Related Anemia In Patients Receiving Dialysis By Baseline Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agent Dose, Alan Jardine, Steven K Burke, Wenli Luo, Todd Minga, Mark J Sarnak, Wolfgang C Winkelmayer, Rajiv Agarwal, Glenn M Chertow, Kai-Uwe Eckardt, Mark J Koury

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Introduction: Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) and iron supplementation are standard treatments for chronic kidney disease (CKD)-related anemia. Targeting higher hemoglobin values in CKD increases cardiovascular risk. Whether the increased risk is from higher ESA doses or higher hemoglobin levels is uncertain, but alternative therapies are sought for patients requiring high ESA doses. Phase 3 INNO2VATE trials in patients with dialysis-dependent CKD (DD-CKD) demonstrated vadadustat's noninferiority compared with darbepoetin alfa. To determine vadadustat's potential to treat anemia, including in patients requiring high ESA doses, its safety and efficacy were compared with those of darbepoetin alfa across prespecified baseline ESA dose subgroups in …

Conventional Versus Advanced Imaging Selection For Endovascular Treatment Of Basilar Artery Occlusion Strokes, Huanwen Chen, Marco Colasurdo, Hidetoshi Matsukawa, Conor Cunningham, Ilko Maier, Sami Al Kasab, Pascal Jabbour, Joon-Tae Kim, Stacey Quintero Wolfe, Ansaar Rai, Robert M Starke, Marios-Nikos Psychogios, Edgar A Samaniego, Nitin Goyal, Shinichi Yoshimura, Hugo Cuellar, Jonathan A Grossberg, Ali Alawieh, Ali Alaraj, Mohamad Ezzeldin, Daniele G Romano, Omar Tanweer, Justin Mascitelli, Isabel Fragata, Adam Polifka, Fazeel Siddiqui, Joshua Osbun, Roberto Crosa, Charles Matouk, Min S Park, Michael R Levitt, Waleed Brinjikji, Mark Moss, Travis Dumont, Ergun Daglioglu, Richard Williamson, Pedro Navia, Reade De Leacy, Shakeel Chowdhry, David J Altschul, Alejandro M Spiotta, Peter Kan

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Introduction: Endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) is an effective treatment for basilar artery occlusion (BAO) stroke in select patients. While there is a growing body of literature suggesting that advanced imaging modalities such as computed tomography perfusion (CTP) and magnetic resonance (MR) may not be necessary for selecting anterior circulation large vessel occlusion stroke patients for EVT, whether advanced imaging may be superior to conventional imaging (non-contrast CT and CT angiography) in identifying good treatment candidates among BAO patients is less clear.

Patients and methods: This was a multicenter retrospective cohort study of BAO EVT patients treated from 2013 to 2022 in …

Astrocytic Sox9 Overexpression In Alzheimer’S Disease Mouse Models Promotes Aβ Plaque Phagocytosis And Preserves Cognitive Function, Dong-Joo Choi, Sanjana Murali, Wookbong Kwon, Junsung Woo, Eun-Ah Christine Song, Yeunjung Ko, Debosmita Sardar, Brittney Lozzi, Yi-Ting Cheng, Michael R Williamson, Teng-Wei Huang, Kaitlyn Sanchez, Joanna Jankowsky, Benjamin Deneen

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Astrocytes play essential roles in the brain, and their dysfunction is associated with nearly every form of neurological disease. Despite their ubiquity, knowledge of how astrocytes contribute to disease pathogenesis is incomplete; accordingly, harnessing their biology toward therapeutics remains a major challenge. Here we show that the transcription factor Sox9 plays a context-specific role in maintaining astrocyte function and circuit activity in the aging hippocampus and Alzheimer's disease (AD) models. We found that Sox9 overexpression in astrocytes in AD models clears existing amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and preserves cognitive function. Mechanistically, Sox9 promotes the phagocytosis of Aβ plaques by astrocytes …

The Role Of Hospitality In Neurosurgery, Yosef M Dastagirzada, Howard L Weiner

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Background: "Business, like life, is all about how you make people feel. It's that simple and it's that hard" says Danny Meyer, the restauranteur and CEO of the Union Square Hospitality Group in New York. Similarly, Maya Angelou famously said that people will never forget how you made them feel, though they may forget what you said or did. In neurosurgery, we are doing two things at once: something very technical and something very human. The core thesis of this hospitality philosophy is that whereas the technical aspect of our job is critically important, it represents 49% of our success. …

Efficacy And Safety Of Epcoritamab In Relapsed Or Refractory Large B-Cell Lymphoma: 3-Year Update From The Epcore Nhl-1 Trial, Yasmin H. Karimi, Chan Y. Cheah, Michael Roost Clausen, David Cunningham, Umar Farooq, Tatyana Feldman, Herve Ghesquieres, Wojciech Jurczak, Kim M. Linton, Tycel Phillips, Julie M. Vose, Won Seog Kim, Pegah Jafarinasabian, Barbara D'Angelo Månsson, David Soong, Andrew J. Steele, Zhu Li, Christian W. Eskelund, Martin Hutchings, Catherine Thieblemont

Journal Articles: Oncology and Hematology

Epcoritamab, a CD3xCD20 bispecific antibody, resulted in deep, durable responses with a manageable safety profile in patients with relapsed/refractory large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL) in EPCORE^® NHL-1 (NCT03625037). We report results from a 3-year follow-up. Adults with relapsed/refractory LBCL received epcoritamab until progressive disease or unacceptable toxicity. The primary endpoint was overall response rate (ORR). Median age was 64.0 years, 39% of patients received prior CAR T-cell treatment, and 75% were refractory to ≥ 2 consecutive lines of treatment. As of May 3, 2024 (median follow-up 37.1 months [range, 0.3-45.5]), ORR was 59% and complete response (CR) rate …

Persistence Of Pet Scan Positivity After Chemoimmunotherapy For Dlbcl, James O. Armitage, Matthew A. Lunning, Julie M. Vose, Dan L. Longo

Journal Articles: Oncology and Hematology

Approximately 80% of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma achieve a complete response after chemoimmunotherapy as defined by positron emission tomography (PET) scan. However, not all patients who fail to achieve a metabolic complete response are destined to relapse. In a number of these patients, the PET scan is falsely positive (ie, 20%-40% in several large series), particularly when the PET scan has a Deauville score of 4. Reflexively intervening with salvage systemic therapy or radiotherapy in these patients is potentially harmful. It seems that very sensitive measurements of circulating tumor DNA might be able to differentiate between patients who …

Lisocabtagene Maraleucel Combined With Ibrutinib In R/R Cll Or Sll: Primary Results From Transcend Cll 004, William G. Wierda, Kathleen A. Dorritie, Jordan Gauthier, Rajneesh Nath, Thomas J. Kipps, Peter A. Riedell, Herbert A. Eradat, Saad S. Kenderian, Mohamed A. Kharfan-Dabaja, Nirav N. Shah, Scott R. Solomon, Deborah M. Stephens, Daniel A. Ermann, Jon E. Arnason, Abhinav Deol, Tatyana A. Feldman, Charalambos Babis Andreadis, Monalisa Ghosh, Shuo Ma, Stephen J. Schuster, Usama Gergis, Julie M. Vose, Jacob D. Soumerai, Koen Van Besien, Sherilyn A. Tuazon, Serena K. Perna, San-San Ou, Revathi Ananthakrishnan, Neha Rane, Eniko Papp, Sahar Ansari, Ethan G. Thompson, Abood Okal, Leanne Peiser, Yizhe Chen, Sanhita Sengupta, Pradipta Ranjan Ray, Jixian Wang, Tanya Siddiqi

Journal Articles: Oncology and Hematology

Patients in the liso-cel plus ibrutinib cohort of the phase 1/2, open-label TRANSCEND CLL 004 study had relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)/small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) and received liso-cel (50×106 [dose level (DL)1] or 100×106 [DL2] chimeric antigen receptor-positive T cells) with concurrent ibrutinib from enrollment through 90 days after liso-cel infusion or longer per investigator discretion. Primary end point was complete response/remission (CR)/CR with incomplete marrow recovery (CRi) by investigator assessment. Among 56 patients who received ibrutinib plus liso-cel (DL1, n=5; DL2, n=51), median (range) age was 64.5 years (44‒77), 98% had high-risk cytogenetics, 55% had progression on Bruton tyrosine …

Combination Therapy With 308-Nm Excimer Laser, Compound Glycyrrhizin, And Tacrolimus For Pediatric Facial And Cervical Vitiligo, Yingying Qian, Yafen Wu, Wei Li, Qian Chen, Siyuan Song, Ting Zhang

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Background: Vitiligo is a common acquired depigmenting disorder in pediatric dermatology. Facial and cervical involvement is particularly distressing due to cosmetic disfigurement, leading to psychosocial impairment in children and significant psychological burden for parents. Safe and effective treatment strategies to halt disease progression and promote repigmentation are urgently needed.

Objective: To evaluate the clinical efficacy, onset of repigmentation, safety, and repigmentation patterns of 308-nm excimer laser combined with oral compound glycyrrhizin and topical 0.03% tacrolimus in children with facial and cervical vitiligo.

Methods: A total of 112 pediatric patients were randomized into two groups: treatment group (n=56, 86 lesions) received …

A Comparative Analysis Of The Sport Mental Health Assessment Tool (Smhat-1) Between Paediatric And Adult Olympic And Paralympic Athletes, Ashley N Triplett, Travis Anderson, Eric G Post, Jessica Bartley, Jeffrey S Shilt, Eric L Dugan, Amber Donaldson, Jonathan Finnoff, William M Adams

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Objective: To determine if paediatric athletes exhibit differences in positive screenings on the Sport Mental Health Assessment Tool (SMHAT-1) compared with adults.

Methods: Team USA Olympic and Paralympic paediatric athletes ≤21 years (n=589; 58.8% female; age=19.5±1.7 years) completed the SMHAT-1 between January 2021 and September 2024. A comparative sample of Team USA adult athletes (n=493, 54.2% female; age=27.3±4.9 years) matched for sex and sport was randomly sampled, and the percentage of athletes with a positive screening on each questionnaire was calculated. χ2 analysis compared the proportion of positive screenings between paediatric and adult samples. Piecewise linear regression assessed the association …

The Lived Experience Of Pediatric Pain Management: Insights From Families And Providers, Samrithaa Balakrishnan, Annesha Dey, Aarti Bavare, Paul Checchia, Katherine Shwetz, Natasha Afonso

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Pain represents a subjective experience that manifests with emotional and physical discomfort. In pediatric care, pain management is especially complex due to communicative limitations, which creates a unique point of entry for parents to contribute to their child's treatment process. In this study, we explored whether families' perceptions of their child's pain and preferences for treatment were aligned with healthcare providers' pain management decisions. Using narrative-informed techniques in interviews with families and healthcare providers in pediatric care settings, we analyzed areas of concordance and discordance in pain assessment and treatment priorities. Our findings show that trust is built over time …

Facts, Policy, And Discretion, F. Andrew Hessick, Carissa Byrne Hessick

Faculty Publications

Presidents, prosecutors, and judges often announce policies on how they will make discretionary decisions. These policies have met the criticism that discretion must be the product of an assessment of the particular facts of a case. Decisionmakers cannot base discretionary decisions on policy considerations, nor can they adopt policies stating how they intend to exercise their discretion. To do so, the argument goes, does not constitute an exercise of discretion, but rather an abdication of it.

This Article argues that this criticism misunderstands discretion. Discretionary decisions must rest on reasons, and reasons necessarily appeal to principles and policies that are …

Limits On Damages For Breach Of A Forum Selection Clause, John F. Coyle, Tanya Monestier

Faculty Publications

When a plaintiff sues in a court other than the one designated in a forum selection clause, the defendant’s remedial options are limited. It can ask the court to dismiss the case outright. Or it can ask the court to transfer the case to the designated forum. The defendant typically cannot, however, recover money damages—in the form of attorneys’ fees and related expenses—that it incurs in the course of persuading the court that transfer or dismissal is appropriate. This is because the conventional wisdom among judges has long been that damages are not available for breach of a forum selection …

Gendered Words And Patent Grant Rates: A Textual Analysis, Deborah R. Gerhardt, Miriam Marcowitz-Bitton, W. Michael Schuster, Avshalom Elmalech, Omri Suissa, Moshe Mash

Faculty Publications

Text is a vehicle to convey information that reflects the writer’s linguistic style and communication patterns. By studying these attributes, we can discover latent insights about the author and their underlying message. This article uses such an approach to better understand patent applications and their inventors.

While prior research focuses on patent metadata (i.e., filing year or gendered inventor names), we employ machine learning and natural language processing to extract hidden information from the words in patent applications. Through these methods, we find that inventor gender can often be identified from textual attributes—even without knowing the inventor’s name. This ability …

Health Care Fraud And The End Of Chevron, Joan H. Krause

Faculty Publications

What do the Environmental Protection Agency’s “plantwide” definition of a “stationary” pollution source,” a National Marine Fisheries Service determination of who pays for fishing boat observers, and a Department of Health and Human Services rule governing the marketing of prescription drugs have in common? In short, a government agency’s interpretation of a federal statute. All three cases go to the heart of the administrative state: the ability of an agency, staffed by experts in the field, to interpret static statutory language to offer practical guidance to an ever-evolving industry.

The same is true of health care fraud, although it is …

Desperation Finance: Merchant Cash Advances In Bankruptcy And Beyond, Kara J. Bruce

Faculty Publications

Over the last several years, Merchant Cash Advances (“MCAs”) have risen in prominence as a form of short-term financing for distressed small businesses. MCA transactions are distinct from most small-business lending because they are not structured as loans at all. Rather, in exchange for a lump sum of cash, the merchant purports to sell to the funder an unidentified percentage of its future receipts or receivables. This structure allows funders to sidestep the application of lending regulations and usury protections, but it strains the foundations of commercial law and generates a host of interpretive challenges.

Bankruptcy, district, and circuit courts …