Digital Commons Network^™

Load-Settlement Behaviour Of Tailings Dam Foundation Strengthened Using The Wraparound Geosynthetic Reinforcement Technique, Francis Otieno, Sanjay Kumar Shukla

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

This paper presents a numerical investigation of the load–settlement behaviour of a geosynthetic-reinforced tailings foundation comprised of gold tailings, subjected to the weight of a tailings dam embankment. The study considered varying conditions, including the horizontal and vertical components of the wraparound reinforcement, reinforcement burial depth, and shear strength parameters of the foundation material. A particular focus of this study is to investigate the effect of reinforcement wraparound ends on the settlement behaviour of the foundation using commercially available finite element (FE) software. The reinforcement is a single-layer biaxial woven geotextile, with and without wraparound ends, at varying depths from …

The Ecology Of Hope: Building Rainbows In Education Systems, Jennifer Achari

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Hope is frequently invoked in education, yet rarely theorised. Where it has been theorised, it has been understood in two largely separate ways: as an individual psychological capacity, in the positive-psychology tradition and as a critical-emancipatory stance, in the pedagogy of hope. This article proposes a third: a theory, the ecology of hope, that locates hope not in the individual alone but in the relationship between a person and the systems that surround them. Bringing the cognitive psychology of hope into dialogue with ecological systems theory, the social-ecological account of resilience, and utopian methodology, in which a better society is …

Baseline Body Mass Index Category And Incident Treated Hypertension In Australian Men: A Linked Prospective Cohort Study Using Pbs/Mbs Data, Ebenezer Afrifa-Yamoah

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Background: Excess adiposity is a major modifiable risk factor for hypertension; however, the incremental prognostic value of body mass index (BMI) beyond standard predictors remains unclear. We examined the associations between baseline BMI category and incident treated hypertension, and assessed whether BMI improved risk prediction.

Methods: Data were obtained from the Ten to Men longitudinal study (2013–2024) linked to Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) and Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS) records. The cohort comprised 12,742 men aged ≥ 18 years without treated hypertension at baseline, followed for 133,038 person-years. Adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were fitted. Discrimination, calibration, decision curve analysis, E-values, …

Human Resource Development Practices And Employee-Focused Voice: A Conceptual Model And Research Agenda, Hossein Ali Abadi, Andreas Wallo, Daniel Lundqvist, Alan Coetzer, Janice Redmond

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Critical theorists contend HRD has prioritized managerial interests over employee well-being. Some have advocated an ethics of care approach, emphasizing employee needs and well-being. However, there are few models to guide research on integrating care-oriented practices. We adopt a mutual gains perspective, proposing that HRD practices can enhance performance and employee well-being through employee-focused voice. HRD has overlooked voice, which is well-theorized in HRM. To address this gap, we conceptualize how key practices can foster employee-focused voice. We adapt and extend Nishii and Wright’s (2008) HR process model, integrate leadership styles, and develop propositions to guide studies on facilitating voice.

Rrto: A High-Performance Transparent Offloading System For Model Inference In Mobile Edge Computing, Zekai Sun, Xiuxian Guan, Zheng Lin, Yuhao Qing, Haoze Song, Zihan Fang, Zhe Chen, Fangming Liu, Heming Cui, Wei Ni, Jun Luo

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Deploying Machine Learning (ML) applications on resource-constrained mobile devices remains challenging due to limited computational resources and poor platform compatibility. While Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) offers an offloading-based inference paradigm using GPU servers, existing approaches can be divided into non-transparent and transparent methods, with the former necessitating source-code modifications. Non-transparent offloading achieves high performance but requires intrusive code changes, limiting compatibility with diverse applications. Transparent offloading, in contrast, offers wide compatibility but introduces two challenges: performance degradation under MEC's low and fluctuating bandwidth, where per-operator remote procedure calls (RPCs) inflate end-to-end latency and energy consumption; and black-box logic reconstruction, which …

Effects Of Immediate Skin-To-Skin Contact In Preterm Infants In High-Resource Settings: A Systematic Review, Victoria Rettedal, Siren Rettedal, Maren Johanne Heilskov Rytter, Linea Grothe Larsen, Frederikke Buskov, Evalotte Mörelius, Katrin Mehler, Karoline Lode-Kolz

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Aim: A landmark trial published in 2021 demonstrated a 25% reduction in neonatal mortality when comparing immediate skin-to-skin contact (iSSC) to conventional care in infants with birthweight 1–1.8 kg in low- and middle-resource settings. New evidence from randomised clinical trials on iSSC in high-resource settings has recently become available. This systematic review aimed to evaluate evidence for immediate/early SSC, defined as initiated within 1 h after birth, versus conventional care in inborn preterm infants in high-resource settings.

Methods: Ten electronic databases, including PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane CENTRAL, from 2000 until February 2026, were searched. Randomised clinical trials comparing iSSC to …

Shared Stories, Diverse Settings: A Podcast Analysis Of Stakeholder Experiences In Rural, Remote, And International Professional Experience, Marnie Harris, Narelle Lemon

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

This study explores the experiences and perspectives of individuals involved in rural, remote, and international professional experience, with a particular focus on the support provided to pre-service teachers. Drawing on data generated through a series of in-depth podcast interviews, the research foregrounds the relational and contextual dimensions of teacher preparation across rural, remote, and international settings. Rural and remote communities face ongoing challenges in attracting and retaining teachers; therefore, this study explored the vital role that partnerships and supportive networks play in preparing pre-service teachers to succeed in these and other unfamiliar professional experience contexts. Through thematic analysis, the research …

Pain In People With Dementia Is A Significant Contributor To Increased Professional Caregiver Burden: Results Of An Observation Study, Kreshnik Hoti, Ipsit Vahia, Paola Chivers, Jeffery Hughes

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Aim: To investigate the association between the presence of neuropsychological symptoms, professional caregiver burden and pain intensity.

Methods: Eleven neuropsychiatric symptoms reportedly associated with caregiver burden which are included within the PainChek® pain assessment tool were identified: aggressiveness, inappropriate behavior, distressed, verbally offensive, confusion, restlessness, pacing and wandering, crying, screaming, altered sleep and resisting care. A caregiver burden score based on binary scoring of the presence of these indicators was calculated (summative score range from 0 to 11). Generalized estimating equations were used to evaluate the relationships between (1) pain score and sum of caregiver indicators present and (2) pain …

Combined Effect Of Porosity And Pore-Size Heterogeneity On Young’S Modulus Of Chemically Corroded Rocks, Hao Li, Zhenjiang You, Leo Pel, David Smeulders

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Young’s modulus is a critical parameter for evaluating the stability of rock reservoirs, such as CO₂ geological storage. These reservoirs are exposed to chemically corrosions, which alter the pore structure, particularly porosity and pore size heterogeneity, thereby affecting Young’s modulus. This study conducted multiscale experiments to investigate how acid-driven chemical corrosion affects pore structure and its relationship with the Young’s modulus of rocks. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) was used to characterize pore structure evolution, while corrosion mechanisms were examined via mass loss, XRD, pH monitoring, and ion chromatography. Based on the experimental results, a Kinetic Weibull Modulus (KWM) model was …

Decoupling Sustainability And Performance: How Government Infrastructure Projects In Australia Fare On Strategic Environmental Commitments, Richard Hughes, Kerry Brown

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Australian government organisations are pivotal in helping to meet the United Nations sustainable development goals. Yet while these organisations promote sustainability in their strategic plans, they struggle to embed these same commitments into their own infrastructure and construction projects. This study examines this persistent disconnect using the lens of strategic decoupling, which explains how organisations symbolically align with external expectations while internal practices remain unchanged. Using a two-stage qualitative design, we conducted a positivist discourse analysis of strategic artefacts from six government organisations and a theoretically informed interpretivist analysis of 30 interviews with project professionals, framed by strong structuration theory. …

Factors That Impede Women's Contraceptive Care Needs During And Immediately After Incarceration In New South Wales, Australian. Qualitative Perspectives Of Professional Staff Working With Incarcerated Women, Helene Smith, Mandy Wilson, Basil Donovan, Jocelyn Jones, Tony Butler, Paul Simpson

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Introduction: Women with a history of incarceration report higher rates of pregnancy and abortion, lower contraception use and poorer birth outcomes compared to other women in the community. This suggests family-planning and reproductive-health needs that are not well served by current models of care. Despite this, little is known about how contraception is provided within Australian carceral settings, or the structural barriers experienced by professional staff working in these environments. We report findings from a qualitative study conducted in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, describing professional staff's views of factors that support or impede women's contraceptive care needs both during …

Acute Effects Of Re-Warm-Up On Physical Performance, Muscle Temperature, And Perceived Exertion In Basketball Players: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis With Individual Participant Data, Yu Feng Yang, Enrique Flórez-Gil, Christos Koutsouridis, Yu Ming Zhong, Nuno Mateus, Eduardo Abade, Ching Feng Cheng, Mengde Lyu, Kai Xu

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Objectives: (1) the acute effects of RWU on physical performance, body temperature (BT), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) in basketball players; and (2) individual-level performance improvements across different RWU methods.

Methods: Three databases were searched for RWU studies in basketball players. An individual participant data meta-analysis was conducted using a two-stage approach with multilevel models, including adjustments for small sample sizes. Effect sizes were expressed as standardized mean changes (SMC) for within-group comparisons and standardized mean differences (SMD) for between-group comparisons.

Results: Seven studies (n = 82; 35 females, 47 males) were included, with individual raw data obtained from …

Fostering Student Innovation Through Entrepreneurship Education: The Roles Of Alertness, Proactivity, And University Support, Emmanuel Mensah Kparl

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Although widely studied, the way entrepreneurship education drives innovative behavior in resource-limited contexts is still unclear. While prior research has explored its influence on entrepreneurial intention, few studies have examined how individual traits and institutional contexts shape the link between education and innovation. Drawing on Entrepreneurial Alertness Theory and Social Cognitive Theory, this study investigates how entrepreneurship education influences innovative behavior through the cognitive pathway of entrepreneurial alertness and the dispositional factor of proactive personality. It also examines how university support strengthens these relationships. A three-phase survey design was employed among 718 undergraduate students, using structural equation modeling for analysis. …

Beyond Coding: Balancing Interpretive Depth And Rigour In Ethnographic Data Analysis, Thi Ngoc Minh Nguyen, Gordana Dermody, Rosemary Saunders, Lisa Whitehead

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Aim: To present a refined approach to analysing ethnographic data that preserves the distinctiveness of ethnography while ensuring it meets contemporary expectations of methodological rigour.

Design: Methodological discussion paper.

Data Sources: The approach draws on established ethnographic scholarship and is guided by Wolcott's framework for transforming qualitative data through three interrelated stages: description, analysis and interpretation. A practical application is illustrated through a focused ethnography exploring how older Vietnam-born Australians understand and manage chronic disease.

Implications for Nursing Practice: Focused ethnography has become increasingly popular in nursing research as it reflects the dual nature of the profession: striving to generate …

It's The Most Diverse Job I’Ve Ever Had: What Do Registered Nurses Working In Australian Schools Do?, Anita Moyes

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Although nurses have been working in Australian schools for many decades, research has focused primarily on narrow aspects of clinical practice or service delivery in specific regions. The aim of this study was to identify the domains of practice registered nurses report in a typical working day in Australian schools, using interview data from a national sample. Forty-five nurses working in government and nongovernment schools in every state and territory of Australia participated. Interviews were analyzed using inductive content analysis ( Elo & Kyngas, 2008). Six distinct domains of practice characterized nursing work in Australian schools: (i) responding to diverse …

Towards The Acoustic Characterisation Of Ngilgi Cave's Amphitheatre Chamber In Western Australia, Mary Rapp, Manuj Yadav, John Bassett

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Ngilgi Cave, Western Australia’s first show cave and a site of Wardandi custodianship for tens of thousands of years, has long been celebrated for its “remarkable acoustics”. This reputation is anchored in the early twentieth-century anecdote of Dame Nellie Melba singing in its Amphitheatre chamber. This paper presents a quantitative acoustic characterisation of that chamber using in situ measurements within a nominal 2500 m3 interconnected limestone volume with dense speleothem surfaces. Room acoustic parameters were measured as per ISO 3382–1 across four receiver positions spanning 1–15 m from the source. Spatially-averaged mid-frequency Reverberation Time was 1.2 s, Early Decay Time …

Restricting Outdoor Advertising Of Unhealthy Food: Feasibility Of Using A Nutrition Classification System In Australia, Claire E. Pulker, Frith Klug, Georgina S.A. Trapp, Ainslie Sartori, Michelle Mcintosh, Alexia Bivoltsis, Catrina Mcstay, Clare Whitton

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Objective: Exposure to food advertising is associated with consumption. Globally, most outdoor food advertisements feature unhealthy foods or beverages. As Australian local government areas (LGAs) begin developing restriction policies, the feasibility of applying nutrient-based Nutrition Classification Systems to outdoor advertising requires evaluation.

Design: Observational study on 1) types of food business advertisements outdoors and 2) availability of quantitative nutrition and/or ingredient information for featured products. 178 outdoor advertisements were analysed, from a 500m audit around schools in 16 stratified LGAs (2019), along with bus shelter audits in four LGAs (2022). Advertisements were categorised as featuring ‘branded packaged products’, ‘food service …

When Does The Peak Countermovement Jump Performance Occur? Mapping Peak-Trial Timing Across Six Clustered Repetitions, Karol Kruczek, Szymon Karpęcki, Tim Gabbett, Jason Lake, Michał Nowak

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Force-plate countermovement jump (CMJ) testing is widely used to assess neuromuscular status, yet monitoring interpretation often relies on best-trial values from abbreviated protocols, potentially biasing conclusions when the session maximum occurs beyond the sampled attempts. We mapped peak-trial timing across a six-trial clustered (3 + 3) CMJ protocol for seven outcome and strategy force–time metrics, and tested whether this peak-trial pattern was preserved between personal best (PB) and typical state (TS) monitoring sessions, both defined using modified reactive strength index (mRSI) as the primary selection variable. Retrospective dual-force-plate data (1000 Hz; August 2020–December 2025) were analysed from 314 athletes who …

Multi-Scale Sensor-Aware Variational Autoencoders For Adaptive Iot Security: Integrating Drift Calibration And Cyberattack Detection, Md Kamal Hossain, Iftekhar Ahmad, Daryoush Habibi

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Existing approaches to Industrial Internet of Things (IoT) anomaly detection treat sensor drift calibration and cyberattack detection as separate problems, overlooking their strong interdependence and the compound failure modes that arise when drift dynamics are exploited by stealthy adversaries. Industrial Internet of IoT sensor networks therefore require a unified framework that jointly models both phenomena. This paper proposes the first unified multi-scale sensor-aware variational autoencoder (MS-VAE) framework that jointly models sensor drift and malicious activity within shared latent representations, enabling integrated calibration and security monitoring. The framework introduces three key components: (i) a multi-scale latent architecture that captures short-term anomalies …

Healthcare Professionals’ Perspectives On Implementing Postoperative Care Alongside Phase 1 Cardiac Rehabilitation: A Descriptive Qualitative Study, Dima Nasrawi, Sharon Latimer, Debbie Massey, Brigid M. Gillespie

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Background: Following Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) surgery, Healthcare Professionals (HCPs) implement postoperative patient care alongside Phase 1 Cardiac Rehabilitation (CR). Yet, HCPs’ experiences, including enablers and barriers to the implementation of postoperative care alongside Phase 1 CR, are largely unknown. This study aimed to explore HCPs’ perceptions of implementing postoperative care alongside Phase 1 CR, including assessing patient engagement, following CABG surgery.

Design: A qualitative study was undertaken using semi-structured interviews with 10 HCPs in a cardiothoracic unit at a large Australian tertiary hospital. Interview questions were underpinned by the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF). Using purposive sampling, HCPs (registered …

Community Attitudes Towards Voluntary Assisted Dying: Beyond Endorsed Eligibilities, Eyal Gringart, Craig Phillips, Deirdre Drake

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Voluntary assisted dying (VAD) has been established across seven of Australia’s eight states and territories, yet empirical research on public attitudes remains limited. The current study examined Australians’ attitudes towards VAD. A cross-sectional online survey assessed affective, behavioural, and cognitive components, as well as overall attitudes, with 704 Australian adults. Attitudes were broadly supportive of VAD but conditional. Most participants endorsed end-of-life choices, legalisation of VAD, and access to VAD in cases of physical illness, and opposed availability for those with mental illness, and existential suffering. Participants with religious affiliations held significantly less favourable attitudes. Females and those with experience …

Influence Of Rice Hull Biochar And Cedar Bark Media On Strawberry Productivity And Carbon Sequestration Potential In Hydroponic Systems, Sakalya Rajapakse, Munehiro Tanaka

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

This study evaluated the influence of rice hull biochar (RHB) and cedar bark media (CBM) as sustainable substrates for hydroponic strawberry cultivation. The total yield from virgin CBM was 413 g/plant and that from virgin RHB was 354 g/plant. Used CBM increased the yield by 4 % (429 g/plant) while used RHB increased yield by 18 % (419 g/plant) compared to the virgin, with no significant substrate differences. Fruit yields and physical properties were strongly correlated, particularly with particle density (R2 = 0.573). After 7 years of cultivation, plant residues had accumulated in both substrates. Uncarbonized carbohydrates in RHB indicated …

Crafting The Inspirational Teacher: Governing Through Affect As Policy Response To Teacher Recruitment In Australia, Saul Karnovsky, Brad Gobby, George Variyan, Andrew W. Wilkins, Antonio Olmedo

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

As policymakers address a teacher attrition crisis, this paper examines how the Australian policy response mobilises affect to address and manage teacher recruitment. Drawing on affect theory and governmentality, we analyse a case study–the Australian Government’s Be That Teacher campaign–as a policy instrument that seeks to cultivate among would-be-teachers desirable feelings and aspirations aligned with state priorities. Our analysis shows how a sentimental and idealised figure of the ‘inspirational’ teacher is mobilised as a form of affective governmentality through two interconnected dynamics: (1) the construction of teaching as emotionally fulfilling and morally meaningful work through narratives of inspiration, care, and …

Nothing Else Matters: Why Relationships May Be Key To Establishing Healthy Eating Behaviours In Young Children, Therese A. O’Sullivan, Kathryn G. Di Candilo

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Food is more than its nutritional components. It brings people together, and connects us to family, culture, and heritage. The development of eating habits and relationships with food begins in infancy and continues across the lifespan. Echoing the theme of Metallica’s 72 Seasons, which was being toured in Australia when this work was presented, experiences during the early years may shape later patterns of behaviour and identity. This can include mindsets around food and eating. This review aims to explore how early life parent/caregiver feeding practices may impact this development of children’s eating behaviours. A respectful and responsive approach to …

From Gameful Affordances To Lasting Engagement: Deepening Customer-Brand Connections In Mobile Environments, Tripti Ghosh Sharma, Ankit Kesharwani, Preeti Tak, Sanjit K. Roy, Ameet Pandit

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine how gamification affordances embedded in m-commerce platforms influence gameful experiences (GX) and, in turn, sustained user engagement (SUE). It also explores how customer expertise moderates the GX–SUE relationship, addressing the need for more nuanced models that explain differential user responses to gamified digital environments.

Design/methodology/approach: Grounded in affordance theory, this study models four gamification affordances (achievement, identity, competition and self-expression), and their effects on six GX dimensions. Next, drawing from self-determination theory, the study tests the impact of these six dimensions on sustained user engagement. Finally, rooted in goal orientation theory, …

Mental Health Impacts Of Anti-Trans Stigma On Transgender People In Australia: A Mixed-Methods Study, Sav Zwickl, Sasha Bailey, Rin Chan, Shalem Y. Leemaqz, Joel Murray, Stevie Lane, Foster Skewis, Julian Grace, Eli Ward-Smith, Tomi Ruggles, Ada S. Cheung

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Background: Anti-trans stigma has escalated globally, yet there is limited empirical evidence examining its mental health impacts on trans populations.

Methods: In a May 2024 mixed-methods cross-sectional online survey, trans people aged ≥16 years living in Australia reported the frequency of seven anti-trans stigma experiences in the previous month, including exposure to anti-trans remarks in the news media or online; personal experience of online bullying, harassment or threats; having thought about, seen or heard about anti-trans rhetoric by Australian politicians and high-profile individuals; or anti-trans rallies; or police violence; or international anti-trans legislation and violence. Generalized linear models examined associations …

Fostering Authentic Corporate Social Responsibility Through Place-Based And Relational Methodologies In Mining Governance: A Global Synthesis, Mehran Nejati, Eduardo Ordonez-Ponce, Rumen Rachev, Belen Lopez Vazquez

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Purpose: As the global economy shifts towards low-carbon development, sustainable mining practices are becoming increasingly vital for balancing resource extraction with environmental and social responsibilities. This study aims to critically evaluate how traditional corporate social responsibility (CSR) frameworks fall short in addressing power asymmetries and territorial impacts, and to explore how place-based and relational methodologies can foster authentic corporate social responsibility (ACSR) in mining governance.

Design/methodology/approach: This review synthesises findings from 77 peer-reviewed studies published between 2015 and 2025, covering diverse global mining contexts. The analysis identifies transformative themes through a qualitative meta-synthesis approach, focusing on governance practices that empower …

Governing Professional Mobility: An Llm-Assisted Framework And Empirical Taxonomy Of Health-Professional Mobility Agreements, David C. Benton, Andrew D. Benton

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Background: Health-professional mobility agreements (eg, compacts, mutual recognition arrangements, memoranda of understanding) are increasingly used to address workforce shortages, support crossborder practice, and enable new technology-mediated modes of service delivery. Regulators need rapid, reproducible ways to assess whether such instruments protect the public while facilitating proportionate professional mobility.

Purpose: To develop and internally test a 10-dimension, 41-subdimension assessment framework for health-professional mobility agreements; examine whether large language model (LLM)–assisted coding can approximate expert legal regulatory assessment; and derive an empirical taxonomy of mobility and other similar instruments.

Methods: A focused documentary synthesis of legal instruments, academic literature, and intergovernmental guidance …

Invertivore Fish Predation Is An Overlooked Source Of Carbonate Sediment On A Turbid Coral Reef, Jake L. Nilsen, Nicola K. Browne, Kyle M. Morgan, Joshua L. Bonesso, Dylan Benson, Shannon Dee, Michael J. O’Leary, Lisa A. Kirkendale, Peter U. Middelfart, Michael V.W. Cuttler, Jennifer L. Mcilwain

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

The geomorphic stability of coral reef islands depends on a continued supply of biologically derived sediment from reefs. However, the ecological processes that produce detrital sediment remain poorly resolved. The role of fishes as sediment producers has largely focused on coral sand generated by parrotfishes (Labridae: Scarinae) in clear-water settings, while the contribution of other groups, such as durophagous invertivores, remains poorly understood. Here, we quantify the contribution of invertivores to carbonate sediments at an inshore reef in the Exmouth Gulf, Western Australia, by combining fish census data and dietary analysis, coupled with taphonomic and compositional analysis of benthic sediments. …

Modifiable Risk Factors And Hearing Loss: The National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2020, Yulu Zheng, Tingting Li, Zhiyuan Wu, Yahong Zhu, Zheng Guo, Xingang Li

Research outputs 2022 to 2026

Objective: To explore the associations between major modifiable risk factors and hearing loss.

Methods: This serial cross-sectional study was conducted within the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2020 in the United States. Associations were assessed using modified Poisson regression and within-sample population attributable fraction (PAF).

Results: Eight thousand seven hundred and seventy adults aged 40–85 years were included in the analyses, the mean (SD) age was 58.0 (11.7) years, with 4002 men (45.6%). Hearing loss was associated with low educational attainment with prevalence ratio 1.23, 95% confidence interval (1.15, 1.31); low income 1.11 (1.04, 1.19); diabetes 1.10 (1.03, 1.18); …