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2026

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Coral Reef Fishes In Different Hard And Soft Coral-Dominated Reef Habitats, Ana Coelho Jan 2026

Coral Reef Fishes In Different Hard And Soft Coral-Dominated Reef Habitats, Ana Coelho

School of Biological and Marine Sciences Theses

Understanding how fish communities respond to different coral habitats is essential for predicting the future resilience of coral reef ecosystems. This study tested whether fish assemblages differ between hard and soft coral–dominated reef plots and among coral genera. We predicted higher fish abundance and more frequent benthic interactions in hard coral plots, and genus-specific differences in community composition, behaviour, and time spent within plots. This study examined fish species diversity, richness, abundance, behaviour, and the time spent in coral habitats. The analysis encompassed seven coral genera in an Indo-Pacific reef system. Twenty 2 × 2 m reef areas, each dominated …

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Effects Of Salinity, Region, Site, And Cohort On Growth Traits Of The Black Mangrove, Avicennia Germinans, Bekki Foster Jan 2026

Effects Of Salinity, Region, Site, And Cohort On Growth Traits Of The Black Mangrove, Avicennia Germinans, Bekki Foster

School of Biological and Marine Sciences Theses

Mangroves are trees that are adapted to grow in saline or brackish environments, typically, in estuarine and coastal zones in tropical and subtropical areas. Their root complexity supports marine biodiversity by providing habitat and nursery grounds for fishes and their canopies serve as roosting and breeding sites for avian species. Additionally, roots facilitate nutrient capture through epibiont communities and trap suspended sediments, enhancing stability against high-energy weather and contributing to vertical accretion, potentially mitigating sea level rise. This study aimed to investigate how such factors as salinity, provenance, and genetic background, affect the above and below ground morphological traits of …

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Influence Of Ecological Transitions On The Evolution Of Circadian And Light Detection Genes In Squamates, Isobel Sleep Jan 2026

Influence Of Ecological Transitions On The Evolution Of Circadian And Light Detection Genes In Squamates, Isobel Sleep

School of Biological and Marine Sciences Theses

Circadian rhythms are self-sustaining, endogenous processes that align behaviour and physiology with daily environmental cycles. Rhythms are regulated by conserved genes forming transcriptional feedback loops and are entrained by environmental cues (e.g., light). Circadian systems are well studied in model organisms, their molecular evolution in squamates (lizards and snakes) remains less understood. Squamates represent the most species-rich reptile group with extensive ecological and sensory diversity, exhibiting multiple independent transitions across ecological niches, including repeated shifts into low-light environments (e.g., nocturnality, fossoriality), making them ideal for examining circadian and light-associated gene evolution. This study investigates how ecological transitions have influenced the …

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Large-Scale Coastal Dynamics: New Incites From Lidar And Satellite Remote Sensing, Aikaterini Konstantinou Jan 2026

Large-Scale Coastal Dynamics: New Incites From Lidar And Satellite Remote Sensing, Aikaterini Konstantinou

School of Biological and Marine Sciences Theses

This thesis leverages remote sensing methods to advance understanding of shoreline morphodynamics from storm to decadal timescales, focusing on three interrelated objectives. First, regional patterns and timescales of beach recovery following the extreme 2013/14 winter were quantified using bi-annual LiDAR and RTK-GNSS surveys of 23 south-west England sites. Recovery trajectories exhibited consistent patterns aligned with pre-existing storm response classifications, demonstrating that both storm response and post-storm recovery can be classified into four groups governed by intrinsic geomorphological and hydrodynamic controls. Almost 90% of sites had recovered at least 75% of lost sediment within three years, while some fully exposed beaches …

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Coping With Climate Change: The Role Of Plasticity Within And Across Generations, Caitlin Mcandry Jan 2026

Coping With Climate Change: The Role Of Plasticity Within And Across Generations, Caitlin Mcandry

School of Biological and Marine Sciences Theses

Climate change is leading to increased mean temperatures and more frequent and severe temperature anomalies, threatening organisms globally. Phenotypic plasticity, the ability of a given genotype to express different phenotypes in different environments, may offer a mechanism that allows organisms to temporarily persist in a rapidly changing environment, ultimately buying time for genetically based adaptations to evolve. Plasticity has been demonstrated both within and across generations, in response to different environmental stressors. However, our understanding of the interactive effects of plastic responses across levels of biological organisation, and over temporal scales from hours to generations, is still limited. Additionally, we …

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Trialing A Novel Method Of Skin Mucus Sampling To Measure Stress And Reproductive Steroid Hormones In Mobula Species Mobula Alfredi And Mobula Munkiana, Bethany Faulkner Jan 2026

Trialing A Novel Method Of Skin Mucus Sampling To Measure Stress And Reproductive Steroid Hormones In Mobula Species Mobula Alfredi And Mobula Munkiana, Bethany Faulkner

School of Biological and Marine Sciences Theses

Anthropogenic pressures, exacerbated by exceptionally slow population growth, have led to all mobulid species being listed on the IUCN Red List. Understanding stress and reproductive physiology is essential for improving mobulid conservation strategies. However, few studies have investigated the hormonal processes that underlie stress responses and reproductive physiology in mobulids. Studies on fish species have identified positive correlations between steroid hormone concentrations in blood and skin mucus, the collection of the latter being a much less invasive technique. This pilot study examined the feasibility of using skin mucus as a non-invasive matrix for detecting steroid hormones in two mobulid species. …

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Impacts Of Microplastics In A Changing Agri-Environment, Riley Kent Jan 2026

Impacts Of Microplastics In A Changing Agri-Environment, Riley Kent

School of Biological and Marine Sciences Theses

Microplastics are increasingly recognized as persistent contaminants in terrestrial ecosystems, yet their impacts on plant performance remain poorly understood under realistic environmental conditions. In natural and agricultural systems, plants rarely encounter contaminants in isolation, instead experiencing multiple interacting stressors. The work presented in this thesis investigated how soil microplastics influence plant growth and physiology both independently and in combination with freshwater flooding, a climate-relevant stressor associated with increased storm activity and shifts in precipitation patterns. Using white clover (Trifolium repens) as a model agronomic legume across multiple cultivars, the study examined how polymer identity, plant genotype, and environmental context interact …

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From Public To Policy How Jellyfish Data And Citizen Science Can Be Used For Biodiversity Management, John Terenzini Jan 2026

From Public To Policy How Jellyfish Data And Citizen Science Can Be Used For Biodiversity Management, John Terenzini

School of Biological and Marine Sciences Theses

Long term biodiversity data is necessary for detecting biological and ecological changes to marine ecosystems. The data can inform marine policy, yet data are often lacking for some species and traditional data collection approaches can be logistically challenging and expensive. Jellyfish are one taxon for which data are lacking, and data collection can be challenging due to their life history traits and the inherent challenges of marine research. This research aims to provide evidence for the importance of monitoring jellyfish, demonstrate the effectiveness of citizen science for monitoring jellyfish, and examine how jellyfish monitoring data can inform international frameworks. The …

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Who Seeks Help? Characteristics Of Doctors Accessing Mental Health Support In England: 4-Year National Review, Rohit Shankar Jan 2026

Who Seeks Help? Characteristics Of Doctors Accessing Mental Health Support In England: 4-Year National Review, Rohit Shankar

Peninsula Medical School

BackgroundMental health difficulties affect the well-being of doctors and compromise the delivery of healthcare. However, large-scale data on doctors’ mental health needs are limited.AimsDescribe patterns of self-referrals for mental health support among doctors in England and explore associations with demographic factors, speciality, neurodevelopmental and mental health indicators.MethodObservational study using data from doctors who self-referred for mental health difficulties to a national service in England over a 4-year period. Logistic regression was used to explore associations between speciality and mental health indicators.ResultsOf the 16 815 doctors who self-referred during the study period, 80% were under the age of 49 and 70.6% …

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Does In-Bed Cycling Delivered Within 48 Hours Of Mechanical Ventilation, Reduce The Occurrence Of Delirium In Critically Ill Patients: A Mixed-Methods Feasibility Randomised Controlled Trial Protocol, Jacqueline Bennion, Mark Hudson, Mary Hickson, Victoria Allgar, Bridie Kent, David Mcwilliams, Daniel Martin Jan 2026

Does In-Bed Cycling Delivered Within 48 Hours Of Mechanical Ventilation, Reduce The Occurrence Of Delirium In Critically Ill Patients: A Mixed-Methods Feasibility Randomised Controlled Trial Protocol, Jacqueline Bennion, Mark Hudson, Mary Hickson, Victoria Allgar, Bridie Kent, David Mcwilliams, Daniel Martin

Peninsula Medical School

Background: Delirium is a severe neuropsychiatric clinical state presenting as an acute onset of cognitive deficits. Patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), have the highest incidence (50%–80%) of delirium amongst patients admitted to intensive care units. Preliminary data indicates that early mobilisation is associated with reduced delirium in critically ill patients. However, definitive evidence is lacking. Current practice varies due to many barriers to patients, who require IMV, receiving early mobilisation interventions. In-bed cycling may address some of these barriers. This research aims to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of early in-bed cycling to reduce delirium in critically ill patients. …

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The Effectiveness Of Digital Therapeutics Intervention In Oral Anticoagulation Management: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis, Jiayue Guo, Lili You, Lu Liu, Xitong Jiao, Debasish Kar, Jitendra Jonnagaddala Jan 2026

The Effectiveness Of Digital Therapeutics Intervention In Oral Anticoagulation Management: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis, Jiayue Guo, Lili You, Lu Liu, Xitong Jiao, Debasish Kar, Jitendra Jonnagaddala

Peninsula Medical School

Objective: To summarize the key intervention characteristics and evaluate the effectivenessand safety of digital therapeutics (DTx) in patients receiving oral anticoagulation, witheffectiveness evaluated using time in therapeutic range (TTR), thromboembolic events (TEE),and mortality, and safety evaluated based on bleeding events.Patients and Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the CochraneLibrary from inception to June 20, 2025, and identified ten randomized controlled trialsinvolving 7,237 patients. The criteria required studies to assess software-based DTxsupporting anticoagulation management and report effectiveness or safety outcomes. Studyquality was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development,and Evaluation (GRADE) framework, and random-effects models were applied.Results: …

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Microbial Collagenase Activity Is Linked To Oral–Gut Translocation In Advanced Chronic Liver Disease, Shen Jin, Aurelie Cenier, Daniela Wetzel, Bethlehem Arefaine, Mar Moreno-Gonzalez, Marilena Stamouli, Merianne Mohamad, Mariia Lupatsii, Emilio Ríos, Sunjae Lee, Ane Zamalloa, Shilpa Chokshi, Adil Mardinoglu, Saeed Shoaie, Naiara Beraza, Vishal C. Patel, Melanie Schirmer Jan 2026

Microbial Collagenase Activity Is Linked To Oral–Gut Translocation In Advanced Chronic Liver Disease, Shen Jin, Aurelie Cenier, Daniela Wetzel, Bethlehem Arefaine, Mar Moreno-Gonzalez, Marilena Stamouli, Merianne Mohamad, Mariia Lupatsii, Emilio Ríos, Sunjae Lee, Ane Zamalloa, Shilpa Chokshi, Adil Mardinoglu, Saeed Shoaie, Naiara Beraza, Vishal C. Patel, Melanie Schirmer

Peninsula Medical School

Microbiome perturbations are associated with advanced chronic liver disease (ACLD), but how microorganisms contribute to disease mechanisms is unclear. Here we analysed metagenomes of paired saliva and faecal samples from an ACLD cohort of 86 individuals, plus 2 control groups of 52 healthy individuals and 14 patients with sepsis. We identified highly similar oral and gut bacterial strains, including Veillonella and Streptococcus spp., which increased in absolute abundance in the gut of patients with ACLD compared with controls. These microbial translocators uniquely share a prtC gene encoding a collagenase-like proteinase, and its faecal abundance was a robust ACLD biomarker (area …

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Patient And Practitioner Workshops For An Intellectual Disabilities And Epilepsy Neuropsychiatric Genetic Research Database Register: Ethical Dilemmas For Study Design, Rohit Shankar, Jon Allard, Dannielle Bilkey, Brendan Mclean, Pamela Bowman, Chloe Staples, Lance Watkins, Anna Simpson, Elizabeth Boardman, Sarah Mitchell, Sarah Lennard Jan 2026

Patient And Practitioner Workshops For An Intellectual Disabilities And Epilepsy Neuropsychiatric Genetic Research Database Register: Ethical Dilemmas For Study Design, Rohit Shankar, Jon Allard, Dannielle Bilkey, Brendan Mclean, Pamela Bowman, Chloe Staples, Lance Watkins, Anna Simpson, Elizabeth Boardman, Sarah Mitchell, Sarah Lennard

Peninsula Medical School

BackgroundThere is a need for more research studies focussed on People with ID (PwID) and Epilepsy and for the design of these studies to be shaped by this complex and vulnerable population and those who care for and support them.AimsTo develop understanding as to how a future NHS genetic research database register for PwID and Epilepsy should be conducted in a way which is inclusive, suitable and appropriate for them, their carers and the NHS settings where the research would be undertaken.MethodsThree workshops were completed with 17 formal participants: (1) PwID and Epilepsy (n2); (2) carers of PwID and Epilepsy …

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Prevalence And Determinants Of Diabetes-Related Psychological Distress In A Tertiary Care Setting In Tamil Nadu: India: Cross-Sectional Study, Rohit Shankar, Samuel Tromans Jan 2026

Prevalence And Determinants Of Diabetes-Related Psychological Distress In A Tertiary Care Setting In Tamil Nadu: India: Cross-Sectional Study, Rohit Shankar, Samuel Tromans

Peninsula Medical School

BackgroundDiabetes distress, whereby people with diabetes experience distressing psychological symptoms associated with living with their condition, is an emerging problem in India. Diabetes distress leads to self-care deficits, suboptimal glycaemic control (which can lead to increasing risks of complications) and impaired quality of life.AimsTo determine the burden of diabetes distress and its associated factors in an Indian tertiary care centre in Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India, covering a population of 1.25 million.MethodThis prospective observational study involved a structured questionnaire covering demographic and clinical details, which was given to patients. The Diabetes Distress Scale 17 (DDS-17) was used to assess diabetes distress …

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Hard-Wired For Success? Unravelling Genomic Signatures In Pollinators, Saam Hasan Jan 2026

Hard-Wired For Success? Unravelling Genomic Signatures In Pollinators, Saam Hasan

School of Biological and Marine Sciences Theses

Global decline among bumblebees shows strong evidence of phylogenetic structure, with the subgenus Pyrobombus over-represented among stable/range-expanding species. Based on this striking pattern, a hypothesis was drawn up suggesting that Pyrobombus species have acquired advantageous traits that enhance their survivability and dispersal compared to other subgenera. This hypothesis explores the possibility that these advantageous traits were acquired via the evolutionary process and are detectable as genomic signatures unique to the subgenus when compared with other subgenera.Twenty-four bumblebee species, representing all 15 subgenera and including 6 Pyrobombus species, were compared. The first study investigated genomic inversions and duplications. Pyrobombus was characterized …

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Kekuasaan Yudisial Dalam Sistem Demokrasi Konstitusional: Membangun Antitesis Dekonstitusionalisasi Dan Politisasi Peradilan, Tundjung Herning Sitabuana, Airlangga Surya Nagara, Dixon Sanjaya Jan 2026

Kekuasaan Yudisial Dalam Sistem Demokrasi Konstitusional: Membangun Antitesis Dekonstitusionalisasi Dan Politisasi Peradilan, Tundjung Herning Sitabuana, Airlangga Surya Nagara, Dixon Sanjaya

Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan

Strengthening idea of constitutional democracy as a transitional phase towards a modern rule of law requires one of main characteristics of an independent judiciary. Current phenomena demonstrate how utopian these conditions are as the judiciary becomes increasingly politically pragmatic, transactional, interdependent, and demoralized. At the same time, phenomenon of constitutional defiance is growing stronger with efforts to deconstitutionalize and politicize the judiciary. This study aims to explore the existence and legitimacy of the judiciary in constitutional democracy era against that phenomenon. The research was conducted doctrinally with a historical, conceptual, and comparative approach that was analyzed qualitatively. The results indicate …

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Magang Atau Pekerja? Menggugat Status Abu-Abu Tenaga Paruh Waktu Mahasiswa Di Fakultas Hukum Ugm, Patricia Nerissa Krisna Putri, Markus Togar Wijaya Jan 2026

Magang Atau Pekerja? Menggugat Status Abu-Abu Tenaga Paruh Waktu Mahasiswa Di Fakultas Hukum Ugm, Patricia Nerissa Krisna Putri, Markus Togar Wijaya

Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan

This study highlights the controversy surrounding the change in nomenclature for student workers at Gadjah Mada University, particularly within the Faculty of Law. The status of these workers has shifted from 'part-time' to 'student intern'. This unilateral change has created a legal grey area that could lead to students being subjected to disguised employment practices. Using socio-legal research methods, this article examines the validity of the 'internship' status based on the elements of an employment relationship (work, orders and wages) within the labour law regime, analysing it using the theory of structural injustice. The research findings suggest that reclassifying part-time …

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Kedudukan Hukum Eks-Kreditor Pasca Debt To Equity Swap Yang Dihomologasi Dalam Pkpu Kedua Dan Kepailitan Debitor Akibat Pembatalan Perdamaian, Reza Rahmawati Jan 2026

Kedudukan Hukum Eks-Kreditor Pasca Debt To Equity Swap Yang Dihomologasi Dalam Pkpu Kedua Dan Kepailitan Debitor Akibat Pembatalan Perdamaian, Reza Rahmawati

Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan

Debt to Equity Swap (DES) under a composition plan in Suspension of Debt Payment Obligations (PKPU) proceedings constitutes a restructuring mechanism that transforms the legal status of a Creditor into that of a shareholder upon homologation. Legal issues arise when The Debtor subsequently enters a Second PKPU due to newly incurred debts or is declared bankrupt following the annulment of the composition, while Law No. 37 of 2004 on Bankruptcy and Suspension of Debt Payment does not expressly regulate the legal consequences of a DES under such circumstances. This normative legal research aims to analyze the legal standing and legal …

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Pertanggungjawaban Perusahaan Pengangkut Pada Tindakan General Average Terhadap Kerugian Kargo Yang Diangkut, Sandra A. M. Lova, Zahry Vandawati Chumaida Jan 2026

Pertanggungjawaban Perusahaan Pengangkut Pada Tindakan General Average Terhadap Kerugian Kargo Yang Diangkut, Sandra A. M. Lova, Zahry Vandawati Chumaida

Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan

Maritime transportation plays a vital role in supporting trade, yet risks such as perils of the sea or ship accidents caused by unseaworthiness often lead to disputes, particularly when General Average is declared. This practice, recognized since Roman times, has evolved into a legal concept in marine insurance to distribute deliberate sacrifices made for the safety of the vessel and its cargo. This study aims to analyze the liability of carriers in General Average actions and to evaluate the concept as a fair mechanism for loss distribution. The research employs a normative juridical method with statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches, …

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Constraining Citizenship: Presidential Threshold In Indonesia’S Judicial Framework, Arfan Yanayir Akbar Sabillilah Jan 2026

Constraining Citizenship: Presidential Threshold In Indonesia’S Judicial Framework, Arfan Yanayir Akbar Sabillilah

Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan

This research critically evaluates the constitutionality of Indonesia's Presidential Threshold as regulated by Article 222 of Law No. 7/2017, requiring political parties or coalitions to secure 20% of DPR seats or 25% of national valid votes for presidential nominations. The term “Presidential Threshold” follows Constitutional Court jurisprudence, distinguishing it from the election threshold in Article 6A(3) requiring 50%+1 votes to win the presidency and the parliamentary threshold in Article 414 requiring 4% of votes for legislative seat allocation. Through normative legal analysis of Constitutional Court decisions No. 51-52-59/PUU-VI/2008, 53/PUU-XV/2017, and 62/PUU-XXII/2024, this study examines 33 judicial reviews from 2017 to …

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Dualisme Tujuan Pembebanan Uang Pengganti: Analisis Putusan Angelina Sondakh Di Berbagai Tingkat Peradilan, Valencia Puspa Novandra Ali, Tamsil . Jan 2026

Dualisme Tujuan Pembebanan Uang Pengganti: Analisis Putusan Angelina Sondakh Di Berbagai Tingkat Peradilan, Valencia Puspa Novandra Ali, Tamsil .

Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan

Studi ini meneliti perbedaan interpretasi dan penerapan hukuman tambahan berupa restitusi (uang pengganti) dalam kasus korupsi melalui analisis komparatif keputusan Angelina Sondakh di pengadilan tingkat pertama, pengadilan banding, pengadilan kasasi, dan pengadilan peninjauan yudisial. Muncul interpretasi ganda antara memandang restitusi sebagai kompensasi atas kerugian keuangan negara dan sebagai mekanisme untuk menyita keuntungan ilegal. Judex facti menolak penerapan restitusi dengan alasan bahwa tidak terjadi kerugian negara dalam kasus suap dan gratifikasi, sementara judex juris di tingkat kasasi menafsirkan restitusi sebagai instrumen pemulihan aset yang ditujukan untuk keuntungan yang diperoleh secara ilegal. Orientasi konseptual yang bertentangan ini menghasilkan perbedaan signifikan dalam penjatuhan …

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Reforma Alutsista Dan Sumber Daya Alam: Menjawab Tantangan Hukum Internasional Dan Perdamaian Dunia, Wildan Azkal Fikri, Rohadhatul Aisy Jan 2026

Reforma Alutsista Dan Sumber Daya Alam: Menjawab Tantangan Hukum Internasional Dan Perdamaian Dunia, Wildan Azkal Fikri, Rohadhatul Aisy

Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan

This study departs from the paradox of the failure to achieve world peace despite the existence of an established international legal regime. It addresses three main objectives: (1) identifying the key factors that undermine world peace; (2) analyzing the failure factors of international law to realize global peace; and (3) formulating a responsive international legal architecture to future peace agendas. The study employs a critical descriptive method with a socio-legal (non-doctrinal) approach, drawing on the analytical frameworks of neorealism, great powers oligarchy, and Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL). The qualitative analysis is conducted by examining power relations, the …

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Tinjauan Frasa “Setiap Orang” Dalam Pasal 3 Ayat (1) Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 56 Tahun 2021 Tentang Pengelolaan Royalti Hak Cipta Lagu Dan/Atau Musik, Fajar Hidayansyah Ilham, Luna Dezeana Ticoalu Jan 2026

Tinjauan Frasa “Setiap Orang” Dalam Pasal 3 Ayat (1) Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 56 Tahun 2021 Tentang Pengelolaan Royalti Hak Cipta Lagu Dan/Atau Musik, Fajar Hidayansyah Ilham, Luna Dezeana Ticoalu

Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan

Copyright is one form of legal protection for intellectual works, occupying an important position within the intellectual property law system. The Copyright Law explicitly grants exclusive rights to creators, encompassing both moral rights and economic rights. Economic rights, as stipulated in Article 9 paragraph (1), allow creators to obtain economic benefits from their works, ranging from publication, reproduction, distribution, performance, to communication to the public. This provision shows that creators hold a primary position as legal subjects entitled to protection, while also serving as central actors in the creative industry ecosystem. In practice, the mechanism for copyright protection requires implementing …

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Implementasi Land Freezing Di Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara Dan Penajam Paser Utara: Antara Pengendalian Pertanahan Dan Pelindungan Hak Keperdataan, Anggita Mustika Dewi, Destriananda Safa Aina, Ananda Mulia Putri Maharani Jan 2026

Implementasi Land Freezing Di Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara Dan Penajam Paser Utara: Antara Pengendalian Pertanahan Dan Pelindungan Hak Keperdataan, Anggita Mustika Dewi, Destriananda Safa Aina, Ananda Mulia Putri Maharani

Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan

To prevent land speculation by land mafias in the Nusantara Capital City (IKN), the government introduced a land-freezing policy aimed at restricting the transfer of land rights within the IKN area. However, in practice, this policy has been alleged to hinder land registration processes and undermine civil rights of communities within the IKN delineation zone. This study seeks to examine the regulatory framework, implementation, and impacts of the land-freezing policy on land registration and the civil rights of affected communities. Employing an empirical normative legal research method with a statute approach, this research finds that the land-freezing policy has not …

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