Digital Commons Network^™

Considerations For Microbial Inoculation Under Dryland Stress Conditions, Benedict Odinaka Okorie

Plants, Soils and Climate Student Research

Microbial inoculants are critical for sustainable crop production in dryland agriculture. However, several limitations (drought, heat, salinity, nutrient deficiency, etc.) of drylands and soil variability limit their consistent performance. Climate, soil properties (pH, texture, etc.), and their interactions are strong filters for microbial communities, functions, and activities across multiple scales, regions, and ecosystems. This review discusses several considerations of the peculiarities of drylands that must be factored into microbial formulations and inoculations decisions. Blanket/universal microbial formulations, inoculation methods, timings, and rates generally approach microbial, plant, and soil functions in isolation. This masks the complex microbial, soil, plant, environmental interactions, and …

Teachers' Perceived Impact Of Teacher-Led Committees On Agency And Morale, Sherry Wibben

Dissertations

The action research study examined how participation in teacher-led committees influenced teachers’ perceptions of agency and morale within an urban Midwestern high school. Grounded in theories of shared and distributed leadership, the study addressed a problem of practice centered on limited teacher voice, fragmented communication, and inconsistent collaborative structures. A convergent mixed-methods design was employed to evaluate changes in teacher morale and professional agency following implementation of teacher-led committees.

Quantitative data were collected using Wong’s (1991) Staff Morale Questionnaire (SMQ), measuring leadership synergy, cohesive pride, and personal challenge. Surveys were administered at baseline (N = 30) and endline ( …

Vascular Responses To Hand Posture Are Preserved Despite Acute Endothelial Dysfunction: Insights From Pulse Wave Velocity And Finger-To-Finger Timing, Zain Al-Abideen Falah Ali, Fezaa Shalal Neda, Bassam Talib Al-Gailani

Baghdad Science Journal

Limb posture alters hydrostatic pressure and vascular tone through mechanical and reflex pathways, but the contribution of endothelial function remains uncertain. To determine whether vascular responses to hand elevation and dependency persist during transient endothelial dysfunction induced by ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI), eighteen healthy adults (9 males, 9 females) underwent ECG-gated pulse recordings at three hand positions: heart level (H-0°), 90° below (H-90°), and 50° above (H+50°), before and after IRI. Primary outcomes were pulse wave velocity (PWV) and finger-to-finger pulse arrival-time difference (f–f ΔT); secondary outcomes were wrist mean blood pressure (MBP), heart rate (HR), and ΔPWV/ΔBP slope. The result …

Infinitely Many Hidden Attractors In A Simple Six-Term Chaotic 2-Torus Snap System With A Line Of Equilibria, Sarbast Hussein Mikaeel, Irfan Ahmad, Rizgar H. Salih

Baghdad Science Journal

Chaotic systems with simple structures and controllable dynamics are highly desirable for practical applications, including secure communications, signal processing, and nonlinear control. However, most existing systems are too complex or lack flexibility in controlling signal amplitude and polarity. In this study, a simple chaotic snap system is considered that has a line of equilibria and is composed of six algebraic terms, with a single quadratic nonlinearity. In some regions of parameter space, a chaotic attractor coexists with a line equilibrium or with a limit cycle of period-2. The basin boundary of a limit cycle and chaotic attractor is smooth. Additionally, …

Genome-Wide Association Study Of Copy Number Variations In Parkinson’S Disease, Zied Landoulsi, Ashwin Ashok Kumar Sreelatha, Nicole Kuznetsov, Claudia Schulte, Dheeraj Reddy Bobbili, Ludovica Montanucci, Costin Leu, Lisa-Marie Niestroj, Emadeldin Hassanin, Cloé Domenighetti, Pierre-Emmanuel Sugier, Milena Radivojkov-Blagojevic, Peter Lichtner, Berta Portugal, Connor Edsall, Jens Krüger, Dena G Hernandez, Cornelis Blauwendraat, George D Mellick, Alexander Zimprich, Walter Pirker, Manuela Tan, Ekaterina Rogaeva, Anthony Lang, Sulev Koks, Pille Taba, Suzanne Lesage, Alexis Brice, Jean-Christophe Corvol, Marie-Christine Chartier-Harlin, Eugenie Mutez, Kathrin Brockmann, Angela B Deutschländer, Georges M Hadjigeorgiou, Efthimos Dardiotis, Leonidas Stefanis, Athina Maria Simitsi, Enza Maria Valente, Simona Petrucci, Letizia Straniero, Anna Zecchinelli, Gianni Pezzoli, Laura Brighina, Carlo Ferrarese, Grazia Annesi, Andrea Quattrone, Monica Gagliardi, Lena F Burbulla, Hirotaka Matsuo, Akiyoshi Nakayama, Nobutaka Hattori, Kenya Nishioka, Sun Ju Chung, Yun Joong Kim, Lukas Pavelka, Pierre Kolber, Bart Pc Van De Warrenburg, Bastiaan R Bloem, Andrew B Singleton, Dan Vitale, Mathias Toft, Lasse Pihlstrom, Leonor Correia Guedes, Joaquim J Ferreira, Soraya Bardien, Jonathan Carr, Eduardo Tolosa, Mario Ezquerra, Pau Pastor, Karin Wirdefeldt, Nancy L Pedersen, Caroline Ran, Andrea C Belin, Andreas Puschmann, Carl E Clarke, Karen E Morrison, Dimitri Krainc, Matt J Farrer, Dennis Lal, Alexis Elbaz, Thomas Gasser, Rejko Krüger, Manu Sharma, Patrick May

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

We investigated the role of copy number variations (CNVs) in Parkinson's disease (PD) using genotyping data from 10,815 patients (2731 early-onset PD, EOPD) and 8901 controls from the COURAGE-PD consortium. CNVs were analyzed using a sliding window genome-wide association and burden approach. No genome-wide significant CNVs were detected in the overall cohort, but a robust deletion spanning exons 2-6 of PRKN was identified in EOPD cases, validated by MLPA, and replicated in the GP2 dataset (23,089 cases, 18,824 controls). CNV burden was significantly enriched in PD-related genes, primarily driven by PRKN, with the strongest effect observed in EOPD. PRKN CNV …

Elasmobranchii Oral Microbiome Diversity Within Southeast Florida: Implications Of Shark Zoonotic And Antibiotic Resistant Pathogens Associated With Human Interactions, Amanda Finnefrock

All HCAS Student Capstones, Theses, and Dissertations

Sharks are incredibly common in the Atlantic and Gulf waters surrounding Florida. Despite the prevalent nature of these animals, little research exists on the composition of their microbial communities (or “microbiomes”). Here we aim to determine the microbial makeup of the oral environment of sharks so that we can determine if there are any bacteria of clinical significance to humans, such as being antibiotic-resistant or having elevated capability for pathogenicity. A total of 41 samples were collected from the mouths and teeth of bull, Caribbean reef, great hammerhead, lemon, nurse, and sandbar sharks caught in Southeast Florida using sterile swabs …

Antibacterial Tellurium Dioxide Nanoparticles Incorporated Into An Adhesive Wound Dressing, Tina Hesabizadeh, Rajendra Subedi, Rolando Baez, Thomas J. Webster, Gregory Guisbiers

Faculty Scholarship

Tellurium dioxide (TeO2) nanoparticles were synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquids (PLAL) using a bottom-ablation configuration, with deionized water as the solvent and pure tellurium pellets as the target. The resulting nanoparticles were spherical, with an average diameter of 56 ± 13 nm. Phase analysis indicated that the nanoparticles consisted mainly of around 83% of paratellurite α-TeO2, with a minor fraction, i.e., around 17% of the metastable γ-TeO2 phase. The antibacterial performance of the TeO2 nanoparticles was evaluated against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), demonstrating broad-spectrum antibacterial activity at concentrations as low as …

Does Ethnic Identity Moderate The Association Between Ethnic Discrimination And Gambling Harm Among Hispanic Or Latino/A/X College Students, Adrianna Jordan Valencia

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

No abstract provided.

Uptake And Fate Of Silver And Zinc Engineered Nanoparticles In Maize Under Single And Binary Dosing Soil Ecosystems, Lei Xu, Qingbo Yang, Xingmao Ma, Honglan Shi, John Yang, Hu Yang, Samira Mahdi, Ying Wang, Young Shin Jun

Chemistry Faculty Research & Creative Works

Recent agricultural applications of engineered metallic nanoparticles (ENPs) have raised concerns about their uptake and fate in plants. To understand this critical issue, this study investigated the fate and uptake of silver (Ag) and zinc oxide (ZnO) ENPs in maize (Zea mays L.) after single or binary ENP exposure in soil. Results indicated that both Zn and Ag elemental concentrations in roots increased with increasing ENP dosage. Ag NPs in the tissues were detected, but not Zn NPs. Ag NP concentration was 3 times higher in the roots than in the shoots at low Ag NP dosing, while Ag NP …

Combined Flt3l And Cd40 Agonism Restores Dendritic Cell Driven T Cell Immunity In Mouse Models And Patients With Pancreatic Cancer, Graham Hogg

Arts & Sciences Graduate Student Theses and Dissertations

ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Combined Flt3L and CD40 Agonism Restores Dendritic Cell Driven T Cell Immunity in Mouse Models and Patients With Pancreatic Cancer By Graham Douglas Hogg Doctor of Philosophy in Biology and Biomedical Sciences Immunology Washington University in St. Louis, 2026 Professor David DeNardo, Chair Professor T cell directed immunotherapies have largely failed to demonstrate clinical efficacy in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). This broad resistance may result from poor tumor antigenicity and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). We hypothesize that tumor immunity in pancreatic cancer patients is further limited by systemic and tumor-intrinsic suppression of conventional …

Astrocyte Circadian Regulation In Neurodegeneration: In Vivo Bmal1 Occupancy Mapping Using Macs-Calling Cards, India Reiss

Arts & Sciences Graduate Student Theses and Dissertations

Astrocytes maintain neuronal homeostasis through cellular programs that are frequently disrupted early in neurodegenerative disease, many of which are regulated by the circadian clock. The core clock transcription factor BMAL1 is required for normal astrocyte function, yet whether its regulatory activity is altered during neurodegeneration remains unclear. BMAL1 expression changes in disease are often inconsistent, suggesting that transcription factor binding, rather than expression, may be a more informative readout of BMAL1 function. We used a Cln3Δex7/8 model of neurodegeneration, which exhibits early astrocyte dysfunction prior to widespread neuronal loss, to test whether degenerative pathology reprograms BMAL1 binding in astrocytes. We …

Exploring The Importance Of Mental Health Education In 5th Grade & Its Impact On Emotional Well-Being, Claudia K. De Jong

Masters Projects

Exploring The Importance of Mental Health Education in 5th Grade & Its Impact on Emotional Well-being

Abstract

Mental health challenges among youth continue to rise, with many mental health disorders emerging before adolescence, highlighting a critical gap in early prevention efforts. This study explores the importance of implementing structured mental health education in 5th grade as a proactive approach to supporting emotional development and reducing long-term behavioral risks. Grounded in research on developmental psychology and social-emotional learning (SEL), this project examines how early intervention can improve emotional regulation, help-seeking behaviors, and overall student well-being during a key transitional period. Using …

Analyzer-Less X-Ray Interferometry With Super-Resolution Methods, Murtuza S. Taqi

LSU Master's Theses

X-ray interferometry provides valuable information on attenuation, small-angle scattering, and differential phase contrast. This multi-modal contrast can aid in many clinical applications, such as lung diseases and breast cancer. However, standard inter- ferometry has an analyzer grating that can increase the dose requirement to maintain the same image quality as a standard X-ray. We propose the use of super-resolution methods for X-ray grating interferometry without an analyzer, with detectors that fail to meet the Nyquist sampling rate needed for traditional image recovery algorithms. Detector phase- steps are used to nominally recover the sampling and iteratively recover the visibility and the …

First, Do No Trend: Aligning Parenteral Lipid Therapy With Physiology And Evidence In Neonates, Parvesh Mohan Garg, Srinivas Bolisetty, Camilia R Martin, Muralidhar H Premkumar

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Lipid injectable emulsions (ILE) are essential components of parenteral nutrition in neonatal intensive care units. Over the past two decades, the expanded availability of ILE has led to rapid changes in clinical practice, largely driven by concerns about intestinal failure–associated liver disease. Despite these evolving trends, the evidence supporting one ILE over another remains limited and nuanced. Importantly, no currently available ILE replicates the intrauterine supply of critical long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, both of which decline postnatally regardless of emulsion type. Neonates requiring ILE represent a heterogeneous population of preterm and term infants, with …

Trends In The National Resident Matching Program: Shifting Applicant Priorities In The Setting Of Application Limits And Pass/Fail Step 1 Grading, Joshua Morrow, Siena Blackwell, Zibi Gugala, Atul Maheshwari, Peter Boedeker

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Purpose: This study evaluated differences in expected and observed proportions of activities, average Step 2 scores, and abstracts, publications, and presentations since the adoption of a 10-experience maximum for residency applications and pass/fail Step 1 grading.

Method: The authors queried National Resident Matching Program data for MD senior applicants from 2016 to 2024 across 22 specialties. Data included average Step 2 scores; research, work, and volunteer experiences; and number of research products for matched and unmatched students by specialty. Repeated-measures multilevel models were used to estimate the difference in observed outcome in 2024 and expected outcome based on trends from …

Lotilaner Ophthalmic Solution 0.25% In The Treatment Of Demodex Blepharitis: A Case Report, Paul Karpecki, Brandon Ayres, Eric Donnenfeld, Marjan Farid, Ian Benjamin Gaddie, Preeya K Gupta, Cecelia Koetting, Richard Lindstrom, Selina Mcgee, Kelly K Nichols, Laura M Periman, Stephen Pflugfelder, Christopher Starr, Nandini Venkateswaran, Elizabeth Yeu

Faculty, Staff and Students Publications

Demodex blepharitis is a chronic inflammatory ocular condition caused by Demodex mite infestation of the eyelid that can negatively impact quality of life. Currently, lotilaner ophthalmic solution 0.25% is the only FDA-approved treatment for Demodex blepharitis. The Demodex Expert Panel on Treatment and Eyelid Health has established consensus that lotilaner ophthalmic solution 0.25% should be considered the preferred first-line treatment for Demodex blepharitis. We report a patient who presented with collarettes, the pathognomonic sign of Demodex blepharitis, meibomian gland dysfunction, and poor visual acuity. The patient also had a history of neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Consistent with the Demodex Expert …

Ideologi Gender Dibalik Definisi Legal Formal Analisis Sosiologis Terhadap Definisi Perkosaan Di Dalam Hukum, Liza Hadiz

Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan

Abstract

Peninjauan Kembali Pemanfaatan Selat Malaka, Usmahadi Usmahadi

Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan

Abstract

Africa’S Digital Knowledge Economy: Building And Boosting Access To Quality Research From Africa, Hyeladzirra Banu

Howard University Journal of African Studies (HUJAS)

Africa has built its knowledge economy since the rise of its ancient civilizations. The turn of the new millennium marked the rise of Africa’s digital knowledge economy, as it did for the rest of the world. This article analyses Africa’s knowledge systems, linking the foundational sources of original research to ancient knowledge systems and tracing these systems into the current digital era within which the article locates Africa’s knowledge economy. What are the epistemological and ontological bases of African knowledge systems, and how do they relate to Africa’s modern digital knowledge economy? This study has two parts: The first traces …

Evaluating The Impact Of Residential Landscape Audits Using 5-Second Water Use Data, Mahmud Aveek, Camilo J. Bastidas Pacheco, David E. Rosenberg, Jeffery S. Horsburgh, Kelly Kopp, Belize A. Lane

Civil and Environmental Engineering Student Research

We used 5-s water use data to evaluate the effectiveness of residential landscape water audits in summer 2022. Fifty-nine households in two northern Utah cities were monitored for 2–5 weeks before and 3–10 weeks after an audit. We found that the distribution of weekly irrigation volumes postaudit was statistically less than the distribution preaudit (significant at the 1.9E10-5 level). Collectively, the participants reduced their landscape irrigation water use by approximately 379,000 L per week (100,300 gal per week; 0.3 acre-feet per week). We also analyzed changes in irrigation event volume, duration, frequency, and the number of days between events at …

Fairhiveframes-1k: A Public Fair Dataset Of 1265 Annotated Hive Frame Images With Preliminary Yolov8 And Yolov11 Baselines, Vladimir Kulyukin, Reagan Hill, Aleksey Kulyukin

Computer Science Faculty and Staff Publications

In precision apiculture, the portable digital camera is a cost-effective sensor for capturing hive images or videos used to quantify different colony variables. Openly accessible, well-annotated, interoperable cell-level image datasets are still the exception rather than the norm. This shortage constitutes a major barrier to AI-driven approaches aimed at automating image-based comb analysis. In this article, we present FAIRHiveFrames-1K, a publicly available dataset of 1265 annotated hive frame images (1920 × 1080 PNG) designed to facilitate research in AI-intensive image-based comb analysis automation. The dataset, derived from a 2013–2022 U.S. Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service multi-sensor research reservoir, includes 124,669 …

From Tradition To Transition: Evaluating Culinary Medicine As A Tool For Metabolic Health Among Nigerian Immigrants In The United States And The United Kingdom, Simi Oduwole M.S.

Department of Nutrition Student Projects

This scoping review examines existing publications to evaluate whether Culinary Medicine can be used as a tool for metabolic health among Nigerian immigrants in the United States and the United Kingdom. Nigeria is one of the fastest-growing populations globally, with increasing migration to high-income countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom. Evidence suggests that Nigerian immigrants experience a rise in diet-related chronic diseases, including obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, as duration of residence increases. This phenomenon is often attributed to dietary acculturation and shifts toward Westernized eating patterns. This scoping review evaluates whether culinary medicine can mitigate …

Sex Differences In Proteomic Response To Ischemic Stroke, Christopher J. Mclouth, Hunter S. Hazelwood, Jacqueline A. Frank, Jordan P. Harp, David Dornbos, Justin F. Fraser, Keith R. Pennypacker

Biostatistics Faculty Publications

Background: Women often experience greater disability after ischemic stroke than men, but the biological mechanisms underlying these differences remain unclear. Proteomic analysis may identify sex-specific molecular pathways that contribute to stroke rehabilitation and recovery. Methods: We analyzed plasma samples from 141 patients enrolled in the Blood and Clot Thrombectomy Registry and Collaboration (BACTRAC). Expression of 184 inflammatory and cardiometabolic proteins, measured proximal and distal to the clot, was quantified using Olink panels. Associations between protein expression and discharge outcomes – including the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and modified Rankin Scale (mRS), and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) – …

Development Of Resources To Support Independence In And Access To Nature-Based Activities, Riley Carpender

Capstone Projects

This capstone paper discusses the need for resources that support independence in and access to nature-based activities that support health and wellbeing. Occupational therapists (OTs) have expertise in recommending and implementing adaptations to increase individuals’ engagement in nature-based activities. There is currently a gap in the literature regarding access to nature-based activities, and a lack of understanding of how these activities may be implemented, either by caregivers, educators or healthcare professionals. During my capstone I created a guide with modifications for gardening activities for children, wrote an article on how to adapt nature journaling to be more accessible, coded and …

Sex Differences In Proteomic Response To Ischemic Stroke, Christopher J. Mclouth, Hunter S. Hazelwood, Jacqueline A. Frank, Jordan P. Harp, David Dornbos Iii, Justin F. Fraser, Keith R. Pennypacker

University Faculty Publications and Creative Works

Background: Women often experience greater disability after ischemic stroke than men, but the biological mechanisms underlying these differences remain unclear. Proteomic analysis may identify sex-specific molecular pathways that contribute to stroke rehabilitation and recovery.

Methods: We analyzed plasma samples from 141 patients enrolled in the Blood and Clot Thrombectomy Registry and Collaboration (BACTRAC). Expression of 184 inflammatory and cardiometabolic proteins, measured proximal and distal to the clot, was quantified using Olink panels. Associations between protein expression and discharge outcomes – including the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and modified Rankin Scale (mRS), and Montreal Cognitive Assessment …

Sex Differences In Proteomic Response To Ischemic Stroke, Christopher J. Mclouth, Hunter S. Hazelwood, Jacqueline A. Frank, Jordan P. Harp, David Dornbos, Justin F. Fraser, Keith R. Pennypacker

University Faculty Publications and Creative Works

Background: Women often experience greater disability after ischemic stroke than men, but the biological mechanisms underlying these differences remain unclear. Proteomic analysis may identify sex-specific molecular pathways that contribute to stroke rehabilitation and recovery.

Methods: We analyzed plasma samples from 141 patients enrolled in the Blood and Clot Thrombectomy Registry and Collaboration (BACTRAC). Expression of 184 inflammatory and cardiometabolic proteins, measured proximal and distal to the clot, was quantified using Olink panels. Associations between protein expression and discharge outcomes – including the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and modified Rankin Scale (mRS), and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) – …

The Digital Neuron: Neural Cellular Automata For Neural–Symbolic Translation, Nicole Assenza

SMU Data Science Review

A neural cellular automata (NCA) architecture, referred to as Pluto’s NCA, was developed to characterize bilateral communication and semantic reciprocity between symbolic representations and a spatially distributed update field. The architecture employs an encoder–automata–decoder pipeline that maps symbolic inputs into a multichannel state field and reconstructs them through agreement-driven attractor convergence within a stable semantic attractor landscape. System behavior was evaluated under controlled perturbations, including rhythmic desynchronization, graded ablations, correlated and independent noise, and percolation-based structural degradation. Quantities such as Agreement(t), internal coherence Aᵢ(t), the recovery time constant τ, and the critical percolation threshold pc were measured to assess stability, …

Perbedaan Hasil Belajar Ips Model Project-Based Learning Berbasis Outdoor Study Dengan Konvensional Siswa Smp, Ratna Danarti

Jurnal Pendidikan Humaniora

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan hasil belajar siswa sebelum dan sesudah penerapan model Project-Based Learning (PBL) berbasis Outdoor Study serta mengetahui perbedaan hasil belajar siswa antara kelas model PBL berbasis Outdoor Study dengan konvensional pada siswa kelas VII. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan penelitian kuasi eksperimen dengan menggunakan teknik pretes-posttest nonequivalent control group design. Subjek penelitian adalah kelas VII A dan VII B SMP Negeri 2 Ponorogo. Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan berupa silabus, RPP, dan tes hasil belajar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembelajaran model PBL berbasis Outdoor Study dapat berjalan dengan sangat baik sesuai dengan sintak-sintaknya dan respon siswa menunjukkan …

Hormetic Ethanol Effects On Fitness And Attraction In Irradiated Aedes Aegypti, Kayden Robey, Gabriel Borg, Immo Hansen

The Agora

Sterile insect technique (SIT) is an increasingly important strategy for controlling mosquito populations while reducing reliance on chemical insecticides and genetically modified organisms. A major limitation of SIT is the reduced fitness and competitiveness of irradiated male mosquitoes, which can compromise population suppression efforts. This study investigates whether hormetic ethanol exposure improves post-irradiation fitness in Aedes aegypti males, a primary vector of dengue, chikungunya, and yellow fever. Adult male mosquitoes were fed either a standard sugar solution or a sugar solution supplemented with 5% ethanol prior to irradiation. Males were sterilized using X-ray irradiation at 50 Gy and assessed for …

Organic Synthesis Of A Hydrazine Functionalized Ammonium Compound For Improved Capture Of Aldehyde Metabolites From Exhaled Breath, Po'iu N. Burgo

Undergraduate Theses

Breath analysis has emerged as a non-invasive and inexpensive way to screen for respiratory diseases. This technique involves measuring concentrations of specific metabolites found in exhaled breath that serve as a biomarkers for disease. A subclass of volatile organic compounds called α,β-Unsaturated aldehydes, products of the lipid peroxidation mechanism, are underrepresented as biomarkers of lung cancer. These have been found to have relatively increased concentrations in the exhaled breath of lung cancer patients compared to a healthy patient. One of the reasons that these metabolites have been underreported is that the techniques used to measure and characterized exhaled metabolites do …