Digital Commons Network^™

Mnes Vs. Local Firms’ Resilience To Global Shocks: Evidence From The 2008 Financial Crisis And Covid-19, Yijie Wang

Honors Theses

This thesis examines whether multinational enterprises (MNEs) are more resilient than domestic firms during major global shocks, using the 2008 Financial Crisis and COVID-19 as case studies. Although MNEs may benefit from diversification, internal capital markets, and foreign linkages, they may also face greater exposure to global demand shrinkage and supplychain disruption.

Using Compustat North America firm-level panel data from WRDS, this study analyzes publicly listed U.S. and Canadian firms across 2007–2013 and 2018–2024. Firm resilience is measured through net sales, net income, and gross profit using a two-way fixed effects panel model. Multinational status is identified through two different …

Field-Scale Evaluation Of Satellite- Derived Vegetation Indices And Image Timing For In-Season Nitrogen Management In Corn, Ana Morales-Ona, Katsutoshi Mizuta, James J. Camberato, Robert Nielsen, Yuxin Miao, Davide Cammarano, German Mandrini, Daniel Quinn

Plant and Soil Sciences Faculty Publications

Introduction: Traditional methods to determine the agronomic optimum nitrogen rate (AONR) for corn (Zea mays L.) rely on grain yield data, limiting in-season decision-making for nitrogen (N) management. Vegetation indices (VIs) derived from satellite imagery can serve as proxies for grain yield and help estimate in-season AONR, enabling timely sidedress applications. This study aimed to (1) quantify how VI–yield relationships vary during the vegetative period across fields with different tillage systems and crop residue; (2) determine whether VI–N response curves can be used to estimate AONR (AONRvi); and (3) assess the accuracy of AONRvi relative to yield-based AONR (AONRy). …

Ovipositional Behavior Of The Twig Girdler (Cerambycidae: Oncideres Cingulata) On Stems Of Mockernut Hickory (Carya Tomentosa) In Arkansas, R. Tumlison, L. Serviss

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

The Twig Girdler (Cerambycidae: Oncideres cingulata) is a long-horned beetle that girdles stems of certain species of trees to prepare a habitat for its offspring. The stems eventually die, break, and fall from the tree, but the beetle usually had already laid its eggs within the stems. Eggs are laid singly, almost always at growth rings or leaf bases. Because the space for the young to develop is finite, laying too many eggs could cause reproductive failure and too few eggs would be suboptimal. We hypothesized that the female laying eggs should be able to evaluate the stem and …

Feasibility, Acceptability, And Preliminary Efficacy Of A Pilot Study To Integrate Buprenorphine Into A Harm-Reduction Drop-In-Center In Kampala, Uganda, Julia Dickson-Gomez, Sergey Tarima, Wamala Twaibu, Dan Katende, Latifah Kyeswa, Laura Glasman, Arthur Kiconco, Sarah Krechel, Bryan Johnston, Moses Ogwal, Brian Byamah Mutamba, Peter Mudiope, Stella Alamo, Rhoda Wanyenze, Geofrey Musinguzi

Biostatistics Faculty Publications

Illicit drug use has been increasing rapidly in Sub-Saharan Africa in the past decade. However, until recently HIV prevention has largely ignored people who inject drugs and medications to treat opioid use disorder (MOUD) were largely absent. This paper reports results of a pilot intervention that integrated buprenorphine into a harm-reduction drop-in-center for people with opioid use disorder (OUD) in Kampala, Uganda. We collected implementation outcomes and changes in self-reported drug use after buprenorphine initiation. We conducted qualitative interviews with a subset of 14 participants who had initiated buprenorphine. Sixty-two participants were screened for OUD, of whom 57 were eligible …

Artificial Intelligence In Biomedical Team Science: Perceptions, Practices, And Training Needs, Emily Slade, Kelsey N. Karnik, Caitline Phan, Megan E. Hall, Yana Feygin, Kristen J. Mcquerry

Biostatistics Faculty Publications

Introduction: Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly used in biomedical research, yet limited empirical work has described how researchers use AI tools on collaborative research teams and how they view their role within team-based research. This study examines researchers’ experience with and attitudes toward AI use in collaborative research environments.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey was administered to 178 investigators engaged in collaborative research at the University of Kentucky. Questions assessed AI use across research and communication tasks, team-related decision-making practices, perceived benefits and concerns, and preferences for training and frameworks.

Results: Thirty-nine participants responded (22%). AI use was heterogeneous: 26% had …

Trade-Offs In Sustainable Building Design: A Visual Study Of Daylighting, Quality Viewpoints And Energy Efficiency, Paula Cabanas

Honors Program Theses

This thesis explores the trade-offs between daylighting, quality viewpoints, and energy efficiency in sustainable architectural design. The initial goal of the project was to determine if there was a single building design that would optimize the trade-offs between these three design elements. Three buildings on the Rollins College campus were selected as case study sites for detailed analysis (Bush Science Center, Kathleen W. Rollins Hall, and the Rice Family Pavilion). Rollins College was chosen as the primary location for this study because of its accessible public buildings and consistent Mediterranean revival architectural style. Analysis of each building’s design and composition …

Biochemical Investigations Of F420-Dependent Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase From Cryptosporangium Arvum, Sarah T. Al-Noubani

2026 Spring Honors Capstones Projects

F₄₂₀-dependent glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (FGD) catalyzes the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to 6-phosphogluconolactone using the deazaflavin, Cofactor F₄₂₀. FGD from Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been investigated due to its health relevance to prodrug activation. More recently, FGD from Cryptosporangium arvum (Cryar- FGD) has been investigated due to its broader substrate specificity toward multiple sugar phosphates. Kinetic and NMR studies have shown that Cryar-FGD has dual catalytic activity as a dehydrogenase and isomerase. Further investigations are being conducted on Cryar-FGD to characterize key residues involved in catalysis.

To investigate the catalytically active residues of Cryar-FGD, …

Bursty Bulk Flows: The What, The Why, And Their Impacts On The Earth, Fariza Tanvir

2026 Spring Honors Capstones Projects

Due to solar wind-magnetosphere interactions, the Earth's magnetic field lines stretch into a long, comet-shaped magnetotail, which extends thousands of miles away from the Earth. Bursty Bulk Flows (BBFs) are transient, high-speed ion bulk flows in the magnetotail that play an essential role in energy and mass transport. Characterized by their short-lived duration, they are related to magnetic reconnection events. This investigation focuses on being able to identify BBFs using the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) probes, a mission consisting of four probes arranged in a tetrahedron to study the Earth’s magnetosphere. We examine parameters such as energy spectra, spin bulk velocity, …

From Transducer To Force Field: A Validated Simulation-Inference Pipeline For Lipus Mechanobiology, Davis Bone

Student Research Design & Innovation Symposium

Quantifying the mechanical forces that drive cell motility under acoustic stimulation requires linking physically defined pressure fields to measurable cell behavior. We present a computational framework coupling k-Wave acoustic simulation to Underdamped Langevin Inference (ULI) to recover radiation force fields from synthetic cell trajectories. Two geometries – a 12-well plate and a microscope slide – were simulated at 1 MHz using 1, 2, 4, and 8 transducer elements with uniform, Gaussian-apodized, 5°/10°/15° beam-steered, and randomized-amplitude configurations (132 total simulations). For each acoustic field, 48 synthetic cells were propagated via the underdamped Langevin equation for 50 seconds and submitted to ULI …

Spatiotemporal Dynamics Of Mountain Front Recharge Flow Paths And Their Contribution To Alluvial Aquifer Water Supply, Mikaela Bollag-Miller

Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers

Mountain Front Recharge (MFR) is a critical recharge source for alluvial basin aquifers throughout the Intermountain West, yet the spatial and temporal dynamics of distinct recharge pathways remain poorly constrained. This study investigates the seasonal and spatial dynamics of MFR pathways and evaluates their impact on the Missoula Aquifer, a sole-source alluvial aquifer in western Montana, USA. MFR includes both surface-water inflows from mountain areas and Mountain Block Recharge (MBR), the groundwater contribution to the basin aquifer. A valley-scale water balance was employed to estimate first-order contributions and temporal fluctuations of MBR flow paths. A three-layer steady-state MODFLOW groundwater model …

Oil Palm (Elaeis Guineensis) Leaf Extract-Mediated Green Synthesis Of Tio2 Nanoparticles And Their Optical Characteristics, Nofrijon Sofyan, Andriayani, Yetria Rilda, Fiona Angellinnov, Mouna M'Rad, Muhammad, Aga Ridhova, Akhmad Herman Yuwono, Donanta Dhaneswara

Baghdad Science Journal

This work aims to explore the characteristics of TiO2 NPs green-synthesized via an environmentally friendly method using oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) leaf extract as a green medium and capping agent by utilizing titanium tetra isopropoxide (TTIP) as precursor. The oil palm leaves were extracted with different solvent concentration variations. The natural extract was characterized using liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) and infrared spectroscopy for active chemical contents and functional groups. The obtained TiO2 NPs were also characterized using infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for the functional groups, ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV-DRS) for the optical characteristics, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) for the phase …

Clinical Subtypes Of Co-Morbid Insomnia And Obstructive Sleep Apnea (Comisa): Results Of A Cluster Analysis, Yuan Shi, Xujun Feng, Fengyi Hao, Yuru Nie, Yihui Zhang, Zhaohua Chen, Siqi Guan, Larry D. Sanford, Michael V. Vitiello, Xiangdong Tang

Department of Pathology & Anatomy Faculty Publications

Background

Variations in the bidirectional relationship between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and insomnia in co-morbid insomnia and OSA (COMISA) may form distinct subtypes of COMISA, which have not been previously characterized. This study aims to identify and characterize subtypes of COMISA.

Methods

From a community-recruited COMISA cohort 256 individuals who met diagnosis for COMISA were used to identify subtypes using a two-step clustering methodology. Demographics and multidimension clinical characteristics were collected and compared among obtained subtypes. Logistic models were used to evaluate whether these subtypes were associated with cardiometabolic and mental disorders. A clinical cohort of 1816 COMISA patients was …

Valuing Future Lives, Daniel J. Hemel, Jonathan S. Masur

Coase-Sandor Institute for Law & Economics Research Paper Series

Federal regulation often involves a tradeoff between monetary costs in the present and life-saving benefits in the future. A central question in regulatory cost-benefit analysis is how to assign a present dollar value to future lives so that future lives and present dollars can be compared. For regulations that are projected to prevent deaths years or decades down the road, agencies make two key analytical moves. First, they adjust the value of a statistical life upward to reflect the fact that society’s willingness to pay to save lives will rise as people become wealthier in the future. Second, they discount …

The Yang-Mills Field: The Fermion Sign Problem, James Glimm

Department of Applied Mathematics & Statistics Faculty Publications

A mathematical resolution of the Fermion sign problem is accomplished based on the theory of homology groups and thimbles. The original contribution of this paper is the mathematicly rigorous convergence of residual states. The residual states remain after use of a rigorous Picard-Lefschetz saddle point optimization.

The proofs depend on an assumed principle of a maximum rate of entropy production.

Two Yang-Mills gauge field theories are constructed, one based on short distance asymptotics and the other based on long distance asymptotics.

Against Ai Half Measures, Woodrow Hartzog, Neil Richards, Ryan Durrie, Jordan Francis

Faculty Scholarship

So far, U.S. consumer protection policy for artificial intelligence (AI) accountability has largely consisted of industry-led approaches such as encouraging transparency, mitigating bias, promoting principles of ethics, and empowering people. These approaches are vital, but they are only half measures. To bring AI within the rule of law, lawmakers must start drawing substantive lines.

In this Article, we identify four AI regulatory approaches to consumer, data, and democratic harms as half measures. First, transparency does not produce accountability on its own. Second, while mitigating bias in AI systems is critical, even unbiased systems are a threat to the vulnerable. Third, …

Understanding Motivations And Health Outcomes Of College-Aged Triathletes During Covid-19: A Mixed-Methods Study, Patrick Wilson, Eddie Hill, Justin Haegele, Xihe Zhu

Human Movement Studies & Special Education Faculty Publications

A triathlon is a multi-sport event that consists of three simultaneous events: swimming, biking, and running. This sport has experienced significant growth in the past few decades, with colleges and universities now participating. This exploratory mixed-methods study examined the motivations and perceived health benefits of college triathletes during the COVID-19 pandemic, using the Means-Ends of Recreation Scale and the Perceived Health Outcomes of Recreation Scale (N = 29), as well as semi-structured interviews (N = 4). Results indicate no difference in motives or health outcomes between male and female survey respondents. The thematic analysis of open-ended interview questions highlighted lived …

Integrating Self-Determination Theory And Continuous Glucose Monitoring: Promoting Youth Development Among Campers With Type 1 Diabetes, Eddie Hill, Bethany Arrington, Taylor Harvey, Alexis Barmoh, Rowan Williams, Laura Hill

Human Movement Studies & Special Education Faculty Publications

The purpose of this cohort study was to evaluate participants’ general self-management and experiences of autonomy while attending diabetes camp using quantitative and qualitative data collection. Through a partnership, an outdoor diabetes camp was designed to assist youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D) in their management. The REACH Teen program conducted a week-long summer camp for youth with T1D. The study was designed through Outcome-Focused Programming grounded in Self-Determination Theory (SDT) to meet campers’ needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Campers participated in outdoor activities and diabetes education designed to increase healthy behaviors. Twenty-three campers completed a 24-item pre- and …

Osteoblastogenesis Stimulation By Human Umbilical Cord Stem Cell Secretome During Maxillary Expansion, Alexander Patera Nugraha, Guang Hong, Firdaus Hariri, I Gusti Aju Wahju Ardani, Adya Pramusita, Nurul Aisyah Rizky Putranti, Nindya Rizky Anjani Marhendra, Naora Dewi Rahma Fadzila, Ananda Firman Putranto, Muhammad Luthfi, Wibi Riawan, Putri Cahaya Situmorang, Rony Abdi Syahputra, Thantrira Porntaveetus, Khairul Anuar Shariff, Nissia Ananda, Maudina Dwi Heriasti, Kotaro Tanimoto

Journal of Dental Sciences

Background/purpose: Maxillary expansion induced by mechanical force (MEMF) is a standard orthodontic approach for correcting transverse maxillary deficiency. The human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell secretome (HUCMSC-S) has the potential to stimulate accelerate bone remodeling. This study aimed to evaluate local HUCMSC-S application effect during MEMF on the expression bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2, BMP-4, BMP-7, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) in a Wistar rat (Rattus norvegicus).

Materials and methods: Twenty-four healthy male Wistar rats (R. norvegicus) were randomly divided into four groups: …

Sesamin Suppresses High Glucose-Induced Cyclooxygenase-2 And Prostaglandin E2 Production Through Toll-Like Receptor 2-Dependent Oxidative Stress In Human Gingival Fibroblasts, Ya-Lun Li, Yu-Chia Hsu, Fang-Yu Fan, Yung-Li Wang, Yang-Che Wu, Sin-Yu Li, Thi Thuy Tien Vo, Yu-Chia Chang, Yin-Tzer Shih, I-Ta Lee

Journal of Dental Sciences

Background/purpose: Hyperglycemia contributes to periodontal inflammation through oxidative stress and inflammatory mediator production in gingival fibroblasts. Sesamin, a major lignan from sesame, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study investigated whether sesamin attenuates high glucose (HG)-induced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) production in human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs), and examined the involvement of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-dependent oxidative signaling.

Materials and methods: HGFs were exposed to HG in the presence or absence of sesamin. Cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activity, COX-2 expression, and PGE₂ production were evaluated. …

Categories, Homology And Sheaves For Hypergraphs, Robert Green

Electronic Theses & Dissertations (2024 - present)

Hypergraphs are a prominent tool for representing networks with connections among three or more entities. There is an inherent flexibility that allows hypergraphs to more naturally represent certain types of networks than graphs or simplicial complexes can on their own. This flexibility, however, comes at a cost, as there is a zoo of various categories and homology theories that are applicable to hypergraphs. The first chapter of this dissertation explores various categorical perspectives on hypergraphs, focusing on what the natural notion of morphism between hypergraphs should be. It also contains an exploration of the functoriality of vertex-edge duality in these …

Bloodstain Pattern Analysis And The Gatekeeping Role Of Canadian Courts, Sara Gordon

All Faculty Publications

Despite its long history of admission throughout North America, there appears to be no published Canadian case subjecting bloodstain pattern analysis to the special scrutiny Canadian law demands for novel or contested scientific evidence. Instead, courts have admitted the evidence based largely on the training and experience of forensic examiners, taking it for granted that the field is sufficiently reliable. However, the application of the White Burgess framework reveals that there are serious and severe concerns about the underlying scientific validity of the technique which should render it generally inadmissible. At Stage One of White Burgess, bloodstain pattern analysis fails …

Schelling & Spinoza, Michael Vater

Philosophy Faculty Research and Publications

Schelling is notorious for having a fluid vision of systematic philosophy and its methods. In an age where philosophy is expected to result in one or two books, not years of discussions with students and colleagues--and certainly not a distillation of one’s way of life--Schelling’s thought has been called protean or restless, or in Hegel’s snarky verdict “an education pursued in public.” The same could be said of Socrates. But there is a truth in these comments; it is difficult to find in fifty-six years of publications, addresses and abandoned manuscripts the single argument that is Schelling’s philosophy. What provokes …

Enhancing International School Implementation Capacity: Supporting Contextualized Learning At An International Baccalaureate School In China, Christopher J. Hayden Iv

Theses and Dissertations--Educational Leadership Studies

International schools allocate substantial resources to implement progressive curricular innovations; however, the advantages offered by these developments are contingent on their effective execution within classroom settings. This mixed methods action research (MMAR) study examined the implementation of the International Baccalaureate (IB) Global Context (GC) Strategy in the Middle Years Programme (MYP) at an international school in China and asked how the school might strengthen its capacity to enact this and similar innovations. Following a sequential MMAR design, a reconnaissance phase combined a whole-staff survey (n=87) with qualitative interviews to diagnose the individual, organizational, and contextual factors shaping implementation. Analyses identified …

Are Multiple-Choice And Open-Ended Assessments Consistent In Predicting Science Achievement? Multivariate Multilevel Evidence From Chinese Students And Schools, Quan Wu

Theses and Dissertations--Education Sciences

A multivariate multilevel model was developed and applied to secondary data from a large-scale science assessment of Grade 8 students in China to examine the consistency between multiple-choice and open-ended formats of assessment in predicting science achievement at the student and school levels. The sample included 44,534 students from 159 schools across two regions. Multivariate multilevel results indicated a moderately positive consistency between the two formats at the student level and a strongly positive consistency at the school level; these consistencies were stable across regions and did not depend on student and school characteristics. The findings have important practical implications …

Effects Of Yoga And Mindfulness On Emotional Regulation, Behavior, And Teacher Burnout, Sara E. Smith

Theses and Dissertations--Education Sciences

This dissertation comprises three studies that examine the effects of physical activity, yoga, and mindfulness interventions on students' emotional regulation, behavior, and academic outcomes in rural Kentucky schools. These studies as a whole contribute to understanding how movement-based and mindfulness practices can enhance social-emotional and academic well-being in schools.

The first study describes the effects of classroom-based physical activity on student achievement and social-emotional well-being. Forty-five elementary students participated in a 6-week intervention with two 7-minute movement breaks per day. Results indicated statistically significant improvements in Reading (t(44) = 2.55, p < .001, d = .38), Math (t(44) = 4.63, p < .001, d = .69), and social-emotional competence (t(44) = 3.67, p < .001, d = .55). These findings demonstrate that brief, structured physical activity can meaningfully enhance academic and emotional outcomes when implemented by classroom teachers.

The second study shows the effects of a five-week …

Exploring High School Students’ Learning Interests And Information Sources On Viruses And Covid-19, Sahar Alameh, James W. Keck, Elizabeth Loh, Lin Xiang, Scott M. Berry, Anna G. Hoover, Abigail Knapp, Savannah Tucker

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Education Faculty Publications

This study investigates high school students’ health-information seeking behaviors related to COVID-19 and viruses in a rural area of the south-central United States, and how these behaviors relate to students’ knowledge, perceptions, and learning interests. Survey data were collected from 83 students in Spring 2023, during the post-pandemic period, as part of a STEM and public health unit. Drawing on frameworks from Health Information-Seeking Behavior and student interest, the study examines students’ COVID-19 information sources, how these sources relate to their knowledge about viruses and their perceptions of COVID-19, and the specific topics about which they were most interested in …

A Historical Case Study Of The Effects Of The Coordinate Interagency Partnership Regulating International Students (Cipris) System And The Student Exchange Visitor Information System (Sevis) On Foreign Students Coming To The United States For Higher Education From 1990 To 2008, M. Ann Livingstone

Theses and Dissertations--Educational Policy Studies and Evaluation

The United States has welcomed foreign scholars and students since 1774, but their numbers increased dramatically after World War I, and again after World War II, as America became a world power leader and interest in the United States and its educational system and technological developments grew internationally. The Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) was set up to oversee immigrants, visitors, and nonimmigrants who included students and diplomatic staff and families. This study deals with the changing laws and responsibilities of the INS during the period 1990 to 2008 to track foreign students in higher education, specifically with the introduction …

Beyond Teaching: Black And Hispanic Calculus Students Describe Interactions With Faculty, Kevin A. Palencia Infante, Ricela Feliciano-Semidei, Alcibiades Bustillo-Zarate, Ke Wu

Faculty Articles, Papers, and Other Scholarship

The experiences of underrepresented minority (URM) students in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) programs provide valuable insights into improving their retention and academic achievement. This study investigates how Black and Hispanic calculus students describe faculty-student interactions. Four students participated in a demographic survey and follow-up interviews, sharing their experiences with calculus learning. Using thematic coding guided by validation theory, the data revealed instructors’ academic practices that either validated or invalidated students’ participation in calculus classes. These practices include cultivating in-class conceptual support, promoting collaborative learning spaces, demonstrating out-of-class academic availability, acknowledging and integrating diverse student experiences, and encouraging metacognitive …

Digital Technologies And Calculus: Students’ Peaks And Pits, Ricela Feliciano-Semidei, Kevin A. Palencia Infante, Alcibiades Bustillo-Zarate

Faculty Articles, Papers, and Other Scholarship

Understanding calculus students’ perspectives can provide valuable insights into their learning needs and help develop strategies to enhance persistence in STEM programs. Numerous studies have shown that the use of digital technologies (DT) influences student engagement, motivation, and mathematics achievement. In this project, we explored students’ perspectives on using DT in calculus. We interviewed eight calculus students from a midwestern doctorate-granting institution in the United States and used thematic analysis informed by the didactical tetrahedron, accounting for internal and external factors that may influence the teaching and learning process. Students reflected on their use of technology, identifying various benefits, including …

Bringing Pandemic Science To The Classroom: Building Public Health Capacity At A Rural Kentucky High School, Sahar Alameh, Anna G. Hoover, James W. Keck, Scott M. Berry, Sagan Goodpaster, Savannah Tucker, Ashley Goodin

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Education Faculty Publications

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, a multidisciplinary team at the University of Kentucky developed an interdisciplinary science, technology, engineering, and mathematics and environmental health unit—the Wastewater Assessment for Coronavirus in Kentucky: Implementing Enhanced Surveillance Technology (WACKIEST) Unit—for high school students in summer 2022. This case study outlines the WACKIEST Unit, which focused on wastewater surveillance and COVID-19, the obstacles faced during development and recruitment, and implementation of the WACKIEST Unit in conjunction with a rural wastewater surveillance initiative. The unit was implemented in spring 2023 at a rural high school in Kentucky, spanning 12 days and engaging 190 students. …