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Articles 181 - 210 of 6486
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A New Understanding Of The Tension Between Evil And Divine Greatness: An Application Of Existential Ontology To Christian Apologetics, William A. Blea
A New Understanding Of The Tension Between Evil And Divine Greatness: An Application Of Existential Ontology To Christian Apologetics, William A. Blea
Masters Theses
This thesis is an examination of the potential integration of existential ontology into classical Christian apologetics. Pulling from philosophers like Nietache, Kierkegaard, and Heidegger to construct a framework that understands greatness as the overcoming of a being's context and evil as the relational, moral, and cosmic opposition to the order established by the divine Logos. This framework then allows for an identification of Christus Victor as God’s decisive response to evil. This thesis argues that a properly integrated framework may work to collapse the problem of evil from its metaphysical foundation: the contradiction between God's greatness and the existence of …
Visualizing Equity: A Design Framework For Global Mental Health Communication For Generation Z, Jose Pena
Visualizing Equity: A Design Framework For Global Mental Health Communication For Generation Z, Jose Pena
Masters Theses
There is a lot of information about mental health available today. However, for Generation Z, those born between 1997 and 2012, the information proves both challenging to find and difficult to understand. The World Health Organization and other global groups publish a lot of information about mental health inequality, treatment gaps, and workforce shortages. However, this information is usually presented in dense, technical formats that are not meant for young people who are not experts. Many digital mental health tools, on the other hand, don’t give young people the emotional connection, cultural relevance, and visual clarity they need to deal …
Semiotic Breakdown In Disaster Evacuation Signage For International Tourists, Mario Christopher Fimbrez
Semiotic Breakdown In Disaster Evacuation Signage For International Tourists, Mario Christopher Fimbrez
Masters Theses
Japan’s disaster evacuation signage systems are highly standardized and widely regarded as effective for the domestic population, who operate within a shared cultural framework shaped by years of earthquake drills, formal disaster education, and a common visual vocabulary for risk and evacuation. In coastal cities like Kamakura, however, the audience composition has changed significantly, with millions of international visitors now navigating these spaces each year without the disaster literacy or cultural familiarity that the existing signage was designed to assume. When those shared assumptions about urgency, symbolism, and environmental threat are absent, the communicative force of the system can be …
Leadership Technology Acceptance In Nonprofit Organizations, Nathan Ogle
Leadership Technology Acceptance In Nonprofit Organizations, Nathan Ogle
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The lack of technology acceptance in substance use and recovery nonprofit organizations creates operational barriers and limits leaders’ ability to align mission, governance, service delivery, and sustainability with digital change. This qualitative, flexible design multiple case organization study examined leadership technology acceptance in California nonprofit substance use and recovery organizations and the effects on operational performance. Grounded in pragmatism and framed by adaptive leadership theory and the technology acceptance model, the study linked technology innovation, financial stability, governance, leadership barriers, and organizational life to technology acceptance, operational barriers, strategy, and leadership behaviors. Data came from interviews, surveys, field notes, and …
The Social Construction Of Firearm Meaning In 2022 Hollywood Films: A Qualitative Content Analysis, Anthony L. Paduano
The Social Construction Of Firearm Meaning In 2022 Hollywood Films: A Qualitative Content Analysis, Anthony L. Paduano
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
This qualitative study investigated how meaning was socially constructed around firearms in mainstream American cinema. The study used Berger and Luckmann’s (1966) social construction of reality as the primary framework, with semiotic analysis and Bandura’s (1977, 1986) social learning theory as supporting lenses, treating firearms as culturally loaded signs whose meanings were encoded and stabilized through narrative convention. A qualitative content analysis of 50 films, 2022 Hollywood films in which firearms were prominent enough to meet the study’s inclusion criteria, was conducted using a two-pool design that combined purposive selection with random selection from a bounded pool of commercially prominent …
Music Educators’ Perceptions And Implementation Of Multiculturalism In The Classroom, Kennedy Mae Smith
Music Educators’ Perceptions And Implementation Of Multiculturalism In The Classroom, Kennedy Mae Smith
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The purpose of the study is to determine teachers' perceptions of multicultural education and its potential benefits in Sumter County. The purpose of this research is to understand the perspectives and approaches to preparing for the implementation of multiculturalism among public school music programs in Sumter, South Carolina. The rationale for this research is that there is a gap in the literature on multicultural implementation in music education in South Carolina. With proper technological implementation, multiculturalism could help prepare music educators to teach a culturally diverse group of students. As a result of the study, the researcher aims to gain …
Methodological Variations In Environmental Justice Screening Tools And Their Impact On Disadvantaged Community Designations, Thomas Robbins, Qingran Li, Stephen Bird
Methodological Variations In Environmental Justice Screening Tools And Their Impact On Disadvantaged Community Designations, Thomas Robbins, Qingran Li, Stephen Bird
Faculty Publications
Government agencies in the United States have developed environmental justice screening tools (EJSTs) and designations to promote equitable distribution of benefits from environmental policies to disadvantaged communities (DACs). However, the methodological choices embedded in these tools, including the selection, weighting, and aggregation of environmental justice indicators, vary across EJSTs, and their implications for DAC designation outcomes are poorly understood. Here we systematically compare four EJSTs at the federal and state levels and show that these tools produce substantial variation in the DAC census tracts, with some tools emphasizing socioeconomic burdens while others prioritize environmental risks. Using quantitative regression models, we …
Character Driven Architecture: Authentic Characters In Imitation Worlds, Gabriayle Stapf
Character Driven Architecture: Authentic Characters In Imitation Worlds, Gabriayle Stapf
Masters Theses
This paper is an introduction to the manuscript of my creative writing thesis that includes my own impetus and background, my process for my writing, my vision for that creative fiction piece, what the literary context for my fiction writing is, and what I believe the meaning of being a Christian scholar amounts to. Various other authors’ works are referenced as inspiration and motivation for my creative works and desire for contributing to the field of literature.
Enhancing Cognitive And Emotional Development In An Inclusive High School Setting: A Study Of Students With Intellectual Disabilities, Roxanne Miller
Enhancing Cognitive And Emotional Development In An Inclusive High School Setting: A Study Of Students With Intellectual Disabilities, Roxanne Miller
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
Students with intellectual disabilities often experience cognitive deficits that limit the development of social cognition and critical thinking skills. Challenges in executive functioning, including reduced metacognitive awareness, emotional regulation, and self-regulation, further hinder their ability to plan, monitor, and adapt their thinking and behavior, creating barriers to success in inclusive educational settings. This mixed-methods pilot study examined the effects of the Feuerstein Instrumental Enrichment (FIE) program on the cognitive development of five high school students with intellectual disabilities enrolled in an inclusive Christian high school over one semester. Using a sequential explanatory design, quantitative data were collected via the MINDCAP …
Who Killed Lucio Blanco? Border Incursions & Sovereignty Along The Rio Grande, Jaime L. Alvarez
Who Killed Lucio Blanco? Border Incursions & Sovereignty Along The Rio Grande, Jaime L. Alvarez
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The assassination of Lucio Blanco along the banks of the Rio Grande in 1922 was not an isolated episode of political violence but the culmination of nearly a century-old practice of contested sovereignty, border incursions, and lack of law enforcement. This dissertation thus examines the borderlands of Texas and Mexico from the nineteenth century through the aftermath of the Mexican Revolution. Within this time frame, this dissertation demonstrates that the international boundary functioned less as a fixed division between two sovereign states and more as a political gray zone in which authority, identity, violence, and political power were continually negotiated. …
Wayang 3d Interactive E-Book: Development And Classroom Evaluation For Javanese Traditional Drama Learning, I’In Dwi Susanti, Afendy Widayat
Wayang 3d Interactive E-Book: Development And Classroom Evaluation For Javanese Traditional Drama Learning, I’In Dwi Susanti, Afendy Widayat
Bahasa dan Seni: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Seni, dan Pengajarannya
Javanese traditional drama (wayang) is a key element of Indonesia's cultural heritage, yet classroom instruction remains largely text-based and low in engagement. This study developed and evaluated Wayang 3D, a cloud-based interactive e-book integrating Canva, Heyzine, and H5P to support traditional-drama learning. Using the ADDIE model, the product was validated by content and media experts and tested through a quasi-experimental nonequivalent pretest–posttest control-group design with 62 ninth-grade students. Content validity was Feasible (79.5%) and media validity Very Feasible (83.0%); teacher and student practicality ratings were also Very Feasible (85.01%). The experimental group achieved a significantly higher normalised learning gain than …
The Influence Of Augmented Reality Virtual Try-On On Purchase Intention: The Mediating Role Of Attitude Toward The Product In Cosmetics, Raden Adi Cahyadi, Benni Ahdiyana Pamungkas, Ruthlivia Tiara Bernessa
The Influence Of Augmented Reality Virtual Try-On On Purchase Intention: The Mediating Role Of Attitude Toward The Product In Cosmetics, Raden Adi Cahyadi, Benni Ahdiyana Pamungkas, Ruthlivia Tiara Bernessa
Journal of Language, Literature, and Arts
Augmented reality (AR)-based Virtual Try-On (VTO) enables consumers to visualize cosmetic products before purchase and has become increasingly relevant in digital marketing. Drawing on the Stimulus–Organism–Response (S-O-R) framework, this study examines attitude toward the product as a mediating mechanism linking AR-based VTO experiences with purchase intention. Unlike studies that predominantly conceptualize the organism in terms of responses to technology or technology-mediated experiences, this study adopts a product-focused perspective by examining consumers’ evaluations of cosmetic products presented through VTO. A quantitative cross-sectional survey was conducted with 199 women who had used Maybelline’s VTO feature within the preceding three months. Data was …
Eksplorasi Visual Teknik Kitchen Lithography: Reinterpretasi Ejaan Van Ophuijsen Dalam Seni Grafis Kontemporer, Putri Rahmatul Izzah Pratiwi, Agnisa Maulani Wisesa
Eksplorasi Visual Teknik Kitchen Lithography: Reinterpretasi Ejaan Van Ophuijsen Dalam Seni Grafis Kontemporer, Putri Rahmatul Izzah Pratiwi, Agnisa Maulani Wisesa
Journal of Language, Literature, and Arts
This art creation study explores Van Ophuijsen Spelling as a visual source through kitchen lithography in planographic printmaking. The creative concept draws on the linguistic and visual characteristics of Van Ophuijsen Spelling and its historical context as represented through narratives and visual sources. The study employs a qualitative descriptive approach by adapting the Tri Cipta Karya method, comprising contemplation, exploration, and creation and presentation. The creative process involved narrative development, examination of visual and historical sources, sketch development, material experimentation, and printing using aluminum foil as the matrix. The process produced six series comprising 11 works that integrate characteristics of …
The Correlation Of Information-Seeking Traits With Perceptions Of Artificial Intelligence Output To Ill-Defined Problems, Joel Bouchard
The Correlation Of Information-Seeking Traits With Perceptions Of Artificial Intelligence Output To Ill-Defined Problems, Joel Bouchard
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a new class of technological tool whose innovation exists in its ability to engage in reciprocal, socially fluent, undetermined response generation. How individuals come to trust such responses, especially as it regards classes of problems previously unavailable to programmed computational responses, is a question of importance. Prior research has addressed motivational dispositions towards epistemic decision-making, but work examining the relationship between these traits and perceptions of AI output in epistemically ambiguous circumstances is limited. The current study aimed to address this gap by exploring how trait curiosity and need for cognitive closure (NFCC) relate …
Tongues In 1 Corinthians 12–14: Their Role In Gospel Proclamation And Unity, Adam Rimmer
Tongues In 1 Corinthians 12–14: Their Role In Gospel Proclamation And Unity, Adam Rimmer
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The gifts of the Holy Spirit have been controversial throughout the ages. Many theologians, apologists, and church fathers have tried to clarify glossolalia. This dissertation is an exposition of 1 Corinthians 12–14 that argues that glossolalia is an actual human language that supports the gift of prophecy for proclaiming the gospel of Jesus Christ, but was being misused within the church at Corinth as ecstatic speech, which was not the valid biblical gift of glossolalia. It will demonstrate that this gift served as a divine means to proclaim the gospel of Jesus Christ to those who spoke different languages before …
Exploring The Role Of Mentorship For Urban African American Underprivileged Students Who Participate In Band Programs: A Case Study, Tyreese Lamar Pleasanton
Exploring The Role Of Mentorship For Urban African American Underprivileged Students Who Participate In Band Programs: A Case Study, Tyreese Lamar Pleasanton
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
Underprivileged urban African American students who participate in band programs benefit from transformative mentorship within a culturally relevant support system. By providing access to environmental resources and equitable opportunities, mentors play a critical role in promoting academic achievement, social-emotional growth, and cultural pride. This study investigates the impact of mentorship on student outcomes in urban settings, highlights distinctive African American experiences, identifies structural barriers, and proposes relationship-based strategies to advance educational equity through culturally responsive support. Data will be collected through surveys, interviews, observations, and thematic analysis, with a specific focus on current band directors. The findings will contribute to …
The Impact Of Technology On Church Revitalization In South Florida Post-Pandemic: A Quantitative Analysis, Pericles Tima
The Impact Of Technology On Church Revitalization In South Florida Post-Pandemic: A Quantitative Analysis, Pericles Tima
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The COVID-19 pandemic compelled numerous churches to adopt digital technology rapidly; nonetheless, a substantial deficiency in empirical study exists concerning their effects on church revitalization. This study seeks to address this deficiency and significantly contribute to the field by analyzing the impact of digital outreach strategies, such as social media engagement, online services, and virtual community building, on critical indicators of revitalization, including church attendance, member engagement, and financial stability. The research used a quantitative research design to gather data via surveys administered to church leaders and parishioners within Haitian churches in South Florida. The survey utilized stratified random sampling …
Influences Of A Social Emotional Curriculum On Teachers’ Classroom Experiences: A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Study, Nikki Thompson
Influences Of A Social Emotional Curriculum On Teachers’ Classroom Experiences: A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Study, Nikki Thompson
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenology was to understand the lived experiences of general education first-grade teachers in Washington State who use social-emotional curricula to mitigate negative student behaviors. The theory guiding this study was Bandura’s social learning theory (SLT) as it pertains to peer-to-peer and peer-to-teacher relationships. The participants in this study were 10-15 elementary classroom teachers in Washington who will incorporate one Social-Emotional Learning (SEL) lesson per week. The teachers followed the MindUP curriculum to incorporate additional activities. The focus was on the lived experiences of first-grade teachers in Washington State who teach SEL to mitigate negative student …
Navigating Roman-Script Literacy Acquisition From Learners To Instructors: A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Study Of Adult Efl Esl Educators’ Experiences With Multimodal Instructional Resources, Morgan Dunsfield
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenological study was to describe the lived experiences of credentialed educators who previously transitioned from non-Roman alphabet systems to Roman-based literacy and now teach Roman alphabet languages to linguistically similar learners in accredited adult English as a foreign or second language (EFL ESL) programs. The theory guiding this study is cognitive load theory, as it informs the investigation of how instructional scaffolds, schema development, and digital platforms influence literacy acquisition and teaching efficacy for learners navigating orthographic transfer. The central research question is: How do credentialed EFL ESL educators, who previously transitioned from non-Roman to …
The Influence Of Embodied Cognition On Self-Efficacy, Self-Accountability, And Resilience In Women Affected By Social Expectations, Trudy D. Tabler
The Influence Of Embodied Cognition On Self-Efficacy, Self-Accountability, And Resilience In Women Affected By Social Expectations, Trudy D. Tabler
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
Research has explored cognitive-based interventions to enhance psychological constructs; however, emerging evidence regarding embodied cognition principles, which examine how bodily experiences shape our thoughts and behaviors, may provide a more integrative approach. Self-efficacy, self-accountability, and resilience are essential psychological constructs that empower women to navigate challenges, pursue goals, and maintain agency in their lives. The research explored whether embodied cognition interventions (N=9) can disrupt automatic, conformity-driven behaviors and promote increased self-efficacy, self-accountability, and resilience in women compared to techniques that rely solely on cognitive reflection (N=8), or a control group (N=8). Findings from this randomized controlled pilot study did not …
Differentiated Instruction For Gifted Students In A North Carolina Title I School System: A Case Study, Kristal Land
Differentiated Instruction For Gifted Students In A North Carolina Title I School System: A Case Study, Kristal Land
Doctoral Dissertations and Projects
The purpose of this case study was to explore the differentiation of instructional methods used for cluster-grouped gifted students in third through eighth-grade regular education classes at TCSS, a Title I school in North Carolina. For the research, differentiation for cluster-grouped gifted students was defined as students who have been identified as gifted and are grouped together, typically in clusters of three to more than 10 students in a regular education setting. In this environment, teachers differentiate instruction to meet the advanced learning needs of their students. The theory guiding this study is Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences. Multiple intelligences …
Pola Kesantunan Warganet Dalam Menanggapi Isu Kenaikan Gaji Dpr Pada Akun Tiktok @Kompastv.Indonesia, Muhammad Hafidz Afrizal Anwar, Citra Ayu Kusuma Dewi, Niquita Shalsa Billa Rudyansyah, Sutrisno Gustiraja Alfarizi, Didin Widyartono
Pola Kesantunan Warganet Dalam Menanggapi Isu Kenaikan Gaji Dpr Pada Akun Tiktok @Kompastv.Indonesia, Muhammad Hafidz Afrizal Anwar, Citra Ayu Kusuma Dewi, Niquita Shalsa Billa Rudyansyah, Sutrisno Gustiraja Alfarizi, Didin Widyartono
Journal of Language, Literature, and Arts
This study aims to identify and describe forms of compliance with and violations of politeness principles in netizens’ responses to the issue of salary increases for members of the Indonesian House of Representatives (DPR) on the TikTok account @kompastv.indonesia. This study employed a descriptive qualitative approach, with data collected through digital documentation of netizens’ comments related to the issue. The data were selected purposively and analyzed using Leech’s politeness principles by considering both the linguistic forms and pragmatic contexts of the comments. The findings reveal that violations of politeness principles were more frequently identified than compliance within the analyzed corpus. …
Interpretive Flexibility And The Social Construction Of Generative Ai In Education: A Scot Analysis, Elham Mousavidin, Sujin K. Horwitz
Interpretive Flexibility And The Social Construction Of Generative Ai In Education: A Scot Analysis, Elham Mousavidin, Sujin K. Horwitz
Southwestern Business Administration Journal
The rapid rise of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) tools has intensified discussions about their role in education. This study uses the Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) framework to explore how educational stakeholders interpret GenAI and how these interpretations influence its development and adoption. Through an interpretive literature review of research published between 2021 and 2025, we examine stakeholder perspectives using SCOT constructs, including relevant social groups, interpretive flexibility, technological frames, and controversies. Results identify three main interpretive tensions shaping current debates: transformational force versus transactional tool, cognitive augmentation versus cognitive atrophy, and digital empowerment versus digital enslavement. These tensions show …
Current Research On The Use Of Ai In Higher Education, Jim A. Mccleskey
Current Research On The Use Of Ai In Higher Education, Jim A. Mccleskey
Southwestern Business Administration Journal
The rapid adoption of artificial intelligence (AI), particularly generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) tools such as ChatGPT, has introduced profound opportunities and challenges for higher education. This paper presents a thematic scholarly review of recent empirical studies, systematic reviews, and conceptual analyses examining AI’s impact on teaching, learning, assessment, and institutional practice. The literature highlights substantial benefits associated with AI use, including increased academic productivity, personalized and adaptive learning pathways, enhanced accessibility for diverse learners, and new opportunities for pedagogical innovation. At the same time, significant risks emerge related to cognitive offloading, erosion of critical thinking, academic integrity, blurred authorship, assessment …
Agree To Disagree? Classification Agreement Among Discrepancy-Based Sld Models Used In School Psychology, Emma M. Ferns, Carlos O. Calderón-Tena
Agree To Disagree? Classification Agreement Among Discrepancy-Based Sld Models Used In School Psychology, Emma M. Ferns, Carlos O. Calderón-Tena
Journal of Educational Research and Practice
For decades, school psychologists have attempted to operationalize the federal definition of the most prevalent disability under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), specific learning disability. These attempts have led to three major identification method camps: the severe discrepancy approach, the patterns of strengths and weaknesses (PSW) approach, and the response-to-intervention approach—all of which are federally permissible under the IDEA. This study aimed to determine whether three operationalizations of the severe discrepancy approach (simple severe discrepancy using 1 and 1.5 standard deviations and the regression approach) identified the same students as those classified by their school as having an …
Comparison Of Gravity Separation And Flotation For Pyrite Recovery From Tailings, Gülay Bulut, Gönül Göksu Gökçe, Dilruba Karamanlı, Oğuzhan Mert Gürkan, Ergin Sarp Zenzirci, Binnur Kırım, Alim Gül
Comparison Of Gravity Separation And Flotation For Pyrite Recovery From Tailings, Gülay Bulut, Gönül Göksu Gökçe, Dilruba Karamanlı, Oğuzhan Mert Gürkan, Ergin Sarp Zenzirci, Binnur Kırım, Alim Gül
Journal of Sustainable Mining
Tailings generated during the production of lead, zinc, and copper concentrates contain significant amounts of sulfide minerals, particularly pyrite. Pyrite, which remains in tailings after the recovery of other metals, is one of the main contributors to acid mine drainage (AMD). Therefore, recovering pyrite from tailings is environmentally and economically an important issue. In this study, pyrite recovery from tailings was investigated using flotation and gravity separation methods. Mineralogical characterization and liberation analyses were conducted by Mineral Liberation Analysis (MLA), indicating that pyrite is the major sulfide mineral with over 76% liberation degree even in the coarsest fractions. Flotation tests …
A Framework For Teaching Maya Aspect System: Pedagogical Strategies For Maya Grammar, Quetzil E. Castañeda
A Framework For Teaching Maya Aspect System: Pedagogical Strategies For Maya Grammar, Quetzil E. Castañeda
Journal of Maya Heritage
Abstract. Maya, an Indigenous language spoken primarily in Mexico’s Yucatán Peninsula, remains under-resourced in materials for second-language and heritage-language learners. Its agglutinative morphology, split ergativity, and aspect system pose particular pedagogical challenges, especially when Maya grammar is explained through Spanish or English tense categories. Based on a critical review of existing teaching resources and the author’s more than twenty years of experience teaching Maya, this article proposes a pedagogical framework for understanding its aspect grammar. Rather than organizing verbal morphology around tense, the framework distinguishes four principal conjugational forms: Ongoing Incomplete, Simple Past, Completed Present, and Subjunctive. It also introduces …
Steering Generative Ai Responses By Predicting User Intentions Using Slms And Behavioral Telemetry, Rachit Mathur, Payal Shah
Steering Generative Ai Responses By Predicting User Intentions Using Slms And Behavioral Telemetry, Rachit Mathur, Payal Shah
Defensive Publications Series
Current conversational AI systems rely on monotonic streaming, requiring users to wait for complete responses before correcting misinterpretations. This disclosure describes a bifurcated dual-dispatch architecture that steers generative AI outputs mid-stream. By pairing a localized Small Language Model (SLM) shadow parser with a high-capacity frontier LLM, the system dynamically analyzes real-time client-side behavioral telemetry - including keystroke dwell times, backspace mutation ratios, and paste metadata to predict user intent and cognitive friction. When volatile semantic nodes or potential intent mismatches are detected, the SLM executes pre-emptive mitigations by tuning inference hyperparameters (such as temperature) or surfacing non-blocking, inline "intent chips" …
Relative Rate Observer-Based Online Tuning Mechanism For Single-Input Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Pid Controllers, Oqba Aldreiei, Cenk Ulu, Mert Can Kurucu, Müjde Güzelkaya
Relative Rate Observer-Based Online Tuning Mechanism For Single-Input Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Pid Controllers, Oqba Aldreiei, Cenk Ulu, Mert Can Kurucu, Müjde Güzelkaya
Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
The characteristics of the footprint of uncertainty (FOU) in interval type-2 membership functions (IT2-MFs) are crucial to the performance and robustness of interval type-2 fuzzy controllers (IT2-FCs). However, existing IT2-FC design approaches mostly use fixed FOU structures. This study proposes an online membership function (MF) adjustment mechanism for a single-input interval type-2 fuzzy PID controller (SIT2-FPID) that adjusts the FOU of the antecedent MFs and weights of the consequent MFs, respectively, to achieve high performance and robustness. The proposed online adjustment mechanism consists of a relative rate observer (RRO), a two-input rule-base adjustment system, and a first-order smoothing filter. The …