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2026

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Perbandingan Kesenjangan Perilaku Manusia Purba Di Wilayah Sulawesi Dan Flores, Kaylica Putri Kurniawan, Siti Oktavia Caroline, Nazwa Fariha Ramadhani Jul 2026

Perbandingan Kesenjangan Perilaku Manusia Purba Di Wilayah Sulawesi Dan Flores, Kaylica Putri Kurniawan, Siti Oktavia Caroline, Nazwa Fariha Ramadhani

Multikultura

Wallacea, particularly the islands of Sulawesi and Flores, holds important archaeological evidence of the behavioral transition between Homo sapiens and earlier archaic hominins. This article aims to compare the behavioral gaps that occurred at two sites, namely Leang Bulu Bettue, Sulawesi, and Liang Bua, Flores. The results of the study indicate that Sulawesi and Flores have significantly different gap patterns, where at Leang Bulu Bettue there was a drastic change in substance, while at Liang Bua the opposite behavior occurred, where there was technological continuity from Homo floresiensis to early Homo sapiens with gradual behavioral changes. The results of this …


Situs Lida Ajer Dalam Konteks Supererupsi Erupsi Toba, Zulianikha S. Putri, Arni Nazirawati, Alia Fatima Jul 2026

Situs Lida Ajer Dalam Konteks Supererupsi Erupsi Toba, Zulianikha S. Putri, Arni Nazirawati, Alia Fatima

Multikultura

The Toba eruption approximately 74,000 years ago was one of the largest volcanic events of the Quaternary and is often associated with the catastrophic hypothesis, which argues that the event caused extreme global cooling and severe reductions in human populations. However, recent studies suggest that its impacts were less destructive than previously assumed. This paper examines the position of Lida Ajer Cave within the context of the Toba eruption through a literature review of archaeological, geological, and paleoenvironmental publications. The review shows that the presence of Homo sapiens at Lida Ajer, dated to approximately 73,000–63,000 years ago, places the site …


Reinforcing Media Governance In Indonesian Dynamic Cyber Space, Poppy Setiawaty Nurisnaeny, Hendra Kaprisma, Chrisna Yudhawinata, Sudirman Sudirman Jul 2026

Reinforcing Media Governance In Indonesian Dynamic Cyber Space, Poppy Setiawaty Nurisnaeny, Hendra Kaprisma, Chrisna Yudhawinata, Sudirman Sudirman

International Review of Humanities Studies

Following the rapid change in technology development, the Indonesian mass media have undergone a digital transformation. This digital mass media and its users have evolved, assimilated, and integrated themselves to fit in the cyber world. This distinguishing feature distinguishes them from traditional mass media. The cyber environment's infinite international boundaries are both advantageous and disadvantageous, as it is difficult to govern digital activity outside Indonesia's jurisdiction. This unregulated environment became a breeding ground for cybercrime, making the digital space unsafe for individuals and threatening national security. In response to this issue, the Indonesian government has enacted various laws and policies, …


The Indonesian Conjunction Dan ‘And’ And Its Chinese Correspondences: A Corpus-Based Approach To Syntactic And Register Variation, Hatmi Idris Jul 2026

The Indonesian Conjunction Dan ‘And’ And Its Chinese Correspondences: A Corpus-Based Approach To Syntactic And Register Variation, Hatmi Idris

International Review of Humanities Studies

This study examines how the Indonesian conjunction dan ‘and’ is rendered in Chinese across syntactic units using a corpus-based contrastive approach. Focusing on children’s books, classic novels, and online news, it analyzes coordination at word, phrase, and clause level from a syntactic and register perspective. Findings show that dan ‘and’ does not correspond to a single Chinese form. At the word and phrase level, nominal coordination employs hé (和) ‘and’, yǔ (与) ‘and’, and yǐjí (以及) ‘as well as’ , with formal news discourse favoring yǔ (与) ‘and’ and yǐjí (以及) ‘as well as’. In verbal coordination, bìng (并) ‘furthermore’ …


Social Archeology In Colonial Capitalism: Space Analysis, Class, And Race In The Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij Batavia In Early Twentieth Century, Rendy Dharmawansyah, Irmawati Marwoto Imj Jul 2026

Social Archeology In Colonial Capitalism: Space Analysis, Class, And Race In The Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij Batavia In Early Twentieth Century, Rendy Dharmawansyah, Irmawati Marwoto Imj

International Review of Humanities Studies

The research is to analyze the building of Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij (NHM) in its position as a Dutch Trade Company in the Dutch East Indies. It shows an influence of the colonial image, that is discriminative against the social condition of the native Indonesian in its structural architecture. By applying a Marxist theory on the analysis of social class, this writing examines the building of the NHM trade office and the material remains that revealed social class and racial segregation. The result of the study discloses that the architecture of the NHM building pointed out the dominating colonial power over …


Persuasive Strategies In Umrah Marketing On Social Media: A Comparative Study Of Arabic And Indonesian, Stevania C. Asahri Jul 2026

Persuasive Strategies In Umrah Marketing On Social Media: A Comparative Study Of Arabic And Indonesian, Stevania C. Asahri

International Review of Humanities Studies

This study examines persuasive strategies in Arabic- and Indonesian-language Umrah marketing flyers circulated on social media. As public interest in Umrah continues to grow, travel agencies increasingly rely on digital platforms not only to promote travel packages but also to construct spiritual appeal, religious credibility, and consumer trust. This study therefore aims to analyze how spiritual imagery is constructed, how rhetorical and pragmatic persuasive strategies are used, and how persuasive patterns differ between Arabic- and Indonesian-language Umrah marketing flyers. The study adopts a qualitative-dominant convergent parallel mixed-methods design. The qualitative analysis is based on Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), integrated …


Radical Responsibility: Sartre And The Ecocentric Erosion Of Human Agency, Khodadad Azizi, Naupal Asnawi, Abby Gina Boang Manalu Jul 2026

Radical Responsibility: Sartre And The Ecocentric Erosion Of Human Agency, Khodadad Azizi, Naupal Asnawi, Abby Gina Boang Manalu

International Review of Humanities Studies

Contemporary ecological crisis persists despite decades of environmental ethics discourse and rising public awareness, a discrepancy researchers have named the awareness-action gap. One influential corrective, running from Aldo Leopold’s land ethic through Arne Naess’s deep ecology, addresses anthropocentric domination by folding the human being back into the biotic community as one member among others. This article argues that such levelling, whatever its merits against domination, carries an underexamined cost: it erodes the very ground on which anyone can be held responsible for ecological destruction, since only a being capable of choice, not soil, water, or rock, can be asked to …


Hairdressing Service Request In Japanese, Kirana Insyafira Rafa, Filia Filia Dr. Jul 2026

Hairdressing Service Request In Japanese, Kirana Insyafira Rafa, Filia Filia Dr.

International Review of Humanities Studies

This study aims to explain the request for hairdressing services in Japanese beauty salon, focusing on the use of verbal and nonverbal markers. This study use descriptive qualitative design. The data source consists of video conversations between clients and hairstylist on the NARIKYO channel on YouTube. The results of analysis revealed 128 request data through two strategies, such as 77 verbal and 51 nonverbal. Verbally, desiderative forms (such as -tai and -hoshii) with 33 data, followed by declarative forms (such as -ga ii, omakase de, unfinished tense) with 17 data and embedded forms (such as -you na, -mitai na, -hou …


Onomatopoeia In The Digital Comic The Wormworld Saga (2010), Nur Kholidah, Julia Wulandari Jul 2026

Onomatopoeia In The Digital Comic The Wormworld Saga (2010), Nur Kholidah, Julia Wulandari

International Review of Humanities Studies

This study examines the forms and meanings of onomatopoeia derived from concrete sounds in the digital comic The Wormworld Saga. The study aims to explore the use of onomatopoeia in The Wormworld Saga and to describe its forms and meanings using a descriptive qualitative method. This study analyzes the forms of onomatopoeia based on the categories proposed by Gross (1988) and analyzes their meanings based on the classification proposed by Körtvélyessy and Štekauer (2024). The results show that there are 54 onomatopoeia classified as concrete sounds. In terms of form, the most common onomatopoeia are non-word forms, accounting for 41 …


Constructing Geisha Representation: Textual Analysis Of Memoirs Of A Geisha On Social Media X, Khadijah Hamumpuni Setyawan, Rouli Esther Pasaribu Jul 2026

Constructing Geisha Representation: Textual Analysis Of Memoirs Of A Geisha On Social Media X, Khadijah Hamumpuni Setyawan, Rouli Esther Pasaribu

International Review of Humanities Studies

Geisha are professional entertainers who have mastered Japanese traditional arts and often appear in various media covering Japanese culture. However, there are frequent misunderstandings about geisha outside Japan. The release of the Japanese-produced film Shogun has sparked discussions about older films from the west that are set in Japan, such as Memoirs of a Geisha. This study aims to analyze the representation of geisha in Memoirs of a Geisha (2005) and how that representation is constructed and reinterpreted by Japanese and Western audiences through the social media platform X. Using textual analysis, this study examines the movie as a cultural …


Myth As A System Of Meaning: Naturalization In The Expression “Ojo Lungguh Ning Tengah Lawang, Mengko Ora Ilok”, Sara Dwi Anjani, Triaswarin Sutanarihesti Jul 2026

Myth As A System Of Meaning: Naturalization In The Expression “Ojo Lungguh Ning Tengah Lawang, Mengko Ora Ilok”, Sara Dwi Anjani, Triaswarin Sutanarihesti

International Review of Humanities Studies

The phrase “ojo lungguh ning tengah lawang, mengko ora ilok” is a traditional prohibition still known and applied in everyday life by Javanese people. This phrase not only functions as a rule of behavior, but as part of a system of cultural meaning passed down from generation to generation. This study aims to explain how Javanese people of different generations understand this phrase and how it functions as a myth in social life. This study employs a qualitative approach utilizing Roland Barthes’s semiotic framework and the identity perspectives of Mary Bucholtz and Kira Hall. Data were collected through …


Voters’ Perception Of Nigeria’S Electoral Process: An X-Ray Of The 2023 Presidential Election, Omamurhieme Julia Akpodovhan, Chukwuma Anyanwu Dr Jul 2026

Voters’ Perception Of Nigeria’S Electoral Process: An X-Ray Of The 2023 Presidential Election, Omamurhieme Julia Akpodovhan, Chukwuma Anyanwu Dr

International Review of Humanities Studies

In its six decades of post-independence, Nigeria has experienced the best and worst in military and democratic governance fluctuating from one to the other. It has purportedly settled into a democracy but with highly flawed electoral processes. This paper interrogates the February 25, 2023 Presidential election with a view to assessing the perception of voters in the exercise to determine whether there has been an improvement or otherwise in the status quo of how previous elections were conducted. Drawing from historical antecedents, participant observation and opinion poll research techniques, the authors relied on information from five of ten polling booths …


Contested Borders And National Identity In Southeast Asia: An Analysis Of Thailand– Cambodia Dispute Through Nontawat Numbenchapol’S Documentary Film, Boundary, Mirwan Andan Jul 2026

Contested Borders And National Identity In Southeast Asia: An Analysis Of Thailand– Cambodia Dispute Through Nontawat Numbenchapol’S Documentary Film, Boundary, Mirwan Andan

International Review of Humanities Studies

Southeast Asia remains a region marked by numerous interstate border disputes. Among these, the Thailand–Cambodia border dispute surrounding the Preah Vihear Temple, located between Sisaket Province in Thailand and Preah Vihear Province in Cambodia, represents one of the conflicts with the greatest potential to affect regional stability and harmony in the region. This dispute extends beyond questions of territorial sovereignty, encompassing the construction of national identity, historical memory, and the domestic political dynamics of both countries. This article examines the representation of nationalism in Boundary (2013), a documentary film directed by Thai independent filmmaker Nontawat Numbenchapol. Drawing on perspectives interdisciplinary …


Morphological And Woodworking Technology Analysis Of Wooden Piles From The Molenvliet Canal, Mrt Jakarta Phase 2 Cp-202 Project, Central Jakarta, Aisyah F. Sugoro, R. Cecep Permana Jul 2026

Morphological And Woodworking Technology Analysis Of Wooden Piles From The Molenvliet Canal, Mrt Jakarta Phase 2 Cp-202 Project, Central Jakarta, Aisyah F. Sugoro, R. Cecep Permana

International Review of Humanities Studies

The aim of this study is to determine the correlation between the wooden embankment structure (wooden beams, wooden piles, and wooden planks) in the embankment installation system and the geographical conditions of Batavia along Jalan Hayam Wuruk and Jalan Gajah Mada, where the embankment structure has shifted due to ground movement. The research stages consist of observation, description, and explanation or interpretation of the processed data. Based on the analysis of wooden piles from the Molenvliet Canal embankment structure, it can be concluded that 17th century Batavian society applied a multi-stage pile production process, ranging from raw material selection, …


Sanggit And The Essence Of Power In The Wayang Performing Arts Play Jaka Tingkir By Ki Purbo Asmoro, Darmoko Darmoko Jul 2026

Sanggit And The Essence Of Power In The Wayang Performing Arts Play Jaka Tingkir By Ki Purbo Asmoro, Darmoko Darmoko

International Review of Humanities Studies

The puppeteer as a director composes an art performance based on material, understanding the  context of history and genealogy, myths and beliefs, traditions and conventions, the breadth of  imagination, sensitivity of intuition, breadth of knowledge and experience, and depth of  understanding of cultural codes and conventions. The play Jaka Tingkir, an episode in Babad Tanah  Jawi, is composed and presented in the performing arts to foster artistic creativity and  innovation, while showcasing strength and ability in narrative strategies and staging creativity.  Power is arranged based on a person's status, role, and knowledge obtained through the traditional  method of nglakoni in …


Sumedang Larang Heritage Trail Experience: Tracing Cultural Footsteps From The Ancient Palace To Traditional Citizens' Dwellings, Retno Raswaty Jul 2026

Sumedang Larang Heritage Trail Experience: Tracing Cultural Footsteps From The Ancient Palace To Traditional Citizens' Dwellings, Retno Raswaty

International Review of Humanities Studies

The heritage trail, or the tracing of historical footprints as an approach to preservation and cultural education in Sumedang Larang culture, will lead to an experience that opens insights into life in the old center of power to the residential patterns of citizens filled with wisdom. As a cultural landscape, the traces of Sumedang Larang are still alive in urban spaces, sites, social practices, and the current residential layout of the community. Through a space-reading based on walking, this article outlines major points of interest such as the town square (alun-alun), the palace or museum, pilgrimage sites, old paths, strategic …


Neurint In The Age Of Generative Agentic Ai: A Proposed Paradigm For Left-Of-Bang Strategic Deterrence, James Giordano, Elise Annett Jul 2026

Neurint In The Age Of Generative Agentic Ai: A Proposed Paradigm For Left-Of-Bang Strategic Deterrence, James Giordano, Elise Annett

Strategic Insights

This commentary focuses on how neurocognitive intelligence, or NEURINT, could be operationalized through generative agentic artificial intelligence to strengthen anticipatory intelligence and left-of-bang deterrence. NEURINT combines neuroscience, psychology, behavioral science, computational modeling, and traditional intelligence to better understand the cognitive, emotional, cultural, and organizational factors shaping adversary decision-making. This piece looks at how agentic AI, large-scale data integration, cognitive digital twins, and probabilistic forecasting could help intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance identify behavioral patterns, escalation thresholds, vulnerabilities, and potential intervention points before hostile activity becomes operational. It also emphasizes that AI should augment and not replace human analysts. Human judgment, ethical …


Who’S To Blame? The Politics Of Recognition In Ayta Land Claims Under Ipra, John Albert R. Dela Rosa Jul 2026

Who’S To Blame? The Politics Of Recognition In Ayta Land Claims Under Ipra, John Albert R. Dela Rosa

Social Sciences and Development Review

With the enactment of the Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Act (IPRA) in 1997, the Philippines became one of the first Asian countries to legally recognize and protect the rights of Indigenous Peoples. Yet many Indigenous communities continue to struggle to realize the very promises that the law was intended to fulfill. This paper therefore examines how IPRA has shaped—and continues to shape—the Ayta’s efforts to assert ownership and control over their ancestral domain. Drawing on multi-sited ethnography conducted in selected Ayta communities, the study reveals that IPRA remains a paradox. While it has heightened the Ayta’s awareness of their rights and …


Lunan, Gunita, Emosyon: Isang Deskriptibong Pag-Aaral Ukol Sa Mga Pilipinong Pamanang Bayan Na Kinanlong Ng Kabanwahang Lunan Ng Musée Du Louvre At American Museum Of Natural History, Axle Christien Tuganon Jul 2026

Lunan, Gunita, Emosyon: Isang Deskriptibong Pag-Aaral Ukol Sa Mga Pilipinong Pamanang Bayan Na Kinanlong Ng Kabanwahang Lunan Ng Musée Du Louvre At American Museum Of Natural History, Axle Christien Tuganon

Social Sciences and Development Review

At the dawn of the 21st century, one notable feature in the flow of diplomatic and cultural relations among nations is the assertion and participation in cultural repatriation, restitution, and/or rematriation through international adjudication and civil litigation, or the recovery of national heritage and/or artifacts that were illicitly taken by foreign Western powers from their former colonies. Evidence of widespread illicit appropriation is typically found in prominent and “renowned” museums worldwide. This study aims to employ Filipino conceptualizations of national heritage to understand the relationship between the Philippines and foreign countries. As part of its methodology, the author draws on …


Putting The Domus In The Domus Ecclesiae, Mary Joan Winn Leith, Allyson Everingham Sheckler Jul 2026

Putting The Domus In The Domus Ecclesiae, Mary Joan Winn Leith, Allyson Everingham Sheckler

Journal of Religious Competition in Antiquity

No abstract provided.


Front Matter Jul 2026

Front Matter

Communal Societies

No abstract provided.


Unplanned Public Nature Interiority, Kendra Locklear Ordia Jul 2026

Unplanned Public Nature Interiority, Kendra Locklear Ordia

Interiority

This paper advances a theory of urban interiority through the concept of public nature interiority, integrating ecological thinking into the spatial, sensory, and temporal conditions of exterior spaces that feel interior. Drawing on works by Tine Poot, Richard Sennett, Liz Teston, and Suzie Attiwill, it challenges binary distinctions between interior and exterior, emphasising relational and dynamic urban conditions. Using Attiwill's notions of collective individuation and an ecology of subjectivity, interiority is reframed as being shaped not only by human perception and experience with nature but also by biotic relations and multispecies interactions. The theory is situated within terrain vague—indeterminate, overlooked …


Performing Disobedience: Critical Spatial Heritage, Counter-Memory, And The Rewriting Of Medellín’S Public Space, Laura Balán Jul 2026

Performing Disobedience: Critical Spatial Heritage, Counter-Memory, And The Rewriting Of Medellín’S Public Space, Laura Balán

Interiority

This article examines the radical street performance practice of Bernardo Ángel Saldarriaga in Medellín, Colombia, as a site of political and epistemological transformation. Through ethnographic engagement with Saldarriaga—an ascetic artist who stages trance-based interventions in public space—the study analyses how his performances disrupt dominant narratives of history, identity, and citizenship. Drawing on political ontology, decolonial thought, and critical heritage studies, the article argues that Saldarriaga's work functions as a hybrid forum for negotiating plural knowledges and social imaginaries. His refusal of institutional funding, his embodied critique of state power, and his use of trance and possession rituals generate both affective …


Acquisitions Unit Annual Report 2025-2026, Andrée J. Rathemacher Jul 2026

Acquisitions Unit Annual Report 2025-2026, Andrée J. Rathemacher

Technical Services Reports and Statistics

Annual Report of the Acquisitions Unit, University Libraries, University of Rhode Island for FY2026. Covers personnel, work flow, special projects, and serial, monograph, and e-resource acquisitions. Supplemental files include data on library materials expenditures by a number of variables as well as important working documents from the year.


Iterative Computational Ethnography, Digito-Vernacularisation, And Transcultural Policing In The Global South Asian Communities: An Emergent Research Agenda For Transdisciplinary Hate Studies, Sandhya Irina Fuchs Jul 2026

Iterative Computational Ethnography, Digito-Vernacularisation, And Transcultural Policing In The Global South Asian Communities: An Emergent Research Agenda For Transdisciplinary Hate Studies, Sandhya Irina Fuchs

Socio-Legal Review

This Article proposes a new transdisciplinary agenda for global hate studies by connecting previously separate debates in anthropology and criminology. It draws on ongoing ethnographic and computational research, which investigates how Hindu nationalist (Hindutva) hate speech originating in India facilitates distinct forms of ethnic and religious exclusion in the United Kingdom and South Africa - two Indian diasporic centres that have recently witnessed escalating Hindu-Muslim conflict in markedly different ways. The Article aims to answer the following question: what forms of transdisciplinary dialogue and conceptual innovation must social scientists engage in to understand how local cultural, legal, and historical factors …


Integration Of Media Pedagogy In Teacher Education Classrooms, Author Information Removed Jul 2026

Integration Of Media Pedagogy In Teacher Education Classrooms, Author Information Removed

JMLE Submissions Open for Review

In an era where classrooms are increasingly influenced by media and socio-cultural dynamics, teacher education must evolve to incorporate critical dimensions like gender sensitization and media literacy. This study explores the role of media pedagogy in developing gender awareness among pre-service teachers in India. The study focuses on conceptualization of media pedagogy, intersectionality and teacher education classrooms and adopts an interdisciplinary approach for media and gender. A module was developed and then implemented with 30 preservice teachers, followed by focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews with 10 teacher educators. The research study is guided by Methodology for Interdisciplinary Research (MIR) …


A Feminist Examination Of Ao Naga Practices In Relation To Gender Roles And Care Work, Limatula Ozukum, Aswathy V. K. Jul 2026

A Feminist Examination Of Ao Naga Practices In Relation To Gender Roles And Care Work, Limatula Ozukum, Aswathy V. K.

Journal of International Women's Studies

Food practices within Indigenous communities are important sites of caregiving, cultural identity, and knowledge transmission. This study examines the food practices of the Ao Naga Tribe in Northeast India through a feminist ethnographic lens, focusing on the gendered organization of cooking, caregiving, and traditional healing practices. Drawing on qualitative fieldwork conducted in 2025, including semi-structured interviews and oral histories with community members in Nagaland’s Mokokchung district, the study explores how everyday food preparation and care practices shape household and community life. The findings reveal that women perform most of the daily cooking and caregiving responsibilities. At the same time, men …


Crafting Resistance: Kalpourgan Pottery As Gendered Expression And Cultural Identity Among Baloch Women In Iran, Arman Ovla Jul 2026

Crafting Resistance: Kalpourgan Pottery As Gendered Expression And Cultural Identity Among Baloch Women In Iran, Arman Ovla

Journal of International Women's Studies

This article examines the Indigenous pottery tradition of Kalpourgan, a remote village in Iranian Baluchistan, where women have sustained a thousand-year-old ceramic crafting practice that does not require a wheel. Drawing on visual ethnography, field interviews, and postcolonial feminist theory, the study explores how Kalpourgan pottery functions not only as material culture but also as a gendered form of labor embedded within household economies. Through direct observation, semi-structured interviews with women potters, and visual documentation—including photography, drawing, and video—the research traces how design is embedded in oral transmission, ritual practice, and intergenerational knowledge systems. The findings demonstrate that pottery production, …


Moralized Patriarchy In Kazakhstan, Aigul Zabirova Jul 2026

Moralized Patriarchy In Kazakhstan, Aigul Zabirova

Journal of International Women's Studies

This article examines how patriarchal norms persist in post-socialist Kazakhstan despite expanding opportunities for women in education and public life. Using nationally representative survey data (N=8,101), I analyze attitudes toward maternal employment, educational priorities, labor market rights, and household income arrangements. I find a hybrid gender regime in which support for women’s education and public participation coexists with continued endorsement of men’s economic priority and authority within the family. Gender hierarchy does not disappear under modernization. Rather, it is reproduced through culturally valued ideas of duty, virtue, and family harmony. I call this gender order “moralized patriarchy.” To explain how …


Class Struggle And The Socialist Economic Calculation Debate, Tiago Camarinha Lopes Jul 2026

Class Struggle And The Socialist Economic Calculation Debate, Tiago Camarinha Lopes

Emancipations: A Journal of Critical Social Analysis

The socialist economic calculation debate is often portrayed as a sharp and straightforward conflict between two opposing sides. While this characterization is valid given the ideological clash between defenders of capitalism and proponents of socialism, this paper offers a more nuanced perspective on the interaction between the main schools of economic thought involved in the debate, the Marxist and the Austrian. Drawing on the humanist approach of critical pedagogy developed by Brazilian philosopher Paulo Freire (1921–1997), the paper argues that the debate over socialist economic calculation is not only a clear expression of class struggle within economics. It also involves …