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Articles 3031 - 3060 of 3088
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
[Intorduction To] Shakers At The Center : Manifesting Spirits & Spectacles In Nineteenth-Century America, Douglas L. Winiarski
[Intorduction To] Shakers At The Center : Manifesting Spirits & Spectacles In Nineteenth-Century America, Douglas L. Winiarski
Bookshelf
Edited by Douglas WIniarski.
"Exploring the theological, social, and cultural dimensions of one of America’s most ambitious prophetic movements
The Shakers’ Era of Manifestations ranks among the most astounding events in American religious history. During the 1840s, members of the United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second Appearing embarked on an audacious project of receiving visions, revelations, and other manifestations from the spirit world and convincing both themselves and the world’s people of their reality. Gifted Shakers known as “instruments” surrendered their bodies to possessing spirits and celestial beings who, in turn, provided the Believers with an unimaginable number of …
Innovative Sovereignty: California Tribes' Use Of The Nonprofit Corporation, Stephen F. Diamond, Jennifer W. Kuan
Innovative Sovereignty: California Tribes' Use Of The Nonprofit Corporation, Stephen F. Diamond, Jennifer W. Kuan
South Dakota Law Review
Native American tribes have long sought, but not always received, federal recognition as sovereign Indian Nations. Recognition confers substantial financial and legal benefits including access to federally funded health services, education and housing. Sovereign status allows tribes to pursue business activity. Tribal sovereignty, however, has significant limitations. The recognition process is costly, time-consuming, highly politicized, and often uncertain. Federal law enforcement and health services that should follow recognition are chronically underfunded. We examine the efforts of Indian tribes in California’s Monterey County to use the nonprofit corporation form to establish clear property rights to land. We interview key participants and …
Artificial Intelligence, Tribal Sovereignty, And The Criminal Justice System, Kevin Angelo Brown
Artificial Intelligence, Tribal Sovereignty, And The Criminal Justice System, Kevin Angelo Brown
South Dakota Law Review
As artificial intelligence (“AI”) has become increasingly integrated into everyday life in Indian Country and into governmental functions, including policing, courts, and corrections, it is creating new circumstances that can undermine tribal sovereignty. The 575 federally recognized Tribal Nations are under significant pressure to maintain their sovereignty while adapting to new AI-based technologies. With the implementation of AI, tribes should retain control over how it is used to benefit their communities, without compromising their legal rights or well-being, particularly in light of past harms caused by inadequate legal protections that allowed technological developments to damage tribal health, environments, economies, and …
Unintended Consequences Of Estuarine Management Within The Trajectory Of Recovery: Examples From The Chesapeake Bay, Jessica S. Turner, Fei Da, Molly M. Mitchell
Unintended Consequences Of Estuarine Management Within The Trajectory Of Recovery: Examples From The Chesapeake Bay, Jessica S. Turner, Fei Da, Molly M. Mitchell
OES Faculty Publications
Estuaries are vital ecosystems that support biodiversity, human populations, and economic activities such as fisheries, aquaculture, and tourism. Managing estuarine systems often involves interventions to regulate sediment and nutrient inputs with the goal of improving water quality, and subsequently the economic values of the estuary. However, these management strategies can produce unintended consequences. The Chesapeake Bay is an estuary recovering from eutrophication which provides clear case studies for these patterns. In the Chesapeake Bay, decreased sediment inputs, resulting from shoreline stabilization and watershed modifications, can impair marsh resilience to sea level rise and disrupt sediment-light-algal interactions affecting water clarity. Likewise, …
Community Care During Austerity: Mutual Aid And Online Connection Among Disabled Americans, Maeve J. King
Community Care During Austerity: Mutual Aid And Online Connection Among Disabled Americans, Maeve J. King
College of Graduate Studies: Theses & Dissertations
Amidst a mental health epidemic and rising inequality, online communities offer a medium for peer support networks for disabled Americans. Community care, especially in the form of mutual aid, has increased in popularity since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Considering troubling increases in eugenics-based messaging and disproportionate economic inequality, disabled Americans in particular have leaned into community care. Previous research establishes social media as a hub for resource mobilization and safe space for members of marginalized communities to connect. This research aims to explore the impacts of social, political, and economic unrest on the development of community care and …
The Battle Of Eden Station: Locating The Linchpin In Sherman’S Savannah Campaign, Roberto J. Jorge Jr
The Battle Of Eden Station: Locating The Linchpin In Sherman’S Savannah Campaign, Roberto J. Jorge Jr
College of Graduate Studies: Theses & Dissertations
In December 1864, General William T. Sherman’s Union army approached Savannah, Georgia, towards the end of his “March to the Sea.” The Fifteenth Army Corps, part of Sherman’s Right Wing and commanded by General P. J. Osterhaus, crossed the Ogeechee River at Jencks and Wright’s Bridges, and advanced towards Station No.2 on the Central of Georgia Railway and the crossroads at Eden Station, located in Effingham County, Georgia. Three companies of the Tenth Battalion, North Carolina Heavy Artillery contested the crossing, falling back to multiple defensive positions before escaping by train in an effort to delay Sherman’s inevitable advance on …
Geospatial Investigations Of Big Buckhead Cemetery, Millen, Ga, Audrey E. Popard
Geospatial Investigations Of Big Buckhead Cemetery, Millen, Ga, Audrey E. Popard
College of Graduate Studies: Theses & Dissertations
Geospatial investigations of burials are increasingly recognized as the most efficient and ethical means of determining grave locations in forensic and bioarchaeological research. A methodology of multi-tiered geospatial investigation has been applied to the Big Buckhead Baptist Church cemetery in Millen, GA. Using the systematic layering of geospatial technologies, the present study seeks to identify ground surface anomalies, with the objective of delineating known and potential unknown burial locations. It is hypothesized that the layered use of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), will allow for the most efficient and accurate demarcation …
Using Culturally Familiar Readings In A Predominantly Latinx Middle School To Bolster Self-Efficacy, Heather M. Kelley Ph.D., Morgan Adams, Meagan Chisholm, Kate Warner
Using Culturally Familiar Readings In A Predominantly Latinx Middle School To Bolster Self-Efficacy, Heather M. Kelley Ph.D., Morgan Adams, Meagan Chisholm, Kate Warner
Georgia Educational Researcher
Twenty-eight seventh graders from a predominantly Latinx middle school participated in an instructional intervention involving both a culturally familiar and unfamiliar reading task. Immediately after reading, students joined focus groups to discuss their experiences. These sessions were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using a discourse analysis framework. The analysis revealed that students based their reading self-efficacy on three key factors: their ability to relate to the text, their interest in the story, and the perceived difficulty of the task. The findings suggest that implementing culturally sustaining pedagogy—through the use of culturally relevant texts—can enhance reading self-efficacy and support academic achievement for …
Psychological Impact Of Cultural Heritage Vr Experience Using Well-Mind Framework. (Case Study: Mahmoud Sami Palace In Mansoura)., Sara Ahmed El-Bayoumi, Hager Ahmed El-Sayed El-Ayouti, Mohamed Mohamed Shawki Abo Leila
Psychological Impact Of Cultural Heritage Vr Experience Using Well-Mind Framework. (Case Study: Mahmoud Sami Palace In Mansoura)., Sara Ahmed El-Bayoumi, Hager Ahmed El-Sayed El-Ayouti, Mohamed Mohamed Shawki Abo Leila
Mansoura Engineering Journal
This study examines the psychological effects of immersive virtual reality (VR) experiences designed to preserve and disseminate intangible cultural heritage. It addresses the growing challenge of declining cultural engagement and the need for innovative tools that support psychological well-being, emotional engagement, and cultural connection. A VR-based reconstruction was developed within the historic Mahmoud Sami Al-Baroudi Palace in Mansoura, Egypt, focusing on traditional Egyptian practices and oral storytelling. The evaluation employed the WELL-MIND framework alongside participant feedback to assess both structured well-being indicators and subjective user experiences. The WELL-MIND-based assessment indicated improvements in cognitive stimulation, emotional engagement, and environmental perception. In …
Milner Library Annual Report, 2026, Milner Library, Illinois State University
Milner Library Annual Report, 2026, Milner Library, Illinois State University
Reports and White Papers - Milner Library
2025 annual report for Milner Library, Illinois State University.
Inked Mobilities: Tattoos As Embodied Visual Narratives Of Youth Migration Between Italy And Australia, Giulia Marchetti
Inked Mobilities: Tattoos As Embodied Visual Narratives Of Youth Migration Between Italy And Australia, Giulia Marchetti
Research outputs 2022 to 2026
This article examines tattoos as embodied visual narratives within a broader study on youth transnational mobility (2019-2023). Focusing on recent Italian migration to and from Australia, 13 tattoos were documented among the 36 participants, acquired shortly before departure, during the stay in Australia, or upon return to Italy. Methodologically, the article proposes tattoo-based interviews as a participatory visual method that mobilises permanently inscribed images as sites of visual elicitation, enabling forms of reflection and storytelling. Tattoos thus operate as relational spaces of dialogue, co-interpretation, and reflexive meaning-making between researcher and participants. Epistemologically, tattoos are approached as visual narratives through which …
Service Failures Under The Influence Of Ideological Polarization, Cheuk Hang Au
Service Failures Under The Influence Of Ideological Polarization, Cheuk Hang Au
Research outputs 2022 to 2026
In an era of heightened ideological polarization, characterized by intense divisions in political and social beliefs, both political and business environments face unprecedented challenges. Socio-political risks, historically explored in strategic management, have gained renewed significance as polarization amplifies their impact on business operations and consumer behavior. This paper examines Cathay Pacific as a case study to investigate how ideological polarization influences consumer reactions to service failures and controversies. Using the Belief-Action-Outcomes (BAO) framework, we analyze the interplay between polarization-driven beliefs and anti-brand actions during periods of heightened political tension in Hong Kong. Our findings offer critical insights into the role …
Thinking With Trees: Responding To Sympoietic Plant Relations Through Visual Art, Xiaoyu Yang
Thinking With Trees: Responding To Sympoietic Plant Relations Through Visual Art, Xiaoyu Yang
Research outputs 2022 to 2026
Societal Impact Statement: Amid escalating climate crises, this paper explores how we might rethink our relationship with the natural world, particularly with plants and trees, through the perspectives of visual art. This paper reveals how art invites us to see trees and other plant life not as passive background scenery, but as living beings with their own forms of experience and individuality. Rather than offering technical solutions to the climate crisis, visual art creates something equally important: a shift in how we think and feel about ‘othering’ non-human life. By making visible the inner lives and behaviours of plants, art …
Exploring Land, Language And Culture Through Playworld Translanguaging: One Child’S Meaning-Making Practices, Carly Steele, Toni Dobinson, Sender Dovchin, Christine Robinson, Grace Oakley, Wendy Cumming-Potvin, Graeme Gower, Katie Grace, Samina Manado
Exploring Land, Language And Culture Through Playworld Translanguaging: One Child’S Meaning-Making Practices, Carly Steele, Toni Dobinson, Sender Dovchin, Christine Robinson, Grace Oakley, Wendy Cumming-Potvin, Graeme Gower, Katie Grace, Samina Manado
Research outputs 2022 to 2026
Foregrounded in the work of Elizabeth Povinelli and drawing on semiotic theory, translanguaging and play-based learning pedagogies, this article presents findings from a critical participatory action research project conducted in an early years classroom in a remote Aboriginal community school in Western Australia. It describes how two educators, from both non-Aboriginal and Aboriginal backgrounds, collaborated to create spaces for the children in their classroom to engage deeply with their land, language and culture through intentional, purposeful and planned play, specifically Playworld Translanguaging. Findings are presented as a narrative account of one child’s meaning-making practices in collaboration with their teachers and …
Beyond Coding: Balancing Interpretive Depth And Rigour In Ethnographic Data Analysis, Thi Ngoc Minh Nguyen, Gordana Dermody, Rosemary Saunders, Lisa Whitehead
Beyond Coding: Balancing Interpretive Depth And Rigour In Ethnographic Data Analysis, Thi Ngoc Minh Nguyen, Gordana Dermody, Rosemary Saunders, Lisa Whitehead
Research outputs 2022 to 2026
Aim: To present a refined approach to analysing ethnographic data that preserves the distinctiveness of ethnography while ensuring it meets contemporary expectations of methodological rigour.
Design: Methodological discussion paper.
Data Sources: The approach draws on established ethnographic scholarship and is guided by Wolcott's framework for transforming qualitative data through three interrelated stages: description, analysis and interpretation. A practical application is illustrated through a focused ethnography exploring how older Vietnam-born Australians understand and manage chronic disease.
Implications for Nursing Practice: Focused ethnography has become increasingly popular in nursing research as it reflects the dual nature of the profession: striving to generate …
Fostering Authentic Corporate Social Responsibility Through Place-Based And Relational Methodologies In Mining Governance: A Global Synthesis, Mehran Nejati, Eduardo Ordonez-Ponce, Rumen Rachev, Belen Lopez Vazquez
Fostering Authentic Corporate Social Responsibility Through Place-Based And Relational Methodologies In Mining Governance: A Global Synthesis, Mehran Nejati, Eduardo Ordonez-Ponce, Rumen Rachev, Belen Lopez Vazquez
Research outputs 2022 to 2026
Purpose: As the global economy shifts towards low-carbon development, sustainable mining practices are becoming increasingly vital for balancing resource extraction with environmental and social responsibilities. This study aims to critically evaluate how traditional corporate social responsibility (CSR) frameworks fall short in addressing power asymmetries and territorial impacts, and to explore how place-based and relational methodologies can foster authentic corporate social responsibility (ACSR) in mining governance.
Design/methodology/approach: This review synthesises findings from 77 peer-reviewed studies published between 2015 and 2025, covering diverse global mining contexts. The analysis identifies transformative themes through a qualitative meta-synthesis approach, focusing on governance practices that empower …
And Then Covid Happened: The Impact Of The Pandemic On Transition Temporalities For Mobile Youth, Anita Harris, Giulia Marchetti, Loretta Baldassar
And Then Covid Happened: The Impact Of The Pandemic On Transition Temporalities For Mobile Youth, Anita Harris, Giulia Marchetti, Loretta Baldassar
Research outputs 2022 to 2026
This article explores how the COVID-19 pandemic affected mobile young people’s experiences of the temporality of transitions to adulthood. Young people are today the most mobile population globally, and mobility has necessarily become integral to youth-to-adulthood transitions. By adopting transition temporalities as an analytical key, we consider the impact of pandemic immobility on the transition experiences of young movers who, when the pandemic hit, found themselves stuck not only in place but also in time. Drawing on in-depth interviews undertaken during the pandemic with transnationally mobile young people (aged 18–30) who left Australia for abroad or moved to Australia from …
Preparation Of Australian Nurses For Contemporary Disability Care: A Desktop Review, Lesley Andrew, Martina Costello
Preparation Of Australian Nurses For Contemporary Disability Care: A Desktop Review, Lesley Andrew, Martina Costello
Research outputs 2022 to 2026
Approximately 18% of Australians experience disability, with significant health inequities documented in this population. Despite nursing’s crucial role in addressing these inequities, questions remain about nurses’ preparedness to work effectively with people with disability. The review assessed Australian nursing education’s approach to prepare its graduate nurses for disability care in today’s Australia. Using a rigorous desktop analysis methodology, the review evaluated the publicly available undergraduate nursing degree curricula materials from all 32 Australian public universities that offered a preregistration nursing degree in 2024. The review found 50% of nursing degree curricula course materials omitted to mention disability in their publicly …
Sugar Consumption In Aboriginal Children Explored From A Social Practice Perspective, Amy Budrikis, Angela Durey, Dan Mcaullay, Paul Ward, Hanny Calache, Thierry Ng, Roma Winmar, Linda Slack-Smith
Sugar Consumption In Aboriginal Children Explored From A Social Practice Perspective, Amy Budrikis, Angela Durey, Dan Mcaullay, Paul Ward, Hanny Calache, Thierry Ng, Roma Winmar, Linda Slack-Smith
Research outputs 2022 to 2026
Australian Aboriginal children have higher sugar intake and are disproportionately affected by sugar-related diseases such as obesity, diabetes and dental caries than non-Aboriginal children. The intention of this paper was to highlight the need for approaches that can capture the complexity of health practices without reducing them to either individual choice or structural determination. We explore sugar consumption in Aboriginal children from a social practice perspective. Here, the unit of analysis is the practice, not the individual, where the elements of a social practice (competence, materials and meanings) are integrated into its performance. We conducted qualitative research using elements of …
(Dis)Orientations: Finding Rhythm Within Queer Nightlife In Los Angeles, Frances Bright Currie
(Dis)Orientations: Finding Rhythm Within Queer Nightlife In Los Angeles, Frances Bright Currie
Scripps Senior Theses
This thesis examines how queer individuals in Los Angeles perceive, inhabit, and reshape their experiences in queer cultural spaces. Through this project, I trace the evolution of queer nightlife in Los Angeles (from early gay counterspaces, through the collectivist politics of the Queer Nation, to post-gay assimilation and contemporary “inclusive” queer nightlife) in order to examine how queer space has been shaped and reshaped by a recurring tension between the utopian promise of universality and inclusion and the material realities of exclusion. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork, queer theory, and approaches to memory and the archive, I argue that queer nightlife …
Early Sound Recording Technologies, Peter James Verdin
Early Sound Recording Technologies, Peter James Verdin
World Music Textbook
This chapter recounts the history of early sound recording technologies, their development up until the early 20th century, and the commercial pressures and colonial legacies that shaped how these technologies were used.
Holding The Past Carefully In Players’ Hands: Historically-Structured Boardgames And The Troubles In History Education, Hugh D. O'Donnell
Holding The Past Carefully In Players’ Hands: Historically-Structured Boardgames And The Troubles In History Education, Hugh D. O'Donnell
Irish Journal of Applied Social Studies
Controversial histories, such as the Troubles in Northern Ireland, are often excluded from formal education, forming a "null curriculum" due to their political sensitivity, emotional difficulty, and risk of bias or re-traumatising students. To address this, Historically-Structured Boardgames (HSBGs) offer an innovative pedagogical approach, engaging students cognitively and emotionally while navigating sensitive historical terrain.
HSBGs like "The Troubles: Shadow War in Northern Ireland 1964-1998" embed players within historically accurate socio-political and economic structures, emphasising player agency and the consequences of their actions. Players assume roles from six factions, confronting ethically charged "Narrative Cards" representing critical historical decision points. The game's …
It Makes You Nervous When You Start Talking About Racism: Shining Light On Teacher Educators’ Experiences Of Anti-Racist Pedagogy In Australian Teacher Education, Sasha Janes
Research outputs 2022 to 2026
Teacher educators have a significant responsibility in promoting anti-racist pedagogy and guiding preservice teachers to engage in critical self-examination regarding dominant narratives. However, many teacher education programmes fall short of adequately equipping aspiring teachers for diverse classrooms as they often perpetuate a predominantly white system and curricula. Informed by Critical Pedagogy and underpinned by a lens of Culturally Sustaining Pedagogies, this paper discusses the experiences of teacher educators facilitating anti-racist pedagogy within teacher education programmes at Australian universities. Semi-structured interviews were held with 23 experienced teacher educators employed at universities across Australia. Data reveal teacher educators’ efforts to promote anti-racist …
Author Biographies
Res Publica - Journal of Undergraduate Research
No abstract provided.
En Ritmo: A Praxis In Decolonizing Traditional Dance Spaces, Megan Curet
En Ritmo: A Praxis In Decolonizing Traditional Dance Spaces, Megan Curet
School of Art, Design and Architecture Theses
En Ritmo: Praxis in Decolonizing Traditional Dance Spaces is an investigation that explores the intersection of bomba, a traditional Puerto Rican song, music and dance form, and North American contemporary dance. This PhD research aims to decolonize culturally hegemonic dance spaces through a cultural syncretism of contemporary dance and the elements of bomba as foundational principles for training both professional and non-professional dancers. This practice challenges traditional Western dance training paradigms. Therefore it is crucial to clarify that this research is not positioned within the realm of pedagogy; rather, it critically interrogates and deconstructs the distinctions between dance practice and …
Antigypsyism: Foundations Of An Ideology Of Hatred Towards Roma, Fernando Ruiz Molina, Zoë James
Antigypsyism: Foundations Of An Ideology Of Hatred Towards Roma, Fernando Ruiz Molina, Zoë James
School of Law, Humanities and Social Sciences
Roma communities represent the largest ethnic minority in Europe (European Parliamentary Research Service, 2021), dating their presence from the fourteenth century onwards (Council of Europe [CoE], 2012a; CoE n.d.-a; End, 2012).¹Accord-ing to the Council of Europe, it is estimated that the population of Roma citizens living currently in Europe is around 10 to 12 million (CoE, 2012a). Despite their long-standing presence in European countries, Roma are hated within their own countries. From Eastern to Western Europe, animosity towards Roma centres on public acceptance of stereotypes of their criminality and lifestyles, leading to this minority group experiencing the most bias-motivated crime …
Using Drawings To Understand Undergraduates’ Perceptions Of Politics—The Us And Ireland, John Hogan, Sharon Feeney, Paul Kosempel
Using Drawings To Understand Undergraduates’ Perceptions Of Politics—The Us And Ireland, John Hogan, Sharon Feeney, Paul Kosempel
Research Outputs: 2025-Present
Purpose: This article seeks to gain insights from the interpretations of freehand drawings produced by American and Irish students, young voters, in response to the question: “What is American/Irish politics?” Our goal in using freehand drawing is to foster a collaborative and critical learning environment where participants enhance their ability to interpret and engage in self-reflection. Design/methodology/approach: Freehand drawing is a visual representation method that can bypass cognitive verbal processing pathways as part of a critical pedagogy. This approach enables participants to create clear, more critical, and inclusive depictions of their understanding of a topic, regardless of their vocabulary. Over …
Modern Day Saints And The Production Of A Contemporary Pilgrimage Site: Comparative Analysis Of St. Pio Of San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy And Sai Baba Of Shirdi, India, Kiran Shinde, Anna Trono Prof
Modern Day Saints And The Production Of A Contemporary Pilgrimage Site: Comparative Analysis Of St. Pio Of San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy And Sai Baba Of Shirdi, India, Kiran Shinde, Anna Trono Prof
International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage
Places valorised by saints have attracted pilgrimage for a long time as devotion to saints is a way to achieve both material wellbeing and spiritual growth. Yet, the cult following of modern-day saints in contemporary societies has become a topic for exploration only in recent years (Di Giovine, 2010; Shinde & Pinkney; 2013, Srinivas, 2008). A few excellent hagiographies discuss the material and non-material world created around charismatic modern-day saints with global followership (Waghorne, 2004; Weiss, 2005; Shepherd, 1986). Given the immense popularity of modern-day saints many questions arise- what kind of pilgrimage landscape is created around them? Are they …
Non-Destructive Hhxrf Archaeometry For Grouping Individuals Via Trace Element Analysis Of Dental Remains, Griffon G. Binkowski
Non-Destructive Hhxrf Archaeometry For Grouping Individuals Via Trace Element Analysis Of Dental Remains, Griffon G. Binkowski
Graduate Studies Theses and Dissertations 2026
Handheld X-ray fluorescence (HHXRF) spectrometry has been validated as an accurate, non-destructive method for analyzing archaeological osseous materials. This study utilizes HHXRF to address key bioarchaeological questions, including population differentiation, individuation, and the interpretation of bioaccumulated trace elements versus diagenetic impacts. Using dental enamel from the Maya site of Altun Ha, Belize (n=20) and several Roman-Christian sites in the Dakhleh Oasis in Egypt (n=6), the occlusal surface of molar crowns was assayed in air using a Bruker Tracer III- equipped with a 12 mil Al, 1 mil Ti, 6 mil Cu filter. Semi-quantitative trace element ratios (Sr/Ca, Fe/Ca, and Zn/Ca) …
Homoplasy Of Maxillary Orthognathism In Derived Homo, Jared Jordan
Homoplasy Of Maxillary Orthognathism In Derived Homo, Jared Jordan
Graduate Studies Theses and Dissertations 2026
The evolution of the orthognathic condition in the genus Homo represents a monumental transition toward the facial morphology of modern humans from that of earlier hominins, but the phylogenetic positioning of this transformation remains poorly understood. This study investigated temporal trends in maxillary and mandibular prognathism in the genus Homo, and whether maxillary and mandibular shortening in East Asian H. erectus and later East Asian Middle Pleistocene Homo (e.g., Homo longi) represent independent derivations of orthognathic morphology, thereby making orthognathism a homoplasy in the genus Homo. Using a sample of roughly 109 cranial and mandibular specimens spanning …