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The Role Of Transformational Leadership In Achieving Strategic Recovery: A Survey Study Of The Opinions Of A Sample Of Directors In The General Directorate Of Education In Nineveh Governorate, Mariam Moneim Malallah Al-Halawajy

Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences

The current study aims to shed light on the role of transformational leadership as an independent variable, embodied in four dimensions (idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration), in achieving strategic recovery as a dependent variable, represented by three dimensions (apology, compensation, and rapid response) at the General Directorate of Education in Nineveh Governorate. To achieve the objectives of the study, the descriptive–analytical approach was adopted as a methodological framework to accurately observe and analyze relationships. A validated questionnaire was designed for data collection and distributed to a sample of managers working in the Directorate, numbering (98). The …

Green Tea (Camellia Sinensis) And Cognitive Health: A Systematic Review Of Mechanisms, Clinical Evidence, And Neuroprotective Potential, Elisha Rosalyn Rosdah, Eka Febri Zulissetiana, Irfannuddin Irfannuddin

Folia Medica Indonesiana

Cognitive decline, often a precursor to neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's, is a growing global health challenge. Green tea (Camellia sinensis), rich in bioactive compounds such as epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and L-theanine, has demonstrated promise in supporting cognitive function and reducing cognitive decline. This systematic review evaluated the recent evidence on the effects of green tea on cognition and its underlying mechanisms. The authors conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed, SpringerLink, and ScienceDirect for open-access articles published between January 2020 and April 2025. This systematic review included studies examining the impact of green tea on cognitive function in humans and …

Co-Developing Strategies For Leprosy Management In Malaysia: A Transdisciplinary Research Approach Involving Individuals Affected By Leprosy And Other Stakeholders, Norana Abdul Rahman, Vaikunthan Rajaratnam, Ruth Mh Peters, Marjolein Bm Zweekhorst, Pamela Wright Phd, Ms, Med, Rn, Cen, Karen Morgan, Mohamed Rusli Abdullah

Publications

Despite Malaysia's low leprosy prevalence, new cases continue to emerge in rural and Indigenous communities. National strategies often prioritise elimination and surveillance, while overlooking the needs and challenges of individuals affected by leprosy and those managing their care. This study employed a transdisciplinary research approach, guided by the Dialogue Model, to co-develop context-specific strategies to improve the lives of those affected through participatory engagement with both groups. Conducted across three high-burden states in Peninsular Malaysia, the research involved a desk review and stakeholder mapping, followed by 40 in-depth interviews with affected individuals and other stakeholders. These were complemented by a …

Quality Evaluation Of Ecological Experience Resources And Optimization Of Resource Management Policies In National Parks: Taking The Laohegou Area Of Giant Panda National Park As An Example, Baorong Huang

Double Helix Methodology

National parks are the core carriers for implementing the concept of “ecological protection first, public welfare for all”. This study used the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to evaluate the ecological experience resource quality of the Laohegou area in Giant Panda National Park of China. Based on the standardized psychological assessment scale and the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, we have established an evaluation model for the psychological health benefits, quantifying the psychological health benefits of tourists in the ecological experience of national parks. At the same time, the relationship between the demographic characteristics, ecological experience characteristics, psychological health level, and psychological …

Toward An Orderly And Efficient Post-Disaster Humanitarian Material Donation System: A Case Study Of The ‘9·5’ Luding Earthquake, An Chen

Double Helix Methodology

Purpose – This study aims to assess the orderliness of the humanitarian material donation system (HMDS) following the 2022 “9·5” Luding Earthquake in China, providing insights into improving disaster relief efficiency and promoting postdisaster recovery. Design/methodology/approach – The orderliness of the HMDS is evaluated across three dimensions: donation input, donation output and donation environment. Correlation entropy and running entropy models are used to assess the system’s dynamics and to compare the performance of four donor types: government, enterprises, organizations and individuals. Findings – The early emergency phase (the first 12 days after the earthquake) is characterized by disorder and repeated …

The Concept, Dimensions, And Measurement Of Innovative Competitive Behavior Of Chinese Scientific And Technological Personnel, Rui Li

Double Helix Methodology

Introduction: While competitive behavior in innovation activities is increasingly prevalent in practice and actively promoted by policymakers, it remains an under explored area in academic research. To bridge this gap, we introduce the concept of “innovative competitive behavior,” providing a conceptual definition and clarifying its theoretical boundaries, rooted in social comparison theory from psychology. Methods: A mixed-methods approach was employed to systematically examine this construct. First, a qualitative study guided by grounded theory was conducted to explore the core dimensions of the construct. Subsequently, a quantitative phase involved the development and validation of a psychological scale through questionnaire surveys and …

Embedded Paradox : The Integration Of Internationalization And Localization In Sino-Foreign Cooperative Universities, Jiaxin Guo

Lingnan Theses (MPhil & PhD)

With the rapid development of Sino-foreign cooperative universities and their growing prominence in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA), existing research has begun to focus on this niche sector. While prior studies have examined the tensions of global integration and local responsiveness in such institutions at a macro level, limited attention has been paid to students and faculty—the primary agents of educational practice. To address this gap, this study conducts fieldwork at CUHK-Shenzhen, a cross-border collaborative university in the GBA. This study adopted a qualitative research method and collected field data over six months, including teaching activities and campus …

Counter-Mapping A Sugar Mill In Mascarilla, Afro-Ecuadorian Ancestral Territory Of The Chota Valley, Andrea E. Chavez Chuquimarca

Graduate Masters Theses

This project examines the legacies of the colonial hacienda (estate) system in the community of Mascarilla, situated in the Ancestral Territory of the Chota Valley, Carchi Province, in the northern highlands of Ecuador. This study is framed within the first half of the 20th century, during the early stages of industrialization in Ecuador, and the last period in which the Trapiche de Mascarilla was still functioning. These elements will be viewed through the lens of the archaeological feature of the trapiche (panela production facility), serving as a referential space of history under the huasipungo system (debt-peonage). The interconnected components of …

Shifting Views, Shaping Outcomes: Exploring Relations Between Educators’ Neurodiversity-Affirming Perceptions And Their Autistic Students’ School Experiences, Josh Yen-Ho Chou

Graduate Masters Theses

School environments frequently serve as a source of socialization but also stigma and socioemotional distress for autistic students. Against this backdrop, teachers can be crucial sources of neurodiversity-affirming views and support. Teachers’ perceptions of students can also shape the quality of their relationships with students and students’ emotional and behavioral adjustment in school. This study focused on understanding how general education teachers perceive autistic students and how these perceptions shape their students’ school experiences. This study sought to investigate the degree to which teachers endorsed three dimensions of neurodiversity-affirming perceptions of their autistic students: (a) strength/deficit-based, (b) holistic/reductionist, and (c) …

Autistic Adults In-Session Experiences In Psychotherapy: A Qualitative Meta-Analysis Of Helpful And Harmful Factors From First-Person Perspectives, Elizabeth Kilgallon

Graduate Masters Theses

Autistic adults face heightened mental health needs yet encounter significant barriers in psychotherapy. Research on psychotherapy has often emphasized quantitative trials of specific modalities, while little attention has been paid to autistic adults’ own perspectives about in-session therapeutic processes. There is a need for clinical guidance that foregrounds autistic clients’ lived experiences of therapy, with emphasis on identifying what they find helpful or harmful, to inform accessible and affirming practice. In the present study, I conducted a qualitative meta-analysis that investigates autistic adults’ first-person accounts of psychotherapy. Thirty-three studies were included in the analysis. I used critical-constructivist grounded theory to …

Empowering Youth In A Changing Climate: Design, Implementation, And Evaluation Of A Salt Marsh Summer Science Program, Dan Levesque

Graduate Masters Theses

Climate change presents not only environmental challenges but also emotional challenges for today’s youth. This thesis documents the design, implementation, and evaluation of a field-based summer science program aimed at empowering adolescents with coastal salt marsh ecology while addressing climate change emotions and science identity development. The program, based in a Massachusetts salt marsh, was adapted from existing public environmental curricula and guided by place- and experience-based learning principles. Over Spring and Summer 2025, 13 students (ages 13-18) participated in extra-curricular field trips, hands-on research activities, and reflective discussions about the environment and the emotions it brings forth. Pre- and …

Beyond The Self In Self-Compassion: Interdependent Values As A Moderator In The Mediated Relation Between Social Support, Self-Compassion, And Mental Health, Lisa Nakamura

Graduate Masters Theses

Psychological research often does not include diverse samples or focus on the experiences of people of color (POC). Western interventions have been created through an individualistic lens and are often not culturally responsive to the needs of POC. Despite the inclusion of common humanity and interconnectedness in the construct of self-compassion, research on self-compassion interventions has predominantly focused on self-oriented processes. Thus, the present study examined the associations between self-compassion, social support, and mental health outcomes, as well as the moderating role of interdependent values, among a sample of individuals who identify as POC at a U.S. university. Specifically, the …

Early Childhood Educators' Experiences With Autistic Students: A Qualitative Study Of Challenges And Strategies, Sarah Yang

Graduate Masters Theses

Early childhood education is a vital early learning context for children ages 2-5 years old, encompassing some of their most formative years of life. Autistic children, however, are expelled from early childhood education programs at disproportionately high rates—a troubling trend that points to a broader picture of how early education environments lack the support and structure that young autistic children need to succeed. Early childhood educators (ECEs) are fundamental in shaping these early education environments and autistic children’s experiences within them. However, while most ECEs want to include autistic children in their classrooms, past research indicates they feel like they …

How What We Feel Is Associated With What We Hear Early In Development: The Role Of Vision In Audio-Tactile Association, Shibo Cao

Graduate Doctoral Dissertations

Sound-shape correspondences, also known as bouba-kiki effect, is the preferential mapping of nonsense sound like “baluma” to rounded abstract shapes while mapping nonsense sound like “takete” to spiky abstract shapes. Such association was seen for auditory and visual stimuli (AV), and auditory and tactile stimuli, which are touched but not seen (AT). Literature comparing typically-developing and early-blind adults showed AT association differ as a function of level of visual experience, and similar finding was also found comparing typically-developing adult and children. Specifically, typically-developing younger children benefited from prior AV experience of abstract shapes and nonsense sounds. While these findings suggest …

The Imaginary In Architecture: The Conceptual Structure Of The Imaginary And Its Manifestations In Architectural Text, Noora Ghadir Hlail, Abbas Ali Hamza Al Greiza

Al-Esraa University College Journal for Engineering Sciences

This study explores the concept of the imaginary as a collective cognitive and cultural structure that shapes symbolic reality through images, myths, and deeply rooted symbols in collective memory. The research applies this concept within the field of architecture, aiming to understand how the imaginary is embodied in architectural texts as symbolic carriers of identity and cultural meaning. Adopting a descriptive-analytical methodology, the study develops a theoretical framework comprising key components—preconditions, mechanisms, and traits of the imaginary—and applies it to two selected case studies: the General Secretariat of the Iraqi Council of Ministers and the Louvre Abu Dhabi Museum. The …

Assessing The Impact Of The Dobbs V. Jackson Decision On Abortion Attitudes By Abortion Identity Labels: A Mixed-Methods Longitudinal Study, Xiana Bueno, Lucretia Mena-Melendez, Brandon L. Crawford, Ronna C. Turner, Wen-Juo Lo, Kristen N. Jozkowski

Counseling, Leadership, and Research Methods Faculty Publications and Presentations

Landmark legislative events can shift public opinion. We conducted a longitudinal survey examining abortion attitudes before and after Dobbs v. Jackson which overturned Roe v. Wade in 2022. Wave 1 (N = 1,014) was conducted in June 2022, and Wave 2 (N = 792) in October-November 2022. Using bivariate analyses, we assessed people's attitudes towards the Dobbs decision and potential changes in abortion attitudes over time, across different abortion identity sub-groups (e.g. pro-life, pro-choice). Results indicate that people were informed about (90%) and disagreed (56%) with the decision, and did not report or experience a change in attitudes after the …

Career Development And Its Role In Organizational Commitment: An Analytical Survey Of The Opinions Of A Sample Of Employees At Al-Zahrawi Surgical Hospital/Maysan, Salem Haider Resen

Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences

The research aims to reveal the role of career development in its dimensions (training, promotions, career planning) in enhancing organizational commitment, as the research problem was embodied in knowing the role played by career development in the organizational commitment of employees at Al-Zahrawi Surgical Hospital/Maysan? To achieve this, the research relied on a main hypothesis that (there is no statistically significant correlation or effect between career development and organizational commitment). The importance of the research is highlighted by its contribution to the development of human resources strategies to achieve organizational stability at the level of the Iraqi environment. On the …

The Impact Of Strategic Mindset On Competitive Pressures A Field Study At The Kronje Beverage Group, Dalal Salih Mahdi, Qadisiya Said Jabr

Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economics Sciences

This research examines the impact of the strategic mindset (systems thinking, reframing, and deep thinking) on competitive pressures In the Kronje Group for beverage production. The descriptive analytical approach was adopted, collecting data using a questionnaire and analyzing it to express the opinions of a sample of leaders in the Kronje Group, which produces various beverages. The data was collected using a questionnaire based on a five-point Likert scale. A purposive sample of (60) managers was selected to represent the original population of (92) managers. The focus was on senior management leaders, including managers, assistants, and heads of departments, divisions, …

“Blessings Or Burdens”: Perceived Values And Disvalues Of Children Among Married Filipino Millennials, Althea Jeanne S. Asuncion, Martin Oliver G. Cabalona, Elijah De Guzman, Randelle Kirsten Hipolito, Stella P. Go

Sinaya: A Philippine Journal for Senior High School Teachers and Students

Children are perceived to carry meanings that either enrich or burden the lives of their parents, but limited studies have examined the perceived values and disvalues of children in the contemporary Filipino context. To address this gap, a survey was conducted among a hundred married Filipino millennials recruited through various social media platforms. The study investigated whether there were significant differences in child-related values and disvalues based on marital role (husbands or wives), parental status (with or without children), and parenting efficacy (moderate or high). Hotelling’s T2 results revealed no significant differences between husbands and wives in their combined scores …

“Kailan Ka Magkakaanak?” Understanding The Rise Of The Dual Income And No Kids (Dink) Families In The Philippines, Maria Veronica Y. Cervantes, Lucille Beatrice P. Casipit, Stephanie Marie D. Jacob, Sabrina Yunis C. Obispo, Marie_Valen N. Cortez

Sinaya: A Philippine Journal for Senior High School Teachers and Students

The Dual Income, No Kids (DINK) lifestyle is gaining popularity in the Philippines as couples prioritize financial freedom and personal development. It is recognized that in the Philippines, where family-centered values hold significant importance, living a childfree lifestyle remains a rare choice. However, this choice has recently gained attention, reflecting a growing tension between traditional expectations and modern aspirations. Lack of literature on Dual Income, No Kids (DINK) families in the Philippines created a gap in understanding this phenomenon and failed to present how Filipino couples navigate this choice. The study employed a transcendental phenomenological (TPh) approach, which involves understanding …

“She’S Not A Regular Mom, She’S A Cool Mom”: A Phenomenological Study Of Permissive Maternal Parenting On An Adolescent Daughter’S Interpersonal And Intrapersonal Relationships, Chloe Anne D. Gallardo, Williana Erich R. Balane, Ailesgreis Rinoah C. Lim, Juriel Elpiz B. Lumabi, Anna Margarita E. San Juan

Sinaya: A Philippine Journal for Senior High School Teachers and Students

Within the context of Filipino gender and cultural norms, mothers often navigate both conservative and liberal approaches in raising their daughters. Among these, permissive parenting, which emphasizes freedom and minimal control, shapes adolescent development in unique ways. Therefore, this study explores how adolescent daughters perceive their permissive mothers’ influence on intrapersonal and interpersonal relationships. Grounded in the Self-Determination Theory, the study examines how autonomy, relatedness, and competence emerge in their daughters’ lived experiences and mother-daughter relationships. This research addresses the lack of local literature by shedding light on mother-daughter dynamics through an interpretative phenomenological approach. This study explores the lived …

Living Through Adversity: Understanding Discrimination, Resilience, And Psychological Well-Being Among Filipino Transgender Youth, Allaiza Liz M. Sarino, Athena Christine P. Garcia, Kirsten Jada P. Hinto, Stella P. Go

Sinaya: A Philippine Journal for Senior High School Teachers and Students

Transgender youth continue to face systemic discrimination and social marginalization. These barriers can hinder their development and negatively affect their psychological well-being. However, little is known about the specific ways Filipino transgender youth experience discrimination and develop resilience. To address this gap, this study sought to understand the lived experiences of Filipino transgender youth, focusing on the discrimination they face and the resilience factors that contribute to their psychological well-being. This study employed a descriptive phenomenological approach, utilizing online in-depth interviews with nine transgender youth aged 17 to 23 from Metro Manila, comprising five female-to-male and four male-to-female individuals, who …

“Vadeng, Ang Bato, Darna!:” The Queering Strategies And Resulting Queer Representation In Sapphic Tiktok Fan Edits Of Darna (2022), Ashley Rian A. Branzuela, Eshe Dafny M. Donato, Ceana Louise L. Llanes, Allyza Rose S. Santiago, Nathaniel Rey D. Ferrer

Sinaya: A Philippine Journal for Senior High School Teachers and Students

The Filipino teleserye, known for its social realism, offers insights into its viewers’ lives but often presents limited and stereotyped portrayals of LGBTQI+ individuals, including queer women, due to heteronormativity. Fanfiction, specifically slash fiction, resists this by reimagining heteronormative narratives from a queer angle. Despite digital media advancements, Philippine research has yet to analyze fan-led queer representation on digital storytelling platforms, such as TikTok. Hence, following similar research by McGorry (2022), this study purposively sampled fifty sapphic TikTok fan edits of the teleserye Darna (2022) to examine how Vadengs, fans of protagonists Narda Custodio (Darna) and Regina Vanguardia (Valentina), reimagined …

Choices, Challenges, And Considerations: Exploring College Application Experiences Of De La Salle University Manila Senior High School Students To The Big Four Universities, Samantha Elise F. Bago, Argie Joseph F. Geronimo, Zenaida Victoria Alejandra M. Ilao, Kimberly Cassandra G. Jose, April Rose C. Gonzales

Sinaya: A Philippine Journal for Senior High School Teachers and Students

Most Filipino students strive to secure successful applications to universities such as the University of the Philippines (UP), Ateneo de Manila University (ADMU), De La Salle University (DLSU), and the University of Santo Tomas (UST). Known as the Big Four Universities, they are recognized for their high rankings, strong academic programs, scholarship opportunities, campus resources, strategic locations, alumni networks, and overall prestige. However, applying to these institutions is not without challenges, especially as senior high school (SHS) students balance their academic demands with application requirements. These narratives are often overlooked, overshadowed by the success or failure of the applications. Thus, …

Exploring The Concept Of Love-Bombing In Young Adult Filipino Lesbian Relationships, Marcus M. Paredes, Eyre Angelique L. Pasion, Chrisanne Margareth P. Dela Peña, Francois Louis T. Acosta, Chrizelle Villanueva

Sinaya: A Philippine Journal for Senior High School Teachers and Students

The study explores how young adult Filipino lesbians define, experience, and interpret the phenomenon of love-bombing in their romantic relationships. Addressing the scarcity of local scholarly work, the study employed a phenomenological design with ten purposively selected self-identified lesbian key informants, aged 18 to 27, from the Philippines. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, and data were analyzed using Colaizzi’s descriptive phenomenological approach, which yielded nine themes organized into three overarching domains. The first domain focused on the experience of love-bombing, highlighting patterns of romantic intensification, emotional dependence, and blurred relational boundaries. The second domain surfaced responses to the experience, including emotional …

Hanggang Kaibigan Lang, Hindi Kailanman Kasintahan: A Descriptive Phenomenological Approach On The Unrequited Feelings Within Cross-Sex Friendships Leading To Friendzone, Shekinah Mizpah P. Alutaya, Jm Cassandra M. Cammayo, John Kyle C. Mendoza, Liezl Rillera-Astudillo

Sinaya: A Philippine Journal for Senior High School Teachers and Students

This study examined the long-term emotional and relational consequences of being "friend-zoned" by a cross-sex best friend among Filipino young adults. Nine participants aged 18–35 met the inclusion criteria of having experienced unreciprocated romantic interest toward a cross-sex best friend; “best friend” was operationalized by relationship duration, mutual emotional disclosure, frequent contact, and self-identification as best friends, situating the inquiry within the Philippine cultural context. Data were collected through in-depth, semi-structured interviews that were analyzed using Giorgi’s descriptive phenomenological method, bracketing, to articulate the essential structure of the experience, with reflexive memo writing and an audit trail to support rigor. …

“Maria! Balbon Mo, Ahitin Mo!”: Ang Karanasan Ng Mga Pilipina Sa Pagtanggal Ng Buhok Sa Katawan Bilang Isang Beauty Standard, Zakiya Clarisse Y. Carabuena, Julianne Krystoff B. De Leon, Rebecca W. Dionisio, Alliah Kristy A. Sato, Deborrah S. Anastacio

Sinaya: A Philippine Journal for Senior High School Teachers and Students

Ang pagtanggal ng buhok sa katawan ng mga kababaihan ay naging isang pamantayan ng kagandahan na may malalim na ugnayan sa mga impluwensyang panlipunan at pangkulturang aspeto. Ang layunin ng pag-aaral na ito ay tuklasin kung bakit at paano nagpapatanggal ng buhok sa katawan ang mga kababaihan sa Pilipinas, pati na rin ang impluwensya ng mga pamantayang ito sa kanilang desisyon at karanasan. Gumamit ang pananaliksik na ito ng kwalitatibong metodolohiya, partikular na ang purposive sampling, upang makapanayam ang pitong (7) kababaihan na nasa edad 18-25 at mayroon nang karanasan sa pagtanggal ng buhok sa katawan. Ang mga panayam …

To Us For Every Decision We Make: A Deleuzian And Guattarian Criticism Of The Films "To Me The One Who Loved You And To Every You I'Ve Loved Before", Elstenn Nicholas Misa, Chino Samuel C. Sta. Ana, Ayed Anthony N. Velasco, Nathaniel Rey D. Ferrer

Sinaya: A Philippine Journal for Senior High School Teachers and Students

Anime has emerged not only as a form of entertainment but also as a cultural and philosophical medium exploring concepts such as identity, decision-making, and existential dilemmas. Despite its growing influence in both global and Filipino contexts, little scholarly attention has been given to how philosophical frameworks like Deleuze and Guattari’s can be applied to analyze such narratives. The study analyzed To Every You I’ve Loved Before (2022) and To Me The One Who Loved You (2022) while applying Deleuze and Guattari’s philosophical approach to understand how decisions, with identity formation and social norms, affect character development. The research applies …

A Visual Analysis Of Sogie-Themed Children’S Storybooks From Mulat Sulat, Audrey Leigh T. De Leon, Cassandra Louise A. Ma, Jennifer Shan E. Ou, Belle Beatriex' M. Alemania

Sinaya: A Philippine Journal for Senior High School Teachers and Students

Children’s storybooks play a crucial role in the significance of sexual orientation, gender identity, and expression (SOGIE) and the realities of gender-based representation. Although previous literature has analyzed books through textual analysis, there remains a gap in the visual analysis of SOGIE-themed Filipino children’s books. Therefore, this study focuses on the visual representation of characters in five storybooks published under the Mulat Sulat project in 2018. This research employed the first three levels of Rodriguez and Dimitrova’s (2011) visual framing framework to analyze how illustrations are depicted through various visual elements. Additionally, this study utilized Bisht’s (2020) coding template to …

Self-Prescription Of Beta-Blockers Among All Healthcare Students In Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study, Duaa M. Bakhshwin, Lama A. Aljialni, Nada M. Bawajeeh, Rimaz T. Alanazi, Duaa M. Alshabani, Marah M. Alsulami, Rahaf A. Alothman, Reem H. Alnayeli, Dina A. Ajaj, Shahad H. Albar, Rowthanh H. Murshid

Journal of King Abdulaziz University: Medical Sciences

Objectives: We investigated the prevalence and implications of inappropriate self-prescription of beta-blockers among healthcare students in Jeddah, primarily driven by anxiety related to academic performance.

Method: An analytical, observational, cross-sectional design was employed, and a self-administered electronic questionnaire was distributed via social media channels after obtaining ethical approval. A total of 1,043 healthcare students were included from June to December 2023. Data were collected using a validated questionnaire that focused on demographics, academic performance (grade point average), beta-blocker usage, and awareness of potential side effects. Results: Among the 175 students who were taking beta blockers, 54.3% self-prescribed beta-blockers, predominantly propranolol, …