Digital Commons Network^™

Next-Gen Device For Uniform Cellular Migration Assay Execution, Nicholas M. Bittner

Theses and Dissertations

Cellular migration assays, particularly scratch assays, are pivotal in biomedical research for cell motility, wound healing, and metastasis. However, conventional scratch assays suffer from variability due to operator dependence, non-uniform scratch geometry, and a modified microenvironment that impacts reproducibility. This thesis presents the development and validation of a low-cost, 3D-printed device designed to standardize cellular migration assays. The device utilizes a spring mechanism and a biocompatible elastomer to create a uniform cellular exclusion zone without harming the surrounding cells. Through iterative prototyping and testing with MCF10A cell lines, the device demonstrated a significantly lower average standard deviation of length compared …

Characterization Of Methylated Histone Modifications During Simian Virus 40 Early Transcription, Jacob Otto Haugen

Theses and Dissertations

Modifications of histone proteins play an important role in transcription. These modifications regulate how chromatin is compacted by the histone proteins and either made available for transcription or prevents transcription machinery from proceeding. The modifications can be added or removed by histone acetyltransferases and histone methyltransferases for the former, and histone deacetylates and demethylases for the latter. To explore the dynamicity of these modifications we used the simple but effective Simian Virus 40 (SV40) model. SV40 continues to be an important tool in understanding eukaryotic transcription. It experiences similar processes as cellular chromatin, utilizing host proteins to propagate its own …

Ethical Implications Of Chatgpt And Other Large Language Models In Academia, Ahmad Almufarreh, Ashfaq Ahmad, Muhammad Arshad, Choo Wou Onn, Robinson Elechi

Research Outputs: 2025-Present

The rapid advancement of technology in the digital age has significantly transformed human communication and knowledge exchange. At the forefront of this transformation are Large Language Models (LLMs), powerful neural networks trained on vast text corpora to perform a wide range of Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. While LLMs offer promising benefits such as enhanced productivity and human-like text generation, their integration into academic settings raises pressing ethical concerns. This study investigates the ethical dimensions surrounding the use of LLMs in academia, driven by their increasing prevalence and the need for responsible adoption. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining surveys, …

A Hybrid Transformer Architecture For Multiclass Mental Illness Prediction Using Social Media Text, Adnan Karamat, Muhammad Imran, Muhammad Usman Yaseen, Rasool Bukhsh, Sheraz Aslam, Nouman Ashraf

Research Outputs: 2025-Present

Mental illness prediction through text involves employing natural language processing (NLP) techniques and deep learning algorithms to analyze textual data for the identification of mental disorders. Therefore, machine learning and deep learning algorithms have been utilized in the existing literature for the detection of mental illness. However, current systems exhibit suboptimal performance primarily due to their reliance on traditional embedding techniques and generic language models to generate text embeddings. To address this limitation, there is a requirement for domain-specific pretrained language models that comprehensively understand the context found in posts of person with a psychiatric disability patients. Posts from individuals …

An Empirical Evaluation Of Communication Technologies And Quality Of Delivery Measurement In Networked Microgrids, Yasin Emir Kutlu, Ruairí De Fréin

Research Outputs: 2025-Present

Networked microgrids (NMG) are gaining popularity as an example of smart grids (SG), where power networks are integrated with communication technologies. Communication technologies enable NMGs to be monitored and controlled via communication networks. However, ensuring that communication networks in NMGs satisfy quality of delivery (QoD) metrics such as the round trip time (RTT) of NMG control data is necessary. This paper addresses the communication network types and communication technologies used in NMGs. We present various NMG deployments to demonstrate real-life applicability in different contexts. We develop a real-time NMG testbed using real hardware, such as Cisco 4331 Integrated Services Routers …

Investigating Nutrition And Supportive Care Needs In Esophageal And Gastric Cancer Survivors: A Cross-Sectional Survey, Fatemeh Sadeghi, Juliette Hussey, Suzanne L. Doyle

Research Outputs: 2025-Present

Background/Objectives: Advances in cancer diagnosis and treatment improved survivorship rates, but survivors’ long-term quality of life remains a critical concern. Survivors of esophageal and gastric cancer often undergo extensive curative surgery, which can have lasting impacts on nutritional status. This study aimed to assess the nutritional status, dietary challenges, and supportive care needs of this population of cancer survivors. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, adults diagnosed with esophageal or gastric cancer were invited to complete an anonymous survey to assess their nutritional status, quality of life, and psychological well-being. Results: A total of 114 responses were analyzed. Although over 70% …

“One Size Doesn’T Fit All”: Nutrition Care Needs In Esophageal And Gastric Cancer Survivors—A Qualitative Study, Fatemeh Sadeghi, Juliette Hussey, Suzanne L. Doyle

Research Outputs: 2025-Present

Background/Objectives: Nutritional complications are highly prevalent in esophageal and gastric cancer survivors and can negatively impact their quality of life. Gaining insight into survivors’ experiences with nutrition care can inform the development of tailored nutrition care programs for this population. The present study investigated esophageal and gastric cancer survivors’ nutritional challenges and complications. It also explored survivors’ and their carers’ perceived unmet nutrition care needs. Methods: Esophageal and gastric cancer survivors and their caregivers were invited to participate in a semi-structured interview. Participants were asked about their nutritional challenges and experiences with existing dietetic services in meeting their nutrition care …

Integration Of The Portionsize Ed App Into Snap-Ed For Improving Diet Quality Among Adolescents In Hawaii: A Randomized Pilot Study, Emerald S. Proctor, Kiari H.L. Aveiro, Ian Pagano, Lynne R. Wilkens, Leihua Park, Leilani Spencer, Jeannie Butel, Corby K. Martin, John W. Apolzan, Rachel Novotny, John Kearney, Chloe P. Lozano

Research Outputs: 2025-Present

Background/Objectives: Coupling mobile health (mHealth) technology with community-based nutrition programs may enhance diet quality in adolescents. This pilot study evaluated the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of integrating PortionSize Ed (PSEd), an image-assisted dietary assessment and education app, into the six-week Hawaii Food and Lifeskills for Youth (HI-FLY) curriculum delivered via Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Education (SNAP-Ed). Methods: Adolescents (grades 6–8) from two classrooms were cluster-randomized into HI-FLY or HI-FLY + PSEd. Both groups received HI-FLY and completed Youth Questionnaires (YQ) and food records (written or app-based) at Weeks 0 and 7. Feasibility and acceptability were assessed via enrollment, attrition, …

Anti-Cd137 Agonist Antibody-Independent And Clinically Feasible Preparation Of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes From Soft Tissue Sarcoma And Osteosarcoma, Yining Jin, Zhiliang Jia, Xueqing Xia, Nancy B Gordon, Joseph A Ludwig, Neeta Somaiah, Shulin Li

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Background: Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) therapy has been proved for treatment of metastatic melanoma and is under investigation for other types of solid tumors. However, these successes are threatened by discontinued supply of GMP-grade anti-CD137 agonist, a key TIL preparation reagent. Therefore, exploring a GMP-adherent method for expanding endogenous TILs without anti-CD137 agonist is urgent. Toward this end, we aimed to establish an anti-CD137-independent and clinically feasible TIL expansion protocol to prepare TILs from under investigated sarcoma tumors.

Methods: We collected resected tumors from patients and cut tissues into fragments. We used IL-2 and T-cell activator CD3/CD28 without anti-CD137 agonist …

Fatty Pancreas On Eus: Risk Factors, Correlation With Ct/Mri, And Implications For Pancreatic Cancer Screening, Ramez M Ibrahim, Shantanu Solanki, Wei Qiao, Hyunsoo Hwang, Ben S Singh, Irina M Cazacu, Adrian Saftoiu, Matthew H G Katz, Michael P Kim, Florencia Mcallister, Manoop S Bhutani

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Background and objectives: Fatty pancreas (FP), traditionally perceived as a benign finding, has been undergoing scrutiny lately due to growing evidence linking it to various disease states, including increased risk for pancreatic cancer (PC).

Methods: A retrospective study of patients who underwent EUS at a single institution from August 2007 to October 2023, conducted by one endosonographer with more than 25 years of experience. Focusing on individuals identified with FP during EUS, we compared these findings with corresponding findings on computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (CT/MRI) conducted within 3 months or 1 year prior to or following EUS.

Results: Ninety-one patients …

Upregulation Of Delta Opioid Receptor By Meningeal Interleukin-10 Prevents Relapsing Pain, Kufreobong E Inyang, Jaewon Sim, Kimberly B Clark, Matan Geron, Karli Monahan, Christine Evans, Patrick O'Connell, Sophie Laumet, Bo Peng, Jiacheng Ma, Cobi J Heijnen, Robert Dantzer, Grégory Scherrer, Annemieke Kavelaars, Matthew Bernard, Yasser A Aldhamen, Joseph K Folger, Alexis Bavencoffe, Geoffroy Laumet

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Chronic pain often includes periods of transient amelioration and even remission that alternate with severe relapsing pain. While most research on chronic pain has focused on pain development and maintenance, there is a critical unmet need to better understand the mechanisms that underlie pain remission and relapse. We found that interleukin (IL)-10, a pain resolving cytokine, is produced by resident macrophages in the spinal meninges during remission from pain and signaled to IL-10 receptor-expressing sensory neurons. Using unbiased RNA-sequencing, we identified that IL-10 upregulated expression and antinociceptive activity of δ-opioid receptor (δOR) in the dorsal root ganglion. Genetic or pharmacological …

Neutrophils Unveiled In Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, Sheighlah Mcmanus, Priyanka Khare, Maria Teresa S Bertilaccio

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

This review explores neutrophils' roles in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), highlighting their functions within the immune system. While neutrophils are known for fighting infections, their altered behavior in CLL significantly impacts disease progression. This review notes the reduced phagocytic abilities of neutrophils and the increased formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in patients with CLL. It also examines the effects of CLL treatments, including chemotherapy, immunotherapy and targeted therapies, on neutrophils' count and function, stressing the need for improved strategies to manage therapy-induced immune dysfunction. This review also provides detailed information about the interactions between neutrophils and other immune elements …

Long-Term Symptom Burden In A Young, Ambulatory Cohort After The Omicron Outbreak In China, Simeng Ren, Yumeng Tan, Hongkun Xu, Mian Wang, Rumei Xiang, Jiayue Jin, Baojin Han, Jiaheng Shi, Jingyu Zhang, Jinliang Yang, Xin Tian, Ying Li, Jiaojiao Chen, Wenzheng Zhang, Jingqi Yang, Xin Shelley Wang, Qiuling Shi, Jie Liu

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Introduction: At the end of 2022, an outbreak of the Omicron BF.7 and BA.5.2 subvariants of SARS-CoV-2 occurred in China. In this prospective cohort study, we investigated the pattern of development of major symptom burden and influencing factors in infected Chinese patients.

Methods: First-time infected outpatients were enrolled from December 7, 2022, to January 11, 2023 (N = 355). The prevalence of symptoms was monitored by a repeated patient-reported quantitative symptom survey over nine months.

Results: At the onset of the infection, the most prevalent symptoms (score ≥1 on a 0-10 numeric rating scale) were fatigue (91.8%), cough (91.8%), …

Education And Eschatology: Why Theological Education Is Necessary, Jiri Moskala

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Correlate Of Savings Attitude And Generational Poverty As Mediated By Financial Literacy: Evidence From Ghana, Adu Bismark Owusu-Sekyere, Williams Kwasi Peprah [email protected]

Faculty Publications

This study examines the mediating role of financial literacy between savings attitudes and generational poverty in Ghana. Generational poverty is a significant issue in Ghana, with a multidimensional poverty rate of 45.6% and a consumer expenditure poverty rate of 23.4%. The problem persists due to low financial literacy and poor savings attitudes, which hinder economic growth and development. The research employed a quantitative methodology, utilizing a series of regression analyses to test the mediation effects of financial literacy. A correlational design was adopted to assess the relationships between the variables. The study’s population included 400 individuals from the five regions …

Dr. Eric Angel Ramos - A Shooting Star That Inspired Marine Mammalogists And Beyond (1987 – 2024), Laura J. May-Collado, Jeremy J. Kiszka, Nataly Castelblanco-Martínez, Beth Brady, G. Rieucau, Daniel Gonzalez-Socoloske, Renata Sousa-Lima, Diana Reiss, Macelo Magnasco, Roderic Mast, Wayne Sentman, Joy S. Reidenberg

Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Non-Invasive Measurement Of Elasticity In Glioblastoma Multiforme Validates Decreased Tmz Sensitivity In Astrocyte Co-Culture, Megan Mendieta, Maryam Hatami, Manmohan Singh, Sajedeh Saeidi Fard, Mohammad Dehshiri, Alexander Schill, Dmitry Nevozhay, Salavat Aglyamov, Bulent Ozpolat, Konstantin V Sokolov, Yasemin M Akay, Kirill V Larin, Metin Akay

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Goal: In this research, we investigated the changes in elasticity of in vitro glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) spheroids when treated with the gold standard chemotherapy for GBM, Temozolomide (TMZ). Additionally, we aimed to use this alternative biomarker to assess how modifying the tumor microenvironment (TME) with the addition of human astrocytes (HA) would influence treatment efficacy. Methods: Spheroid stiffness was investigated using advanced non-invasive optical techniques, nanobomb optical coherence elastography (nb-OCE) and Brillouin microscopy to obtain new biomechanical insights by assessing local tumor progression or response to therapy using GBM cells (LN229). Results: The treated monocultured GBM groups showed a significant …

Inducing Hypertension In Myh11r247c/R247c Mice Triggers Aortic Dissections With Increased Focal Adhesion Kinase Signaling, Callie S Kwartler, Shanzhi Wang, Zhen Zhou, Pujun Guan, Yang Yu, Xue-Yan Duan, Theodore Zhang, Jiyuan Chen, Elaine C Davis, Dianna M Milewicz

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Objective: We sought to determine if hypertension in combination with a "variant of uncertain significance" that disrupts protein function, MYH11 p.Arg247Cys, would induce aortic dissections in a mouse model.

Approach and results: Administration of L-NAME via drinking water and a high salt diet increased blood pressure in WT and Myh11R247C/R247C mice and triggered type A dissections with cardiac tamponade in 20% of the Myh11R247C/R247C mice. Myh11R247C/R247C aortas have aberrant smooth muscle contractile unit-elastin connections by transmission electron microscopy, along with increased focal adhesion signaling at baseline, which further increases with hypertension.

Conclusion: Gene-environment interactions trigger aortic dissections in Myh11R247C/R247C mice.

A Phase Ib/Ii Trial Of Neoadjuvant Neratinib Added To Standard Therapy In Patients With Her2-Positive Or Hr-Positive/Her2-Negative Inflammatory Breast Cancer (Including Stage Iii And Iv Disease), Bora Lim, Angela Marx, Megumi Kai, Angela Alexander, Roland Bassett, Wencai Ma, Jie Willey, Huiming Sun, Azadeh Nasrazadani, Mohammad M Mohammad, Jianhua Zhang, Anthony Lucci, Susie X Sun, Michael C Stauder, Gary J Whitman, Huong Le-Petross, Vicente Valero, Wendy A Woodward, Rachel M Layman

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Background: Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is rare but aggressive, characterized by the rapid onset of diffuse skin erythema, edema, tenderness, induration, and fast metastasis. Both hormone receptor positive (HR+) and human epidermal receptor 2 positive (HER2+) are associated with inferior response after neoadjuvant systemic therapy (NAST) compared to non-IBC. Despite multimodal treatment approaches, the 3-year overall survival rate for stage III IBC remains low at approximately 74%, around 10% lower than the 83% for non-IBC.

Objectives: To evaluate whether the addition of neratinib, an irreversible pan-ErbB receptor small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor, improves the rate of pathological complete response in …

Optimization Of Proximity Labeling In Endothelial Cells: Overcoming Endogenous Biotin Interference And Cost Barriers, Ying Jiang, Kuizhi Qu, Mengjun Dai, Yan-Ning Rui, Zhen Xu

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Proximity labeling has become a powerful technique for mapping protein-protein interactions under physiologically relevant conditions, with TurboID offering high enzymatic activity and rapid labeling. However, its application in endothelial systems has been limited, partly due to the presence of endogenous biotin in specialized media, which reduces labeling specificity. Here, we optimized TurboID-mediated proximity labeling in brain microvascular endothelial cells by addressing two key challenges: endogenous biotin interference and cost-effective depletion. We discovered that endothelial cell medium contains substantial biotin levels, which saturate TurboID labeling and obscure the effects of exogenous biotin. Using High Capacity NeutrAvidin

Correction: Topss: Tolerability Of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation In Pediatric Stroke Survivors, Stuart Fraser, Anna Clearman, Melika Abrahams, Bernadette Gillick, Tia Lal, Sean Savitz, Nuray Yozbatiran

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2025.1629499.].

Interactions Of Anthropogenic Microfibres With The Marine Macroalga, Ulva Lactuca, Adam Collins, Andrew Turner

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences

Little information exists on the interactions between microfibres (MFs) and marine macroalgae. In this study, the translucent green seaweed, Ulva lactuca, has been exposed to ∼2 mg L⁻¹ suspensions of MFs prepared from dryer lint under controlled conditions, with MFs on the alga surface and remaining in seawater subsequently counted and characterised. MFs were mainly <2 mm and cellulosic, and contained various additives and chemicals used in textile treatment. Interactions of MFs with U. lactuca were spatially heterogeneous but correcting for pre-existent MFs on the surface, mean trapping efficiencies on a dry mass and surface area basis were 252 mL g⁻¹ and 0.858 mL cm⁻², respectively. Despite this heterogeneity, there was evidence of differential trapping based on fibre colour and length. Interactions between the amphiphilic algal surface and MFs are likely both hydrophobic and electrostatic and are not fully reversible, with only …

A Systematic Review Of Biomonitoring Microplastics In Environmental Matrices: Emphasis On Airborne Particles, Dry Deposits, And Comparative Analysis With Traditional Methods, Faezeh Jahedi, Neamatollah Jaafarzadeh Haghighi Fard, Andrew Turner

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences

The use of plastics continues to rise each year due to their versatility and essential role in industries like manufacturing, agriculture, and food packaging. However, plastics present a serious environmental challenge because they take over 500 years to decompose. During this time, they break down into tiny particles known as microplastics (MPs), which are now found everywhere, water, soil, and even the air we breathe. Recently, researchers have even detected MPs in clouds, making their presence in the atmosphere a growing concern for both the environment and public health. Traditional methods for sampling MPs in the air, such as active …

Care‐Ful Encounters: A Case For Empathetic Youthful Encounters With Coastal Environments, Mark Holton

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences

This paper extends discourse of environmental stewardship and coastal management by examining the intersecting and overlapping relationships between notions of care and encounter in generating and maintaining forms of environmental empathy among young people at various socio-spatial scales. Exploring ‘care-ful encounters’ matters in terms of developing new ways of understanding how the choreographies of care and self-care shape, and are shaped by, encounters with human and non-human others, and prompts critical engagement and reflection with care as felt and experienced, that could otherwise be considered as distanced and ‘over there‘. Two key contributions emerge – first, that the combined role …

Metal Contamination In Sediments Of An Estuary Impacted By Discharges Of Antifouling Waste (Yealm, Southwest England), Oliver Bradley, Gillian A. Glegg, Geoffrey E. Millward, Andrew Turner

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences

The Yealm is a small, protected estuary in southwest England. A paint-testing laboratory on the estuary operated from the 1920s until 2011 but sometime in 2015 or 2016, an unauthorised discharge of antifouling waste occurred. In this study, concentrations of metals and forms thereof associated with contemporary and historical antifouling formulations (As, Cu, Hg, Pb, Sn, Zn, organic Hg, organic Sn), along with other elements of geochemical or anthropogenic interest, were measured in fractionated (<180 μm) surface sediments at different distances from the discharge. Close to the discharge, concentrations of organic-Sn, representative of tributyltin, exceeded a level that requires material disposal in landfill; here and upestuary, concentrations of Cu and Hg exceeded respective predicted effect levels for estuarine sediments. Analysis of paint flakes isolated from sediments outside the laboratory revealed similar chemical signatures (high concentrations of Cu in most flakes and high levels of Hg and Sn in several cases), consistent with antifouling paint being the cause of contamination. Concentrations of Cu, Hg and organic Sn in sections of a dated core sampled close to the discharge exhibited enrichment since the opening of the laboratory nearly 100 years ago, with distinctive peaks for Hg and organic Sn coincident with periods shortly after these biocidal metals began to be phased out or restricted. These observations suggest that historical waste discharges may have been important and that any remediation measures will be challenging. The general observations might also be applicable to other facilities where contemporary and legacy antifouling waste is commonly discharged to sediments (e.g., boatyards).

An Exploratory Investigation Of The Impact Of Psychological Intimate Partner Violence On College Women: A Qualitative Study, Dana Juel Conzemius-Schindler

Theses and Dissertations

Researchers have found psychological intimate partner violence (P-IPV; defined as emotional and verbal abuse utilized to degrade, demean, create fear, control, or isolate; Tolman, 1989; Sullivan et al., 2012) is detrimental to mental health functioning, including increased sexual risk behaviors, depressive and anxious symptomology, and relationship dissatisfaction (Hellemans et al., 2015; Overstreet et al., 2015). Despite this, little is known regarding the academic and psychological lived experiences of survivors of P-IPV. Therefore, the current study sought to qualitatively explore the lived experiences of female-identified students exposed to psychological intimate partner violence while in college. Through a Consensual Qualitative Research (CQR; …

Do Food Planner Apps Enhance Responsible Food Consumption? The Impact Of Perceptual Antecedents And Moderating Effects On Usage Intention, Rajat Subhra Chatterjee, Irfan Hameed, Ranjan Chaudhuri, Demetris Vrontis, Sumana Chaudhuri, Sheshadri Chatterjee

Plymouth Business School

Purpose: A food planner app helps users to create meal plans and recipes to their preferences, dietary requirements and lifestyle needs. Many food planner apps also could assist with grocery lists, calorie tracking, food waste management and reminders to users. But there is less adoption of such apps. Limited studies examine reasons for non-adaptability, emphasizing the need for more research. This research addresses this gap by observing the effect of pertinent factors such as expectant outcome and openness to change on the extended technology acceptance model. Design/methodology/approach: Drawing on theories and extant literature, a theoretical model was developed. The model …

Ontological Machines: Subjectivity And Relational Desire In Immersive And Interactive Environments, Toby Chanter

School of Art, Design and Architecture Theses

This practice-based artistic research focuses on two contemporary spaces; namely the pedagogical spaces of healthcare Simulation Based Education (SBE), and the exhibition spaces of installation art. These seemingly unrelated activities share a range of technological and operational similarities that render their combined study under the banner of ‘immersive and interactive environments’ both novel and necessary. The lack of broad engagement with questions of representation, aesthetics, and affect is conspicuous in an educational practice that is reliant on, and implemented through, a network of overtly visual mediums, material technologies, and sensory modalities. In healthcare SBE, clinical skills are acquired, and medical …

Opening Spaces For The Emergence Of Community Economy Initiatives, Timothy Crabtree

School of Art, Design and Architecture Theses

The background to the thesis is the crisis of affordable housing in the UK, and the emergence of community housing initiatives as a response. There are enabling organisations which provide support, but despite an increasing recognition of the contribution that housing makes to carbon emissions, affordability rather than sustainability remains the primary focus. In particular, the use of natural materials with low embodied carbon is often dismissed as unaffordable. The thesis therefore explores how a community housing enabling organisation might reconcile the apparently conflicting aims of affordability and sustainability. There is a gap in research into this area, in particular …

Un-Framing Transiting Trajectories: A ‘Beyond Disciplinary’ Approach To Curating In The Context Of Art And Science Discourse, Christina Ioanna Kazakou

School of Art, Design and Architecture Theses

Abstract