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A Transformational Agenda For National Security, Maryam Jamshidi Jan 2025

A Transformational Agenda For National Security, Maryam Jamshidi

University of Chicago Legal Forum

Past efforts to "reimagine" national security in legal scholarship have largely avoided systematic engagement with the foundational assumptions and presumptions of the field. Challenging and critiquing those assumptions is, however, necessary to producing scholarly work that reimagines, rather than reproduces, status quo approaches to U.S. national security. This Article presents an agenda for reimagining national security through legal scholarship, which is premised on the view that challenging the national security status quo should be part of those efforts. In doing so, this agenda explores seven premises central to how U.S. national security is currently conceived of, practiced, and implemented. Moving …

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Deeper Magic: Theology Of The Body In C. S. Lewis And John Paul Ii, George French Jan 2025

Deeper Magic: Theology Of The Body In C. S. Lewis And John Paul Ii, George French

Sehnsucht: The C. S. Lewis Journal

C. S. Lewis tells us that science and magic are “twins.” “They were born,” he says “of the same impulse”3 of man to master the natural world. We think of them very differently because science has succeeded where magic has failed, but that should not make us blind to their “strong family likeness.”4 Science and magic are intertwined for much of their history, and it is in the Enlightenment that the two begin to separate. While magic died and science survived, Lewis thinks that modern applied science still retains much of the “family likeness.” Unfortunately, not all of the family …

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C. S. Lewis’S Most Important Message: The Abolition Of Man As Lewis’S Self-Conscious Struggle For The Value Of Human Persons, Dwain Tissell Jan 2025

C. S. Lewis’S Most Important Message: The Abolition Of Man As Lewis’S Self-Conscious Struggle For The Value Of Human Persons, Dwain Tissell

Sehnsucht: The C. S. Lewis Journal

Over the roughly sixty years since C. S. Lewis’s death, many have asked, what was the message he most wanted to convey? A decade before Lewis’s passing, Dr. James Houston asked him that very question. Lewis answered that he was fighting “reductionism.” More specifically, Houston heard C. S. Lewis to be most concerned about reduction of the value of the human person. At the time of this writing, Houston is 101 years of age, and he has kept a low profile all these years about his relationship with C. S. Lewis. From 1947 until 1954, he and Lewis were more …

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The Importance Of Recognizing Truth, Goodness, And Beauty: C. S. Lewis’S Antidote To The Poison Of Subjectivism, David H. Mcilroy Jan 2025

The Importance Of Recognizing Truth, Goodness, And Beauty: C. S. Lewis’S Antidote To The Poison Of Subjectivism, David H. Mcilroy

Sehnsucht: The C. S. Lewis Journal

T aken in isolation, The Abolition of Man is different from most of C. S. Lewis’s other works. It is not a work of fiction or a work of expressly Christian apologetics. It is, however, rightly recognized by Dyer and Watson as “the lynchpin for understanding of all of [Lewis’s] work.”1 The thesis set out in The Abolition of Man is foundational to C. S. Lewis’s worldview. Lewis explored its implications in the third novel in his scientific trilogy, That Hideous Strength, which Lewis expressly described as a story whose moral was “the serious “point” which I have tried to …

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A Burial Cave Of The Late Chalcolithic And Early Bronze Age I At Midrakh ‘Oz, Western Jezreel Valley (Hebrew, Pp. 21*–46*, English Summary, Pp. 224–225), Nimrod Getzov, Yossi Nagar Israel Antiquities Authority, Anat Cohen-Weinberger Jan 2025

A Burial Cave Of The Late Chalcolithic And Early Bronze Age I At Midrakh ‘Oz, Western Jezreel Valley (Hebrew, Pp. 21*–46*, English Summary, Pp. 224–225), Nimrod Getzov, Yossi Nagar Israel Antiquities Authority, Anat Cohen-Weinberger

'Atiqot

Remains of a natural cave that was used for burial were exposed north of Moshav Midrakh ‘Oz. Four strata were identified: Strata IV and II contained finds from the Late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze I periods respectively; Strata I and III were sterile. The majority of the finds comprise pottery vessels from both occupation periods, as well as skeletal remains of approximately 50 individuals. Stratum IV contained ossuary fragments, V-shaped bowls, a flint blade and beads. The finds in Stratum II included pottery vessels, a clay disk, beads, sickle blades, a dagger and human bones. This is the first Chalcolithic …

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Tell Qasile (North): Remains Of A Pre-Ghassulian Structure On Fichmann Street, Tel Aviv (Pp. 131–139), Ronit Lupu, Ayelet Dayan Israel Antiquities Authority Jan 2025

Tell Qasile (North): Remains Of A Pre-Ghassulian Structure On Fichmann Street, Tel Aviv (Pp. 131–139), Ronit Lupu, Ayelet Dayan Israel Antiquities Authority

'Atiqot

The excavation revealed remains of walls, living surfaces, pottery sherds, flint artifacts, stone vessels and animal bones that can be attributed mainly to Pre-Ghassulian entities dating within the first half of the fifth millennium BCE. The small assemblage of finds from the site suggests a chrono-cultural attribution within the transitional period between the late Wadi Rabah and the beginning of the Ghassulian Chalcolithic cultures. The faunal assemblage comprises mainly sheep/goat remains, as well as a single hippopotamus(?) bone. The site represents an important milestone in the research of late prehistory in the Tel Aviv area, attesting to the presence of …

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Neolithic Flint Workshops At Giv‘At Rabi (East) In Lower Galilee (Pp. 63–83), Omry Barzilai, Ianir Milevski Israel Antiquities Authority Jan 2025

Neolithic Flint Workshops At Giv‘At Rabi (East) In Lower Galilee (Pp. 63–83), Omry Barzilai, Ianir Milevski Israel Antiquities Authority

'Atiqot

This article presents the flint assemblages from the Neolithic workshops exposed at Giv‘at Rabi (East), which produced bidirectional blades, unidirectional blades and bifacial tools. The Neolithic blades were produced from wide cores with relatively few preparations. The bifacial tools included unfinished and finished cortical axes and adzes. These techno-typological characteristics suggest that the workshops at Giv‘at Rabi (East) should be dated to the Final Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPNB) and the Early Pottery Neolithic (PN) periods. The discovery of the Neolithic workshops at Giv‘at Rabi (East) contributes to our understanding of the organization of the lithic industries in the region of Lower …

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A Section Of The Gezer–Ramla Aqueduct (Qanat Bint Al-Kafir) And A Mamluk-Period Cemetery Near Moshav Yashresh (Pp. 213–230), Amir Gorzalczany Jan 2025

A Section Of The Gezer–Ramla Aqueduct (Qanat Bint Al-Kafir) And A Mamluk-Period Cemetery Near Moshav Yashresh (Pp. 213–230), Amir Gorzalczany

'Atiqot

The excavation exposed the excellently preserved remains of a section of the Gezer–Ramla aqueduct (Area B), as well as nine pit graves (Areas A, B). This section of the aqueduct, generally oriented southwest–northeast, was exposed along c. 150 m; two maintenance shafts were located along its course. It is the northernmost part of the Umayyad-period aqueduct to Ramla found to date. It may have been a secondary branch that split from the main channel and headed toward the water cisterns in the White Mosque area or the industrial area excavated in a neighborhood south of Ramla. After use of the …

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Skeletal Remains From The Gezer–Ramla Aqueduct (Qanat Bint Al-Kafir) (Pp. 231–232), Yossi Nagar Jan 2025

Skeletal Remains From The Gezer–Ramla Aqueduct (Qanat Bint Al-Kafir) (Pp. 231–232), Yossi Nagar

'Atiqot

During the excavation of the Gezer–Ramla aqueduct, human skeletal remains were found in simple pit graves, dated to the Late Islamic or Mamluk period. Each grave contained a single individual in primary burial, on their right side, in an east–west direction, with the head in the west facing south. This burial custom is typical of a Muslim population.

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Human Skeletal Remains From Tombs At Kursi-Gergesa (Pp. 209–212), Yossi Nagar Jan 2025

Human Skeletal Remains From Tombs At Kursi-Gergesa (Pp. 209–212), Yossi Nagar

'Atiqot

Human remains were found in three burial chambers and one cist tomb at Kursi, dated to the Byzantine period. Based on anthropological analysis, at least 69 individuals, including infants, children and adults of both sexes, were identified. The finds at Kursi might suggest that the people buried at the site were of foreign origin (pilgrims?).

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New Archaeological Finds From Kursi-Gergesa (With A Contribution By Gabriela Bijovsky) (Pp. 175–197), Vassilios Tzaferis Jan 2025

New Archaeological Finds From Kursi-Gergesa (With A Contribution By Gabriela Bijovsky) (Pp. 175–197), Vassilios Tzaferis

'Atiqot

Two areas were opened (Areas C, D), exposing a stepped tunnel, a bathhouse and a cemetery. The stepped tunnel, which was unearthed in the 1970–1971 season of excavations, was found to end in a narrow leveled space, above which was a vaulted entrance leading to a spacious underground room. A compact Roman–Byzantine bathhouse was exposed, comprising five distinct units: a water-supply unit, a heating installation (praefurnium), heated-water pools, a hot room (caldarium) and a cool room (frigidarium). It is evident that the bathhouse was connected to the hostel building excavated in 1970–1971. The pottery from the bathhouse was similar to …

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Human Skeletal Remains From A Burial Cave In The Qidron Valley (Pp. 29–30), Yossi Nagar Jan 2025

Human Skeletal Remains From A Burial Cave In The Qidron Valley (Pp. 29–30), Yossi Nagar

'Atiqot

Human skeletal remains were found in five burial troughs and one burial niche in Cave II in the Qidron Valley. They represent the primary burial of at least 27 individuals, including infants, children and adults of both sexes. It seems that the interred were part of the non-Jewish population that resided in Jerusalem during the Byzantine period.

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Two Rock-Cut Burial Caves And Greek Inscriptions From The Qidron Valley, Jerusalem (Pp. 13–24), Boaz Zissu, Zubair Adawi Jan 2025

Two Rock-Cut Burial Caves And Greek Inscriptions From The Qidron Valley, Jerusalem (Pp. 13–24), Boaz Zissu, Zubair Adawi

'Atiqot

Two rock-cut burial caves (I, II), located at the bottom of the western slope of the Qidron Valley, were exposed. Cave I had been breached by antiquities looters in the past and was, therefore, documented only. Cave II was found sealed and was subsequently partially excavated. Two stone slabs (tombstones or tomb closing slabs) bearing Greek inscriptions were uncovered ex situ in the vicinity of the caves. Burial Cave I was dated to the Late Roman–Byzantine periods based solely on its plan. The architecture of Burial Cave II and the finds date its use to the Byzantine period (fifth–sixth centuries …

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A Burial Cave From The Intermediate Bronze Age And Middle Bronze Age Iic Near The Village Of Ras ‘Ali, In Naḥal Zippori (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–11*; English Summary, P. 161), Zach Horowitz, Doron Lipkunski Jan 2025

A Burial Cave From The Intermediate Bronze Age And Middle Bronze Age Iic Near The Village Of Ras ‘Ali, In Naḥal Zippori (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–11*; English Summary, P. 161), Zach Horowitz, Doron Lipkunski

'Atiqot

The burial cave was used during two different periods: the Intermediate Bronze Age (Phase 1) and MB IIC (Phase 2). During Phase 1, the cave served for the burial of one individual, whereas in Phase 2, it served for the burial of approximately 25 individuals. The finds from the Phase 2 burial included prolific local and imported ceramic finds, an alabaster vessel, bone-inlay plates, faience beads, metal objects, and four scarabs and a cylinder seal. Following its use during MB IIC, the cave was abandoned.

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The Skeletal Remains From Bet She’An (Youth Hostel) (P. 115*), Yossi Nagar Jan 2025

The Skeletal Remains From Bet She’An (Youth Hostel) (P. 115*), Yossi Nagar

'Atiqot

The skeletal remains from the excavation at the site of the Bet She’an Youth Hostel were in a very poor state of preservation. They were retrieved from contexts dated to the Byzantine, Early Islamic and Mamluk periods and include at least six adults, one subadult and one child.

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A Burial Cave From The Roman And Byzantine Periods At ‘En Ya‘Al, Jerusalem (Hebrew, P. 11*–14*; English Summary, P. 217), Rafeh Abu Raya, Miguel Weissman Jan 2025

A Burial Cave From The Roman And Byzantine Periods At ‘En Ya‘Al, Jerusalem (Hebrew, P. 11*–14*; English Summary, P. 217), Rafeh Abu Raya, Miguel Weissman

'Atiqot

A rock-cut burial complex, comprising a courtyard and a cave, was excavated at ‘En Ya‘al, Jerusalem. The cave contains a burial chamber, a standing pit, loculi (kokhim) and a repository. The excavation yielded many ceramic oil lamps and vessels dating to the fourth–seventh centuries CE, with a few dating to the Early Islamic period; glass vessels, beads and metal objects, dating to the Early Roman–Byzantine periods; and a Christian bronze pendant. The plan of the cave is characteristic of Second Temple-period burial caves. The next phase of use was during the mid-first–second centuries CE, and the final use of the …

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A Burial Cave And An Agricultural Terrace At Khirbat El-Mughram In The Shu‘Afat Neighborhood, Jerusalem (With Contributions By Yossi Nagar And Natalia Katsnelson)(Hebrew, Pp. 1*–9*; English Summary, Pp. 215–216), Zubair Adawi Jan 2025

A Burial Cave And An Agricultural Terrace At Khirbat El-Mughram In The Shu‘Afat Neighborhood, Jerusalem (With Contributions By Yossi Nagar And Natalia Katsnelson)(Hebrew, Pp. 1*–9*; English Summary, Pp. 215–216), Zubair Adawi

'Atiqot

Two excavation areas were exposed at the site of Khirbat el-Mughram: in the western area, a burial cave was partially excavated, and in the eastern area, a revetment wall for an agricultural terrace was unearthed. The burial cave consists of two arcosolia and two loculi (kokhim), a phenomena characteristic of the Second Temple period. The finds in the cave include pottery dating to the period between the two revolts (70–135 CE), six limestone ossuaries and six ossuary lids. All the ossuaries are decorated in low relief; one ossuary is incised with a name in Greek, and another exhibits traces of …

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Early Bronze Age Fauna From Qiryat Ata—Area O (Pp. 61–70), Liora Kolska Horwitz Jan 2025

Early Bronze Age Fauna From Qiryat Ata—Area O (Pp. 61–70), Liora Kolska Horwitz

'Atiqot

Extensive salvage excavations at the site of Qiryat Ata exposed faunal remains dating to the three phases identified at the site: Phase 3, Early Bronze Age IB; Phase 2, Late Early Bronze Age IB; and Phase 1, Early Bronze Age II. The most common species in the Phase 3 assemblage is pig, followed by sheep/goat and cattle. For Phase 2, remains of cattle are the most numerous, followed by pig, with only scarce remains of sheep/goat. The largest proportion of identified bones from Area O was recovered from Phase 1: cattle predominate, with smaller numbers of pig and sheep/goat remains, …

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Gat-Govrin (Naḥal Qomem): A Late Chalcolithic Site In The Northern Negev (Pp. 1–25), Hamoudi Khalaily, Sorin Hermon Jan 2025

Gat-Govrin (Naḥal Qomem): A Late Chalcolithic Site In The Northern Negev (Pp. 1–25), Hamoudi Khalaily, Sorin Hermon

'Atiqot

A salvage excavation at Gat-Govrin, located in the southern coastal plain, exposed an archaeological layer subdivided into two sedimentological levels. At the base of the archaeological layer were pits—some shallow and wide, others deep and bell-shaped. Ten pits were excavated; all contained potsherds, stone vessels and flint artifacts. The homogeneous pottery assemblage, manufactured from local material, is characteristic of the Chalcolithic repertoire. The flint artifacts include Canaanean blades, some retouched and with gloss. It appears that the Gat-Govrin site was a seasonal settlement, occupied by small groups toward the end of the Chalcolithic period (last quarter of the fourth millennium …

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An Intermediate Bronze Age Settlement And A Middle Bronze Age Ii Cemetery At The ‘Third Mile Estate’, Ashqelon (Pp. 143–165), Tali Erickson-Gini, Yigal Israel Jan 2025

An Intermediate Bronze Age Settlement And A Middle Bronze Age Ii Cemetery At The ‘Third Mile Estate’, Ashqelon (Pp. 143–165), Tali Erickson-Gini, Yigal Israel

'Atiqot

A salvage excavation was conducted on the eastern slopes of a kurkar ridge that runs parallel to the Mediterranean shoreline. The excavation revealed remains from the Intermediate Bronze Age and Middle Bronze Age II. Architectural remnants of the Intermediate Bronze Age (2200–2000 BCE) comprise a ‘cluster’ of round or oval rooms, constructed of mud bricks. The pottery assemblage from the site is characteristic of the Intermediate Bronze Age in southern Canaan. Sixteen pit graves dating to MB II were discovered in three clusters. The inhabitants buried here may have lived in a satellite settlement of the MB II fortified city …

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Petrographic Analysis Of Selected Vessels From The Southern Beach Of Ashdod (Pp. 123–126), Anat Cohen-Weinberger Jan 2025

Petrographic Analysis Of Selected Vessels From The Southern Beach Of Ashdod (Pp. 123–126), Anat Cohen-Weinberger

'Atiqot

Samples of nine vessels from the site on the southern beach of Ashdod were examined petrographically using a polarized microscope to identify the origins of the vessels. According to the petrographic results, it appears that none of the vessels sampled were locally made. The variety of the vessels’ raw materials bears witness to the commercial relations this site had with other sites located along the northern coast of Israel and the Lebanese coast, as well as its ties overseas. The internationality of the Late Bronze Age is well-expressed in the petrographic results.

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A Thirteenth-Century Bce Site On The Southern Beach Of Ashdod (With Contributions By Yossi Nagar, Shlomit Israeli, Hamoudi Khalaily, Dror Segal And Israel Carmi, Dalia Hakker-Orion, Eldad Barzilay, Pirhiya Nahshoni And Eyal Tishler) (Pp. 59–122), Pirhiya Nahshoni Jan 2025

A Thirteenth-Century Bce Site On The Southern Beach Of Ashdod (With Contributions By Yossi Nagar, Shlomit Israeli, Hamoudi Khalaily, Dror Segal And Israel Carmi, Dalia Hakker-Orion, Eldad Barzilay, Pirhiya Nahshoni And Eyal Tishler) (Pp. 59–122), Pirhiya Nahshoni

'Atiqot

The site is located approximately 4 km west of Tel Ashdod, about 50 m from the shoreline. Two areas were excavated: in Area A, installations identified as winepresses, as well as occupation levels, were found; in Area B, a mud-brick complex was uncovered. One tomb (T1) was discovered, and traces indicating the presence of other tombs were discerned north of the site. In the building and in the vicinity of the winepresses numerous pottery sherds were found, of locally-produced vessels, as well as Cypriot, Mycenean and Egyptian imports. Other finds included an Egyptian scarab, spindle whorls and loomweights, metal fishhooks, …

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Burial Caves From The Early Roman–Early Byzantine Periods At Ben Shemen (With Contributions By Uri Baruch And By Israel Carmi And Dror Segal) (Hebrew, Pp. 19*–44*; English Summary, Pp. 137–138), Oren Shmueli, Eli Yannai, Yifat Peleg, Yossi Nagar Jan 2025

Burial Caves From The Early Roman–Early Byzantine Periods At Ben Shemen (With Contributions By Uri Baruch And By Israel Carmi And Dror Segal) (Hebrew, Pp. 19*–44*; English Summary, Pp. 137–138), Oren Shmueli, Eli Yannai, Yifat Peleg, Yossi Nagar

'Atiqot

Four burial caves were discovered at Ben Shemen: Caves 1–3 are loculi (kokhim) caves of the type characteristic of Jerusalem and the Judean Hills during the Early Roman period; Cave 4 is an arcosolium cave, attributed to the Late Roman and early Byzantine periods. The kokhim caves yielded stone ossuaries—decorated with standard motifs characteristic of the period—and meager finds dating from the mid-first and second centuries CE. They were used as family burial place for the nearby Jewish settlement. Cave 4 consists of three arcosolia, each containing a burial shelf. The ceiling, the walls and the partitions of the burial …

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A Lead Coffin From The Roman Period At Ḥorbat Ohad, Kibbutz Bet Guvrin (With A Contribution By Natalya Katsnelson) (Hebrew, Pp. 11*–18*; English Summary, P. 136), Daniel Varga, Rina Talgam Jan 2025

A Lead Coffin From The Roman Period At Ḥorbat Ohad, Kibbutz Bet Guvrin (With A Contribution By Natalya Katsnelson) (Hebrew, Pp. 11*–18*; English Summary, P. 136), Daniel Varga, Rina Talgam

'Atiqot

In a tomb hewn into soft limestone (qirton) at Ḥorbat Ohad, a lead coffin and its lid were uncovered. Within the coffin were the bones of a female, aged 17–20 years and an intact candlestick-type glass bottle. The coffin is decorated with mythological scenes—a winged Eros hunting a lion, and drunken Heracles holding a drinking vessel while riding a carriage driven by two centaurs—as well as geometric and floral motifs. Similar lead coffins are frequently found along the Israeli and Phoenician coast, and are known also from inland sites. The decorative motifs on the coffin, as well as the glass …

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A Roman Tomb At ‘Ein El-Sha‘Ara (Pp. 45–52), Tal Kayesar Jan 2025

A Roman Tomb At ‘Ein El-Sha‘Ara (Pp. 45–52), Tal Kayesar

'Atiqot

The tomb, which was crudely hewn in the hard limestone bedrock, was poorly preserved. Only part of a square central chamber and four burial troughs survived. The troughs contained the remains of over 16 adults and children. The objects recovered from the tomb comprise glass, ceramics, a three-legged basalt bowl, bone and ivory pins and needles, assorted metal items and jewelry, and various small stone finds. Such items are well-known in Roman domestic and funerary contexts in Israel and throughout the Roman world, and probably represent the personal effects of the deceased. The burial complex of ‘Ein el-Sha‘ara may have …

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An Iron Age Ii Burial Cave In The Southern Burial Ground At Tel ‘Etun (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–9*; English Summary, P. 135), Sa‘Ar Ganor, Amir Ganor, Ron Kehati Jan 2025

An Iron Age Ii Burial Cave In The Southern Burial Ground At Tel ‘Etun (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–9*; English Summary, P. 135), Sa‘Ar Ganor, Amir Ganor, Ron Kehati

'Atiqot

The burial cave, hewn into the local soft chalk (qirton), comprises a central opening flanked by two carved doorposts, from which steps descend into a central, rectangular entrance passage. From the sides of the passage, three openings lead into three burial chambers (Nos. 1–3); Chambers 2 and 3 were found looted. Along the sides of Chamber 1 are hewn stone burial-benches, on which human bones and pottery vessels, characteristic of the eighth century BCE, were revealed; a headrest for the deceased was found at the end of each bench. The arrangement of the burial chambers indicates the presence of a …

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Chemical And Isotopic Study Of Lead-Based Objects From A Late Roman Tomb On Sallah Ed-Din Street, Jerusalem (Pp. 133–138), Irina Segal Jan 2025

Chemical And Isotopic Study Of Lead-Based Objects From A Late Roman Tomb On Sallah Ed-Din Street, Jerusalem (Pp. 133–138), Irina Segal

'Atiqot

Several lead-based artifacts, discovered in a cist tomb (T2200) within the Late Roman-period cemetery on Sallah ed-Din Street, were analyzed in order to elucidate their chemical composition and provenance. The chemical composition of some of the objects seems to point to a mining source located in central Britain. It seems reasonable to suggest that soldiers of the Roman army brought these lead objects to Jerusalem.

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Human Skeletal Remains From Late Roman Tombs On Sallah Ed-Din Street, Jerusalem (Pp. 73–79), Yossi Nagar Jan 2025

Human Skeletal Remains From Late Roman Tombs On Sallah Ed-Din Street, Jerusalem (Pp. 73–79), Yossi Nagar

'Atiqot

Poorly preserved human skeletal remains, belonging to at least 77 individuals, were recovered from Burial Cave I and 43 rock-cut cist tombs on Sallah ed-Din Street. Most of the cist tombs contained a single primary burial. Pathologies in the sample include three traumatic lesions, which are relatively common in skeletal populations. Individuals from both sexes were almost equally represented; infants were underrepresented. The burials indicate a civilian population, similar to other reported Roman-Byzantine populations in the country.

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Skeletal Remains From The Excavations At Ketef Hinnom, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 55*–58*; English Summary, P. 143), Yossi Nagar Jan 2025

Skeletal Remains From The Excavations At Ketef Hinnom, Jerusalem (Hebrew, Pp. 55*–58*; English Summary, P. 143), Yossi Nagar

'Atiqot

The skeletal remains from the burial tombs at Ketef Hinnom date to Iron Age II and the Late Roman period. The bones from the Iron Age were scattered in a repository located in a Second Temple-period quarry; they probably belonged to a Jewish population. The bones from the Late Roman period were found in several tombs that contained mostly one interred; these burials seem to represent a pagan population. Bones from the Byzantine period were documented solely in previous excavations at the site.

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Tombs And Installations From The Iron Age Ii To The Byzantine Period From South Ḥorbat Tittora (With Contributions By Gabriela Bijovsky And Yossi Nagar) (Hebrew Pp. 13–92; English Summary, Pp. 89*–91*), Elena Kogan-Zehavi Jan 2025

Tombs And Installations From The Iron Age Ii To The Byzantine Period From South Ḥorbat Tittora (With Contributions By Gabriela Bijovsky And Yossi Nagar) (Hebrew Pp. 13–92; English Summary, Pp. 89*–91*), Elena Kogan-Zehavi

'Atiqot

The excavation was conducted south of Ḥorbat Tittora, in Modi‘in. The finds indicate the presence of an agricultural settlement that was active mainly from Iron Age II through the Byzantine period; also present at the site were installations dating to the Early Islamic, Mamluk and Ottoman periods. Among the installations are burial complexes and tombs, used continuously from Iron Age II until the Late Roman period; winepresses, ranging in date from the Hellenistic to the Byzantine periods; olive presses and crushing installations; quarries of various sizes; two limekilns; and twelve plastered cisterns.

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