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2025

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Integrated System Of Swarm Intelligence And Neural Network For Molecular Similarity Detection, Fadia Sami, Hakan Koyuncu Jan 2025

Integrated System Of Swarm Intelligence And Neural Network For Molecular Similarity Detection, Fadia Sami, Hakan Koyuncu

Baghdad Science Journal

Molecular similarity, governed by the principle that "similar molecules exhibit similar properties," is a pervasive concept in chemistry with profound implications, notably in pharmaceutical research where it informs structure-activity relationships. This study focuses on the pivotal role of molecular similarity techniques in identifying sample molecules akin to a target molecule while differing in key features. Within the realm of artificial intelligence, this paper introduces a novel hybrid system merging Swarm Intelligence (SI) behaviors (Aquila and Termites) with Neural Networks. Unlike previous applications where Aquila or Termites were used individually, this amalgamation represents a pioneering approach. The objective is to determine …

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Analysing The Performance Of M/M(A,B)/1/ Mwv Queuing Model With The Busy Period Breakdown, Lidiya P, K Julia Rose Mary Jan 2025

Analysing The Performance Of M/M(A,B)/1/ Mwv Queuing Model With The Busy Period Breakdown, Lidiya P, K Julia Rose Mary

Baghdad Science Journal

This paper aims to analyze the M/M(a,b)/1 multiple working vacations queuing model with a breakdown. Instead of the server being fully idle during the vacation period, the server serves at a different rate during multiple working vacations. The system has only one server, and the service rate varies depending on the arrival state. Customers’ enter the system to get service with parameter λ_v following the Poisson distribution. The server provides service for customers’ in regular busy periods with parameter μ and under multiple working vacations, the server provides service with parameter μ_v with the exponential distribution. In this model, batches …

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K –Mixed Modulus Of Smoothness, Rehab Amer Kamel, Eman Samir Bhaya Jan 2025

K –Mixed Modulus Of Smoothness, Rehab Amer Kamel, Eman Samir Bhaya

Baghdad Science Journal

The modulus of smoothness is essential for modern analysis and its applications. Is a versatile tool in approximation theory that helps in understanding the properties of approximation methods, characterizing function spaces, and analyzing the convergence and accuracy of numerical algorithms. It helps in determining the optimal number of terms or the optimal choice of basic functions to achieve the desired level of accuracy in approximation of a function and rate of convergence. The smoothness modulus has many applications, including its applications in numerical analysis, particularly in the analysis of numerical methods for solving differential equations, optimization problems, and integral equations. …

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The Zooarchaeological Assemblage From The French School On Yefet Street, Yafo (Jaffa) (Pp. 513–527), Nimrod Marom Jan 2025

The Zooarchaeological Assemblage From The French School On Yefet Street, Yafo (Jaffa) (Pp. 513–527), Nimrod Marom

'Atiqot

A small assemblage of 158 identified animal bones was retrieved from Crusader- and late Ottoman-period contexts at the French School. The bone samples from both periods consisted mainly of cattle and caprines, as well as some pig, donkey, horse and chicken bones. The relative frequency of pig bones in the Ottoman period might point to a religious tolerance toward the consumption of equid and wild boar. This may attest to a poverty-stricken Muslim population, or to the presence of immigrants from the Maghrebi Islam.

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The Animal Bones From Ben Gamli’El Street, Yafo (Jaffa) (Pp. 461–464), Nimrod Marom Jan 2025

The Animal Bones From Ben Gamli’El Street, Yafo (Jaffa) (Pp. 461–464), Nimrod Marom

'Atiqot

The excavation on Ben Gamli’el Street yielded a small assemblage of 40 animal bones retrieved from the ashy fill of a large Hellenistic-period ash pit (Stratum III). The bones represent farm animals, mostly goats, cattle and pigs, possibly indicating the economy of the rural hinterland that supported the urban settlement of Yafo. The presence of the dog burial and the high occurrence of pig bones probably attests to a non-Jewish community.

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Building Remains From The Hellenistic, Byzantine And Late Ottoman Periods On Ben Gamli’El Street, Yafo (With A Contribution By Polina Spivak) (Jaffa) (Pp. 389–402), Yoav Arbel Jan 2025

Building Remains From The Hellenistic, Byzantine And Late Ottoman Periods On Ben Gamli’El Street, Yafo (With A Contribution By Polina Spivak) (Jaffa) (Pp. 389–402), Yoav Arbel

'Atiqot

Two areas (A, B) were excavated on Ben Gamli’el Street, yielding building remains and a waste pit from the Hellenistic period (fourth–second centuries BCE), a large quantity of Byzantine-period pottery (fourth–seventh centuries CE) and two late Ottoman-period walls (late nineteenth–early twentieth centuries CE). During the Hellenistic period, which appears to have spanned both the Ptolemaic and Seleucid periods, the city seems to have been settled by a pagan population. During the Byzantine period, the area was exploited for intensive agricultural activities and industries and served as the hinterland of the city. Urban construction in this area was resumed on a …

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Faunal Remains From The Magen Avraham Compound, Yafo (Jaffa) (Pp. 379–383), Nimrod Marom Jan 2025

Faunal Remains From The Magen Avraham Compound, Yafo (Jaffa) (Pp. 379–383), Nimrod Marom

'Atiqot

A small faunal assemblage dating to the Byzantine–Early Islamic and Ottoman periods was uncovered in the Magen Avraham Compound. The animal bones were deposited in an area that used to be part of the agricultural periphery of the town and consist mainly of caprine, cattle and equids. The presence of a relatively high number of equid remains suggests that the assemblage represents the disposal of whole animal carcasses outside the city.

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Miscellaneous Finds From The Magen Avraham Compound, Yafo (Jaffa) (Pp. 363–372), Yoav Arbel Jan 2025

Miscellaneous Finds From The Magen Avraham Compound, Yafo (Jaffa) (Pp. 363–372), Yoav Arbel

'Atiqot

The excavation in the Magen Avraham Compound yielded a small collection of miscellaneous finds, most of which date to the Ottoman–British Mandate periods. The assemblage largely comprises inexpensive items of daily use and of modest value. This is in accordance with the site’s location during these periods, i.e., in the agricultural hinterland of the city.

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Ottoman-Period Ceramic Artifacts From The Magen Avraham Compound, Yafo (Jaffa) (Pp. 293–347), Anna De Vincenz Jan 2025

Ottoman-Period Ceramic Artifacts From The Magen Avraham Compound, Yafo (Jaffa) (Pp. 293–347), Anna De Vincenz

'Atiqot

The pottery from the Magen Avraham Compound was found in stratified contexts of the Ottoman period, as well as in topsoil and mixed contexts. It includes imported earthenware glazed vessels from production centers in different parts of the Ottoman Empire, hard-paste and porcelain vessels from Europe and locally produced vessels, such as Black Gaza Ware. The assemblage also includes other ceramic artifacts, such as smoking pipes, Marseille roof and floor tiles, wall tiles and bricks. The prevalence of imported artifacts is characteristic of Ottoman-period Yafo, reflecting the growing presence of European pilgrims and Jewish immigrants between the seventeenth and early …

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Remains From The Hellenistic Through The Late Ottoman–British Mandate Periods In The Magen Avraham Compound, Yafo (Jaffa) (Pp. 245–277), Yoav Arbel, Lior Rauchberger Jan 2025

Remains From The Hellenistic Through The Late Ottoman–British Mandate Periods In The Magen Avraham Compound, Yafo (Jaffa) (Pp. 245–277), Yoav Arbel, Lior Rauchberger

'Atiqot

The excavation in the Magen Avraham Compound exposed the remains of Yafo’s agricultural hinterland during the Hellenistic, Byzantine and Crusader periods. Seven strata were exposed, including a single Hellenistic-period wall, a Byzantine-period industrial (wine?) press of unusual size, Ottoman-period graves, a large late Ottoman-period well house and an irrigation channel. Most of the pottery found in fill accumulations throughout the compound dated to the Byzantine period, including mainly storage jars. Small ceramic assemblages from the Hellenistic, Roman, Early Islamic and Crusader periods, mostly unrelated to structures, were also found. The structures uncovered here furnish important insights regarding the historical development …

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Faunal Remains From The French Hospital Compound, Yafo (Jaffa) (Hebrew, Pp. 45*–48*; English Summary, P. 539), Nuha Agha Jan 2025

Faunal Remains From The French Hospital Compound, Yafo (Jaffa) (Hebrew, Pp. 45*–48*; English Summary, P. 539), Nuha Agha

'Atiqot

The bone assemblage includes 94 animal bones, which were identified by taxon, species and size range. Most of the identified bones were discovered in installations and buildings dated to the Abbasid period. Other bones were retrieved from installations dated to the Persian, Late Roman and Crusader periods. The bone assemblage of the Abbasid period is particularly rich and comprises the remains of sheep/goats, pigs, cats, equids and mountain gazelle. The birds include chicken, rock partridge and gull. Three fish bones and a scale of a tortoise shell were also found.

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The Persian-Period Necropolis In The French Hospital Compound, Yafo (Jaffa): Case Study And Overview (Pp. 225–242), Yossi Nagar Jan 2025

The Persian-Period Necropolis In The French Hospital Compound, Yafo (Jaffa): Case Study And Overview (Pp. 225–242), Yossi Nagar

'Atiqot

The human skeletal remains retrieved from the Persian-period (fifth–fourth centuries BCE) burial caves in the French Hospital Compound represent at least 37 individuals. The anthropological examination yielded important data concerning the demographic profile of the interred, comprising infants, children and adults of a wide age range and of both sexes, which is typical of a civilian population. Some of the tombs were used for a single burial, while others housed 2–8 individuals. All the individuals were placed on their backs, in an east–west orientation, as customary in other Persian-period cemeteries along the Israeli coastline and northern valleys. These burial practices …

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Byzantine And Early Islamic Oil Lamps And A Lantern From The French Hospital Compound, Yafo (Jaffa) (Pp. 189–209), Peter Gendelman, Ayelet Dayan Jan 2025

Byzantine And Early Islamic Oil Lamps And A Lantern From The French Hospital Compound, Yafo (Jaffa) (Pp. 189–209), Peter Gendelman, Ayelet Dayan

'Atiqot

Excavations within the French Hospital Compound provided a large quantity of both complete and fragmentary oil lamps dating from the Byzantine period (fifth–seventh centuries CE) and an additional group of lamps dating from the Early Islamic period (Abbasid period; eighth–tenth centuries CE). The Byzantine-period oil lamps included local, regional and imported types. The largest group of Byzantine-period oil lamps belong to Caesarea Type 1 (archetype and two variants) and are decorated with diverse patterns. The second-most common group of Byzantine-period oil lamps is the Candlestick type. The rich variety of both regional and imported oil lamps reflects the role of …

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The Zooarchaeological Assemblage From Rabbi Yehuda Me-Raguza Street, Yafo (Jaffa) (Pp. 147–151), Moshe Sade Jan 2025

The Zooarchaeological Assemblage From Rabbi Yehuda Me-Raguza Street, Yafo (Jaffa) (Pp. 147–151), Moshe Sade

'Atiqot

The faunal remains recovered from Rabbi Yehuda Me-Raguza Street include horse (Equus caballus), probably of a late Ottoman date. Limited remains of other animal bones were associated with the Hellenistic, Byzantine and Crusader periods.

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Remains From Middle Bronze Age Ii And The Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, Crusader, Late Ottoman And British Mandate Periods On Rabbi Yehuda Me-Raguza Street, Yafo (Jaffa) (Pp. 17–52), Yoav Arbel, Lior Rauchberger Jan 2025

Remains From Middle Bronze Age Ii And The Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, Crusader, Late Ottoman And British Mandate Periods On Rabbi Yehuda Me-Raguza Street, Yafo (Jaffa) (Pp. 17–52), Yoav Arbel, Lior Rauchberger

'Atiqot

Eight excavation areas (A–G, J) were exposed, revealing seven strata dating from Middle Bronze Age II to the days of the British Mandate. The earliest find is an MB IIA infant jar burial—a significant find outside the boundaries of Tel Yafo. Burial graves from the Hellenistic, Roman and Crusader periods confirm that this street marked Yafo’s eastern limits in those times. The Hellenistic presence, probably under Ptolemaic rule, included scattered dwellings and farms with associated pottery dating from the late fourth to the second century BCE. The finds from the Byzantine period include a structure and pottery, reflecting a significant …

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Front Matter, Editorial Board Jan 2025

Front Matter, Editorial Board

'Atiqot

No abstract provided.

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A Seventh-Century Ce Mosaic Floor At Pi Maẓuva (Hebrew, Pp. 57*–66*; English Summary, Pp. 185–187), Rina Talgam Jan 2025

A Seventh-Century Ce Mosaic Floor At Pi Maẓuva (Hebrew, Pp. 57*–66*; English Summary, Pp. 185–187), Rina Talgam

'Atiqot

The mosaic floor uncovered at Pi Maẓuva comprises a broad border of acanthus medallions, surrounding a carpet of flower buds, with a woman’s bust depicted in its center, possibly a personification of abundance and agricultural fertility. The acanthus border is populated by floral and animal motifs, which seem to have been executed by experienced artists. Based on iconographic and stylistic considerations, the mosaic was dated to the seventh century CE, probably created after the Muslim conquest, attesting to a continuation of local Byzantine traditions throughout the seventh–eighth centuries CE. The mosaic might have adorned a room that was used for …

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Dwellings From The Byzantine Period At Pi Maẓuva In The Western Galilee (With A Contribution By Danny Syon) (Hebrew, Pp. 31*–39*; English Summary, Pp. 182–183), Gilad Cinamon, Yoav Lerer Jan 2025

Dwellings From The Byzantine Period At Pi Maẓuva In The Western Galilee (With A Contribution By Danny Syon) (Hebrew, Pp. 31*–39*; English Summary, Pp. 182–183), Gilad Cinamon, Yoav Lerer

'Atiqot

The excavation at Pi Maẓuva revealed building complexes, some separated by an alley, dating from the Byzantine period. The finds at the site included a bronze cross, an ashlar limestone lintel with a cross engraving, and pottery dated to the sixth–seventh centuries CE, which comprised local types, alongside many imported ones, some adorned with crosses. An interesting find is a high-quality, colorful, seventh-century CE mosaic floor adorned with floral motifs, animal and human figures, and two fragmentary Greek inscriptions. The finds at the site point to the existence of a rural Christian settlement, probably destroyed during the Persian conquest of …

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Pottery Assemblages From Miska (Pp. 99–129), Anna De Vincenz Jan 2025

Pottery Assemblages From Miska (Pp. 99–129), Anna De Vincenz

'Atiqot

The pottery from Miska dates mainly to the Byzantine, Early Islamic and late Ottoman periods. The refuse pit in Area A contained finds from two periods of use: Late Roman and early Byzantine, and late Byzantine and Early Islamic. Lamps dating from these periods are presented as well; they belong mostly to three major types: ovoid lamps with a large filling hole, and Samaritan Lamp Types 1 and 2. The late Ottoman period is represented mainly by Black Gaza Ware, Turkish smoking pipes and Marseille roof tiles. The rare presence of imported vessel types in all the assemblages points to …

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The Animal Bones From The Chalcolithic-Period Refuse Pits At Yehud (Hebrew, Pp. 25*–29*; English Summary, P. 181), Nimrod Marom Jan 2025

The Animal Bones From The Chalcolithic-Period Refuse Pits At Yehud (Hebrew, Pp. 25*–29*; English Summary, P. 181), Nimrod Marom

'Atiqot

Two of the refuse pits discovered on Zionist Congress Street in Yehud contained animal bones. The bone assemblages from the pits were quite small, comprising mainly cattle, as well as sheep/goat and one pig bone. The representation of all parts of the skeleton indicates that the slaughtering of the animals and their initial processing took place next to the pits. Based on the meager wear signs on the bones, it seems that the remains were buried shortly after their disposal.

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Remains From The Chalcolithic To The Ottoman Periods On The Western Fringes Of Tel Yehud (With Contributions By Jacob Vardi; Vered Eshed) (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–24*; English Summary, Pp. 179–180), Eriola Jakoel Jan 2025

Remains From The Chalcolithic To The Ottoman Periods On The Western Fringes Of Tel Yehud (With Contributions By Jacob Vardi; Vered Eshed) (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–24*; English Summary, Pp. 179–180), Eriola Jakoel

'Atiqot

Seventeen squares were opened on the western fringes of Tel Yehud, revealing finds from six periods. From the Chalcolithic period, three refuse pits were exposed, containing typical household waste: pottery vessels, flint items and animal bones. Two tombs dating from the Intermediate Bronze Age were discovered; they were probably part of a nearby, contemporary cemetery, whose boundaries are yet unknown. Also discovered were seven tombs dating from the Persian period--these are the only Persian-period remains unearthed in the city to date. During the Late Roman period, a unique tomb (mausoleum?) was unearthed, comprising three troughs with primary burials, and an …

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Front Matter, Editorial Board Jan 2025

Front Matter, Editorial Board

'Atiqot

No abstract provided.

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Faunal Remains From The Residential Quarter Northwest Of Tel Lod (Hebrew, Pp. 51*–53*; English Summary, P. 177), Moshe Sade Jan 2025

Faunal Remains From The Residential Quarter Northwest Of Tel Lod (Hebrew, Pp. 51*–53*; English Summary, P. 177), Moshe Sade

'Atiqot

The zooarchaeological finds from Lod were retrieved predominately from Stratum II, dated to the Early Islamic period. The bones belong to domestic animals, most of which were identified as sheep/goat and cattle. The pig bones might point to a tolerance on behalf of the Islamic rulership toward the local Christian population, which seems to have been affluent.

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An Early Islamic-Period Residential Quarter Northwest Of Tel Lod (Hebrew, Pp. 9*–48*; English Summary, Pp. 173–175), Elie Haddad Jan 2025

An Early Islamic-Period Residential Quarter Northwest Of Tel Lod (Hebrew, Pp. 9*–48*; English Summary, Pp. 173–175), Elie Haddad

'Atiqot

Four areas were excavated northwest of Tel Lod (Areas A–D), exposing remains from three strata: Stratum III, dating from the late Byzantine to the Umayyad periods (sixth–eighth centuries CE; Stratum II, dating to the Abbasid period (eighth–tenth centuries CE)—the primary layer at the site; and Stratum I, dating from the medieval period—from the end of the Crusader to the beginning of the Mamluk period (second half of the thirteenth century CE). The plans of the Stratum II buildings are uniform, probably alluding to a well-planned residential quarter during the Abbasid period. The finds from Stratum II include pottery, glass and …

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Faunal Remains From Nazareth (Pp. 93–102), Nimrod Marom Jan 2025

Faunal Remains From Nazareth (Pp. 93–102), Nimrod Marom

'Atiqot

The salvage excavations at Nazareth uncovered a faunal assemblage dating from Iron Age II (Stratum III), the late Hellenistic–Early Roman (Stratum II) and Crusader–Mamluk (Stratum I) periods. The assemblage is dominated by sheep and goats, with lower frequencies of cattle. The faunal remains demonstrate tentative evidence for a simple village economy throughout its stratigraphic sequence.

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The Settlement History Of Nazareth In The Iron Age And Early Roman Period (Pp. 25–92), Yardenna Alexandre Jan 2025

The Settlement History Of Nazareth In The Iron Age And Early Roman Period (Pp. 25–92), Yardenna Alexandre

'Atiqot

A small-scale excavation carried out next to the Franciscan Church of the Annunciation compound in Nazareth exposed the remains of three building strata: Stratum III, from Iron IIA–B (tenth–early eighth centuries BCE); Stratum II, from the late Hellenistic to the Early Roman period (late second century BCE–first third of the second century CE); and Stratum I, from the Crusader to Mamluk periods (twelfth–fifteenth centuries CE). The late Hellenistic to Early Roman-period dwelling incorporated a three-level complex of subterranean pits or silos. Within the pits, many potsherds were discarded, perhaps attesting to the Jewish practice of ritual defilement of ceramic vessels …

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The Faunal Remains From The Mamluk-Period Al-Waṭṭa Quarter, Safed (Ẓefat) (Pp. 235–270), Guy Bar-Oz, Noa Raban-Gerstel Jan 2025

The Faunal Remains From The Mamluk-Period Al-Waṭṭa Quarter, Safed (Ẓefat) (Pp. 235–270), Guy Bar-Oz, Noa Raban-Gerstel

'Atiqot

Some 1160 complete and fragmentary identified bones were recovered from the medieval al-Waṭṭa quarter in Safed, providing evidence for a wealthy domestic urban occupation. This paper discusses the mundane aspects of daily life in Safed in the Mamluk period, reconstructing food consumption and distribution, animal husbandry, and social and cultural variation in foodways. This comprehensive study of the zooarchaeological data includes species representation and taphonomic observations, with the aim of discerning patterns of bone consumption and offering explanations for these observations.

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Remains From The Mamluk Period In The Al-Waṭṭa Quarter, Safed (Ẓefat) (With A Contribution By Oded Katz) (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–95*; English Summary, Pp. 271–275), Edna Dalali-Amos, Nimrod Getzov Jan 2025

Remains From The Mamluk Period In The Al-Waṭṭa Quarter, Safed (Ẓefat) (With A Contribution By Oded Katz) (Hebrew, Pp. 1*–95*; English Summary, Pp. 271–275), Edna Dalali-Amos, Nimrod Getzov

'Atiqot

The excavation on the western slope of the city of Safed revealed building remains of the Mamluk-period neighborhood of al-Waṭṭa (fourteenth–fifteenth centuries CE). Four strata were documented: Stratum IV, including pre-Mamluk remains; Stratum III, the main occupation layer, including dense building remains of a Mamluk-period neighborhood; Stratum II, a layer of debris within and between the Stratum III buildings; and Stratum I, a post-occupation layer. Stratum III came to a dramatic end in the first or second decade of the fifteenth century CE, probably due to an earthquake. Many pottery vessels, as well as glass vessels, coins, and metal and …

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Anthropological Remains From The Middle Bronze Age Burial Pits In Ashqelon (Pp. 97–99), Yossi Nagar, Lilly Gershuny Jan 2025

Anthropological Remains From The Middle Bronze Age Burial Pits In Ashqelon (Pp. 97–99), Yossi Nagar, Lilly Gershuny

'Atiqot

The anthropological finds retrieved from the burial pits exposed at Ashqelon were poorly preserved, mainly due to the brittle kurkar sandstone and the high salt content in the area. The human remains included bones of adult individuals, men and women, as well as children. Distribution of individuals varied: some pits contained a single individual and some, multiple interments. Human skulls were generally associated with platter or carinated bowls.

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The Faunal Remains From Kefar Gabirol, El-Qubeibe (Pp. 209–223), Nimrod Marom Jan 2025

The Faunal Remains From Kefar Gabirol, El-Qubeibe (Pp. 209–223), Nimrod Marom

'Atiqot

The salvage excavation in Kefar Gvirol, el-Qubeibe, yielded a small faunal assemblage from late Ottoman-period domestic contexts. The faunal remains from the site were studied in terms of taxonomic composition, livestock demography and butchery practices, with reference to assemblage formation processes. The bones from the site provide a rare glimpse into livestock economy and consumption practices at a rural site of the period.

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