Digital Commons Network^™

Performance-Related Specifications For Pavement Milling, Oscar Andrés Moncada, Seonghwan Cho, Vito Francioso, John E. Haddock

JTRP Technical Reports

The primary objective of this research was to evaluate pavement damage that may occur during the pavement milling process, which is critical to the overlay design and performance of asphalt pavements. To achieve this purpose, the most common milling practices in Indiana were implemented on several trial sections and various damage characterization tests performed in the field and laboratory. The research provided a testing methodology to determine if a milling machine was having detrimental effects on the residual pavement and a process to “tune” the particular milling machine to its optimal operational standards to minimize detrimental effects. Finally, this research …

Updating Cost Allocation And Revenue Attribution, Isaiah C. Mwamba, Deepak Benny, Ajuna P. John, David O. Holguin Mejia, Dongyoon Song, Jelin Sabu, Jiqian Dong, Mohammadhosein Pourgholamali, Sashank Modali, Richard O. Ajagu, Bismark R. Agbelie, Matthew Volovski, Konstantina Gritzka, Kumares C. Sinha, Samuel Labi

JTRP Technical Reports

This report presents a synopsis of the results from the 2024 study commissioned by the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) in fall 2023 at the request of the Indiana General Assembly.

Expenditures: Lighter vehicle classes saw their share of cost responsibility decline between 2015 and 2024, while the heavier vehicle classes saw their responsibilities increase within this period. This change is explained by a diametric shift in expenditure type patterns between the two eras from construction-dominant to maintenance-dominant expenditures. In this context, it is worth noting that these expenditure types have different ratios of attributable costs to common costs.

Revenues: …

Statewide Screening Of Signalized Intersections For Capacity Improvements, Saumabha Gayen, Enrique D. Saldivar-Carranza, Rahul Suryakant Sakhare, Jairaj Desai, Jijo K. Mathew, Nathan Shellhamer, Taylor Ruble, Dan Mccoy, Jack Gallagher, Darcy M. Bullock

JTRP Technical Reports

Identification of congested traffic signals that require capital investment to increase capacity has historically been a time-consuming process. Signalized intersections with congestion were analyzed to see if they could be improved through retiming, and capital investment was only considered if retiming is deemed infeasible. Automated Traffic Signal Performance Measures (ATSPMs), and more recently, signal performance measures (SPMs) derived from connected vehicle (CV) trajectory data, have already been used to streamline the process of identifying signalized intersections that can be improved through retiming. However, to date, similar efforts have not been used to identify intersections that may benefit from capital investment. …

Overweight Divisible Loads: Permit Administration And Impact On Indiana’S Road Infrastructure And Safety, Samuel Labi, Steven R. Dunlop, Thomas F. Brady Jr., Isaiah C. Mwamba, Dutt J. Thakkar, Sandeep Ramachandran, Burklund Edwards, Rohan Cherian, Maria Alicia Chung Li

JTRP Technical Reports

Indiana’s House Enrolled Act (HEA) 1190-2021 was implemented in January 2022 to address concerns regarding the overweight (OW) loading behavior of the freight transportation industry and OW permitting. The Act required the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) to adopt emergency rules and a fee structure for the interim period. At the start of the interim period (which is still ongoing at the time of this writing), the permit fee was increased from 7 cents/Equivalent Single Axle Load (ESAL)-mile to 25 cents/ESAL-mile. INDOT commissioned the current study to provide specific information about the effects of the Act on OW permit and …

Comprehensive Pavement Patching Tools And Web-Based Software For Pavement Condition Assessment And Visualization, Sneha Jha, Yaguang Zhang, Tandra Bagchi, Andrew Balmos, Bongsuk Park, John E. Haddock, Seonghwan Cho, James V. Krogmeier

JTRP Technical Reports

It is a common practice among state agencies to manually inspect road segments and decide maintenance requirements based on the pavement condition index (PCI). However, standalone PCI only evaluates the pavement surface condition. When coupled with the variability in human perception of pavement distress, this limits the accuracy of current pavement maintenance practices and undermines the automated pavement maintenance suggestions systems, especially for actionable recommendations related to accurate patching location, depth, and priority. This project explores integrating pavement structural and surface condition assessment with pavement ratings of distress to estimate the appropriate pavement patching strategy for accurate location, depth, and …

Indot Research Program Benefit Cost Analysis–Return On Investment For Projects Completed In Fy 2023, Bob Mccullouch

JTRP Technical Reports

To demonstrate the value of research and its implementation, the Governor’s Office in 2016 requested an annual financial analysis of the INDOT Research Program to determine the return on the research investment (ROI). The INDOT Research & Development (R&D) has continued to publish an annual Return on Investment report. The current financial analysis is for research projects that completed in FY 2023. Analyses on previous year’s projects is necessary primarily due to the time it takes some project outcomes to be implemented and verifiable data generated, extending into the following year. Therefore, the FY 2024 analysis is completed research projects …

Development Of A Formalized Program For In-Service Inspection Of Pedestrian Bridges, Aedh A. Alharthi, Robert J. Connor

JTRP Technical Reports

Currently, there are no universally accepted procedures or criteria related to the inspection of pedestrian bridges in the U.S. While some states have some criteria in place, the FHWA has no specific recommendations or requirements for such structures. However, pedestrian bridges can be very complex structures in some cases, whether by using non-redundant cable-supported walkways, curved super structures, or other materials not commonly used in highway bridges. Furthermore, many of these bridges are over busy state highways and carry many pedestrians daily. Due to the Indiana climate, these structures are often subjected to deicing chemicals that are applied more frequently …

Business Processes To Prioritize Traffic Signal Retiming And Assess The Impact Of Retiming Activities, Enrique D. Saldivar-Carranza, Tom Platte, Terri Wills, James Sturdevant, Darcy M. Bullock

JTRP Technical Reports

The Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) manages over 2,000 traffic signals in the State. It is unfeasible to identify systemwide improvement opportunities by evaluating the performance of thousands of traffic signals on monitoring dashboards. This report describes how a scalable technique based on connected vehicle (CV) trajectory data systematically evaluates performance at the movement level to prioritize retiming and maintenance activities. In total, eleven timing changes were implemented at nine traffic signals over various time-of-day (TOD) periods using the proposed approach. The method achieved average control delay and split failure reductions of up to 53 sec/veh and 30%, respectively. A …

Impacts Of Autonomous Truck-Mounted Attenuator (Atma) On Indot Work Zone Safety, Mobility, And Worker Productivity, Chi Tian, Yiheng Feng, Yunfeng Chen, Jiansong Zhang

JTRP Technical Reports

Work zone safety has been a major concern for many stakeholders including the state Departments of Transportation (DOTs). To prevent DOT workers, especially truck mounted attenuator (TMA) drivers from injuries, the Autonomous Truck Mounted Attenuator (ATMA) technology is developed. To understand the current testing and deployment status of ATMA, we began with interviews with project managers and researchers in four state DOTs who have experience with the ATMA system. Then, we systematically reviewed, tested, and evaluated the ATMA system in both simulation and real-world environments under various operating scenarios, traffic conditions, and mobile work zone operations. Furthermore, Indiana Department of …

Evaluating The Robustness Of Mdss Forecast And Compliance With Recommendations, Gregory L. Brinster, Jairaj Desai, Myles W. Overall, Christopher Gartner, Rahul Suryakant Sakhare, Jijo K. Mathew, Nick Evans, Darcy M. Bullock

JTRP Technical Reports

The Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) adopted the Maintenance Decision Support System (MDSS) for user-defined plowing segments in the winter of 2008–2009. Since then, many new data sources, including connected vehicle data, enhanced weather data, and fleet telematics have been integrated into INDOT winter operations activities. The objective of this study was to use these new data sources to conduct a systematic evaluation of the robustness of the MDSS forecasts. During the 2023–2024 winter season, 26 unique MDSS forecast data attributes were collected at 0-, 1-, 3-, 6-, 12-, and 23-hour intervals from the observed storm time for 6 roadway …

Anomaly Detection In Traffic Patterns Using The Indot Camera System, Lauren Christopher, Stanley Chien, Yaobin Chen, Mei Qiu, William Reindl, Liya Koshy

JTRP Technical Reports

The Transportation and Autonomous Systems Institute (TASI) of Purdue University Indianapolis (PUI) and the INDOT Traffic Management Center worked together to develop a system that monitors traffic conditions using INDOT CCTV video feeds. Computer vision-based traffic anomaly detection has been studied for the past 20 years, and a thorough state-of-the-art analysis was produced in a recent survey paper. Although AI has contributed to improving anomaly detection, several major challenges remain, such as tracking errors, illumination, weather, occlusion handling, camera pose, and perspective. In addition, the lack of real-life datasets makes the effectiveness of anomaly detection techniques unclear. This project builds …

Improved Light Weight Deflectometer Test (Lwd) And Analysis, Boonam Shin, Nitin Tiwari, Peter J. Becker, Antonio Bobet

JTRP Technical Reports

This study focused on improving light weight deflectometer (LWD) testing protocols and understanding material and equipment variability. The Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) adopted the LWD test for its efficiency and effectiveness in measuring soil stiffness, a crucial parameter for pavement structural layers. However, challenges remain for implementing LWD testing, particularly in small construction areas. There are also challenges with establishing standardized performance-related criteria for various subgrade treatments. To address these obstacles, this research aimed to develop maximum allowable deflections for compaction quality assurance without relying on site-specific test sections. A large-scale laboratory testing facility was established at the INDOT …

Detection And Assessment Of Sulfates In The Pavement Subgrade, Kanika Gupta, Marika Santagata, Antonio Bobet

JTRP Technical Reports

The ability to accurately detect sulfates in an existing subgrade has been a major challenge for INDOT’s pavement maintenance and rehabilitation projects. Although naturally occurring sulfates in soil pose a significant construction challenge, detecting sulfates in an existing subgrade may be problematic and costly, given that the presence of sulfates could result in expensive treatments or even removal of the subgrade. The project evaluated the performance of the ITM-510 test, a colorimetric test method utilized by INDOT to detect sulfates in soils. Soils collected from different Indiana road construction projects and two ASTM reference soils were treated with lime and …

Leveraging Lidar Intensity To Evaluate Roadway Pavement Marking Retroreflectivity, Gregory L. Brinster, Mona Hodaei, Aser M. Eissa, Zechariah Deloach, Joseph E. Bruno, Ayman Habib, Darcy M. Bullock

JTRP Technical Reports

Clearly visible lane markings are important for all road users, particularly autonomous vehicles. In general, nighttime retroreflectivity is one of the most challenging marking visibility characteristics for agencies to monitor and maintain, particularly in cold weather climates when agency snowplows remove retroreflective material during winter operations. Traditional surface-applied paint and glass beads typically only last one season in climates with routine snowplow activity. Recently, transportation agencies in cold weather climates have begun deploying improved recessed, durable pavement markings that can last several years and have very high retroreflective properties. These recessed durable markings are typically either epoxy, thermoplastic or preformed …

In-Service Safety Evaluation Of Indiana Impact Attenuators And Barrier End Treatments, Raul A. Pineda-Mendez, Qiming Guo, Mario A. Romero, Andrew P. Tarko

JTRP Technical Reports

Crashes related to barrier end treatments and impact attenuators generally have higher severity levels than those colliding with barrier faces. To select the most effective end treatments, the in-service safety evaluation of such end treatments under various operational conditions was needed. This study linked 7 years of crash records with the corresponding end treatments using inventory from the Indiana Road Network Dataset. Factors affecting crash severity, including speed, weather, roadway features, and vehicle types, were extracted and integrated with crashes in the modeling sample. Both random parameter and fixed effect ordered logit models were used to estimate the effects of …

Electric Vehicles: Public Perceptions, Expectations, And Willingness-To-Pay, Bruno Cesar Krause Moras, Xiaowei Chen, Kenny Chandra Wijaya, Satish Ukkusuri, Samuel Labi, Konstantina Gkritza

JTRP Technical Reports

The primary objective of this project was to understand Indiana resident’s perspectives on electric vehicles (EVs), including adoption incentives and barriers, awareness of adoption incentives, charging preferences, and general travel patterns. A secondary objective was to establish a framework for identifying EV users, detailing their trips, and generating predictions for EV adoption and usage. To achieve these objectives, a stated preference survey was conducted with 1,217 Indiana residents. Two datasets containing travel behavior data were incorporated to generate synthetic data. The survey results revealed that Indiana EV users are typically middle-aged males living and working in urban areas. EV users …

Control Guidelines For Aggregate Drainage Layers And Evaluation Of In Situ Permeability Testing Methods For Aggregates, Luis Garzon-Sabogal, Amy Getchell, Peter J. Becker, Philippe L. Bourdeau, Marika Santagata

JTRP Technical Reports

This project examined the use of the light weight deflectometer (LWD) and the air permeameter test (APT) for control of the state of compaction and hydraulic conductivity of aggregate drainage layers. The investigation included an extensive program of LWDs, APTs, and nuclear density tests on two testing strips constructed at an experimental site—one on an untreated subgrade and the other on cement-treated subgrade, The project also included additional field tests at three construction sites in Indiana and a laboratory testing program for calibration and validation of the field data. Statistics and correlation studies of the collected data are presented and …

New Repair Strategies For Life-Cycle Extension Of Corroded Steel Girder Bridges, Anna Tarasova, Deven Kanakamedala, Jungil Seo, Amit H. Varma, Robert J. Connor

JTRP Technical Reports

Steel girder ends are susceptible to corrosion damage due to deicing salts, water, and other contaminants leaking from failed expansion joints. When corrosion becomes significant, it leads to a reduction in the sectional properties of steel girders and consequently reduces bearing and shear resistance. Conventional repair methods, although effective, require substantial time and resources to complete, causing public inconvenience from necessary traffic closures. Therefore, there is a need for practical, rapid, and robust repair methods suitable for implementation by local Department of Transportation (DOT) maintenance personnel. In this study, five innovative repair methods were systematically evaluated through a selection process …

Evaluating The Potential Benefits Of Implementing Aashto Guide Specifications For The Analysis And Identification Of Fracture Critical And System Redundant Members, Robert J. Connor, Cem Korkmaz, Amit Varma, Charles J. Kieffer Iii, Aurora Ebert

JTRP Technical Reports

An exploratory study was conducted for some bridges in the state of Indiana that evaluated the implementation potential of the AASHTO Guide Specifications for Internal Redundancy of Mechanically-Fastened Built-Up Steel Members (IRM Guide Specification) and the AASHTO Guide Specifications for the Analysis and Identification of Fracture Critical Members and System Redundant Members (SRM Guide Specification). The outcomes for the project included (1) determining if the application of the Guide Specifications on a wider scale would be beneficial to INDOT; (2) identifying which bridges or members were “truly” non-redundant in the selected bridges, thus allowing a more targeted inspection program that …

A New Approach To Accelerated Fabrication Of Steel Bridges: Design, Optimization, And Demonstration, Ashley P. Thrall, Sherryen C. Mutoka, Mirela D. Tumbeva

JTRP Technical Reports

This research developed and demonstrated a new approach to the accelerated fabrication of resilient steel bridges—built-up press-brake formed tub girders (PBTGs). Built-up PBTGs are comprised of webs that are cold bent via a press brake and bolted to separate, flat bottom and top flanges. This investigation included (1) designing and building two demonstration bridges, (2) measuring the behavior of the demonstration bridges as experimental evidence demonstrating behavior, and (3) developing a kit-of-parts system to facilitate future adoption of this system. Research culminated in two completed vehicular bridges that are in use, validated numerical modeling approaches for design, a kit-of-parts system, …

Indot Project Change Orders: Root Causes And Recommendations, Suyash Padhye, Aishwarya Sharma, Hesam Arefkhani, Deepak Benny, Konstantina Gkritza, Samuel Labi, Makarand Hastak

JTRP Technical Reports

This study analyzed the historical trends in change orders (COs) associated with the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) highway contracts. It also investigated correlations between COs and base factors (district, project type, contract type, award amount, geographical area (rural vs. urban)), and sought to understand the effect of the root causes but not to predict CO based on root causes. Unlike the base factors, the root causes are unknown prior to construction. The study developed models that forecasted CO characteristics—CO likelihood, CO frequency (count), and CO severity (magnitude) and CO impacts (cost overrun and schedule delay). To address these research …

The Anti-Defamation League And The Evolution Of Hate Crime Laws, Steven M. Freeman

Lewis & Clark Law Review

No abstract provided.

Asking The Jewish Question: The Import Of Jewish History To Corporate Law, Dalia T. Mitchell

Lewis & Clark Law Review

This paper brings Jewish American history to bear upon the analysis of three major milestones in the development of corporate law’s fiduciary duties jurisprudence: Meinhard v. Salmon (N.Y. 1928), Bayer v. Beran (N.Y. 1944), and Revlon, Inc. v. MacAndrews & Forbes Holdings, Inc. (Del. 1986). Bringing to the fore the background of the Jewish litigants and the Jewish lawyers who represented them, I use Meinhard, Bayer, and Revlon to explore changing cultural attitudes toward Jewish Americans’ participation in corporate America (as investors, managers, or their legal representatives). I argue that these cases demonstrate how our ideas about the appropriate purpose …

Front Matter

Lewis & Clark Law Review

Front Matter includes table of contents, masthead, and faculty for Lewis & Clark Law Review Volume 28, Issue 1.

Governor Kate Brown Of Oregon’S Historic Use Of Clemency: Using Clemency Exactly As It Was Intended, Mark Cebert, Aliza B. Kaplan

Lewis & Clark Law Review

In Oregon, executive clemency is among the most expansive, yet historically underused, power a governor possesses. Yet, across her two terms as Oregon’s 38th governor, Governor Kate Brown exercised her power of executive clemency a record 61,777 times, dwarfing the clemency use of her predecessors and her contemporaries in other states. Governor Brown’s proactive approach to clemency presents a model for executive involvement in criminal justice reform and aligns with her beliefs of a redemptive and rehabilitative criminal legal system.

In this Article, we examine Governor Brown’s use of clemency, analyzing what her stated and implied rationales reveal about her …

Review Of The Non-Concentrating Solar Cookers With Innovative Absorber Plates Designs, Suhaib J. Shbailat, Salwa Bouadila

Babylonian Journal of Mechanical Engineering

Preparation of meals has been named as one of the leading factors that affect the consumption of energy consumed globally as well as global emissions of greenhouse gases. Still due to these reasons that solar cooking is cheap and can be done at large scale, it is appropriate. To discuss the plan of cheap solar cookers, this paper gives an introduction of them, namely; box cooker with or without. In a free and natural way without panels, funnels or reflectors. Other designs that encompass virtually all kinds of the solar cooker also included are Fresnel, indirect, and parabolic-dish and parabolic-trough …

Numerical Analysis Of Dual-Fuel Diesel Engines In Compression Ignition Engines: A Review, Mahmoud A. Awaga, Gomaa A. A, Ahmed O. Moaaz, Nouby M. Ghazaly

Babylonian Journal of Mechanical Engineering

Hydrogen gas is currently used in many daily uses because of its chemical properties that help in combustion and energy generation processes. Hydrogen can be easily used in diesel engines without major design modifications. In additions, its high flame velocity and calorific value make it a desirable option for dual-fuel mode in diesel engines. The trend in developing car engines has become to use alternative fuels to diesel and gasoline. The types of injections currently used, their development technology in diesel engines, and the advantages of using them to develop and raise engine efficiency are discussed. A complete study is …

Solar Air Heaters Classifications And Enhancement: A Review, Yaser Alaiwi, Tariq Ahmed

Babylonian Journal of Mechanical Engineering

Solar air heaters (SAHs) are renewable energy systems that utilise solar radiation to heat air, offering sustainable solutions for space heating, agricultural drying, and industrial processes. These systems are simple in design, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly, making them essential to the renewable energy landscape. However, challenges such as low thermal efficiency, dependency on climatic conditions, and significant thermal losses limit their adoption. Recent advancements in design, materials, and operational strategies have significantly improved their performance. This review explores the principles of SAHs, innovations in design, thermal storage integration, and efficiency enhancement techniques. Applications in various sectors are discussed, highlighting ongoing …

Exploring Deep Learning Methods Used In The Medical Device Sector, Fredrick Kayusi, Benson Turyasingura, Petros Chavula, Orucho Justine Amadi

Mesopotamian Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare

The healthcare sector is witnessing significant development in many aspects thanks to the effects of artificial intelligence or software, which has turned out to be the centre of attraction all over the world. This is evidence of a simple development in acquiring deep knowledge of the methods and areas in which they are used. Face detection, voice recognition, autonomous use, the defence industry, the security industry, and other fields may be displayed as examples that help complete tasks. This article surveys the impact of deep learning methods and practices in the medical device industry, and we also examine the distribution …

Machine Learning Based Lung Disease Prediction Using Convolutional Neural Network Algorithm, M. Sahaya Sheela, G. Amirthayogam, J. Jasmine Hephzipah, S. Gopalakrishnan, S. Ravi Chand

Mesopotamian Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare

Lung disease prediction is a critical issue in today's world. However, in the past two years, the corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has a broad range and, in a limited percentage of people, a notable effect on the lungs. In the past, the fuzzy logic method has been used to classify lung disease prediction, but it has faced challenges such as difficulties in identifying segmented regions and output inaccuracies. To solve the issue Convolutional neural networks are used in machine learning to predict lung condition. The preprocessing based weighted average filter gives greater weight to the central value, making its …