Digital Commons Network^™

The Potential Of Edible Insects As A Safe, Palatable, And Sustainable Food Source In The European Union, Ann D. Conway, Swarna Jaiswal, Amit K. Jaiswal

Articles

Entomophagy describes the practice of eating insects. Insects are considered extremely nutritious in many countries worldwide. However, there is a lethargic uptake of this practice in Europe where consuming insects and insect-based foodstuffs is often regarded with disgust. Such perceptions and concerns are often due to a lack of exposure to and availability of food-grade insects as a food source and are often driven by neophobia and cultural norms. In recent years, due to accelerating climate change, an urgency to develop alternate safe and sustainable food-sources has emerged. There are currently over 2000 species of insects approved by the World …

Mitochondrial Dna Variation In Honey Bee (Apis Mellifera) Colonies From Arkansas, U.S., Allen Szalanski

Entomology and Plant Pathology Faculty Publications and Presentations

This study characterized the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genetic variation in Arkansas honey bee, Apis mellifera L., by sequencing a portion of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase (COI-COII) intergenic region). The samples were primarily of hobbyist-managed origin (n=180), as well as 32 feral colonies and two swarms. Of the 214 honey bee colonies and swarms sampled, 23 haplotypes were observed. The haplotypes were from the: A (African) (1.87%); C (South eastern European) (92.52%); M (Northern and Western European) (3.27%); and O (Near East and Middle East) lineages (2.34%). Six C lineage haplotypes were predominantly detected (n=189, 88.31%), all of which are common …

Anti-Listeria Of H2o2-Peroxyacetic Acid Anti-Listeria Efficacy Of A Hydrogen Peroxide-Peroxyacetic Acid Mixer In Bacterial Buffered Solution And On Bell Peppers, Peighton Denae Foster

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

This study aims to 1) evaluate the efficacy of H₂O₂-peroxyacetic acid (PAA) mixer to inactivate Listeria monocytogenes in 0.1% buffered-peptone-water; 2) evaluate the reduction and mitigation of cross-contamination on peppers. For the study-1, aliquots of 1.0-ml mixer solutions (0.25, 0.50 and 0.84%) were added to the first 3-well of 8-strip-deep-well microplates. Then, the 0.1 ml of 10-fold dilution the Nalidixic-acid-resistant (NaL) L. monocytogenes was added and mixed immediately with a multichannel pipette. After exposure for 0, 5, 15, 30, and up to 120-s, 1 ml of 2×D/E neutralized solution was added to terminate the reaction followed …

Electronic Symptom Management Using Pros In A Rural, Appalachian Medical Oncologic Population, Andrea Ray Bailey

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Background: Systemic chemotherapy is a cornerstone of cancer treatment, but it often leads to significant side effects, which may impact patients' quality of life and lead to increased acute healthcare utilization. Although patients are typically informed of potential symptoms and advised to seek care as needed, many struggle to understand and manage symptoms effectively. Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) have been shown to improve symptom monitoring, decrease symptom burden, and reduce emergency department visits and hospital admissions. Electronic patient-reported outcomes (ePROs), in particular, offer timely and accessible symptom tracking, though their effectiveness has largely been evaluated within urban clinical trial settings and …

Longevity In Afrikaner Cattle: A Survival Analysis, Allison M. Bot Steffl

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

The Afrikaner breed of cattle is indigenous to South Africa and due to their hardiness was once the most popular breed amongst farmers. The objectives for this study were to: (1) estimate environmental effects (age at first calving, season) and (2) genetic variance affecting longevity in Afrikaner cattle using survival analysis and a Weibull model and (3) evaluate the effect of the Infusion Project on longevity utilizing a Cox model. For the first objective, age at first calving impacted longevity as younger age at first calving was associated with decreased longevity. Season of birth and year of birth also impacted …

Dietary Knowledge And Eating Habits Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes In Lebanon, Myriam Abboud, Cyrille Nacouzi, Zeina Chahine, Angelica Atallah, Mira Hleyhel

All Works

Little is known about the dietary knowledge (DK) and eating habits (EHs) of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Lebanon. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the DK and EH of the population with T2D and determine their associated factors. A cross-sectional survey enrolling 351 patients with T2D was carried out, using the snowball sampling technique. The survey used the UK Diabetes and Diet Questionnaire and the Dietary Knowledge questionnaire to assess participants' EH including the frequency of consumption of certain foods and their knowledge of food groups and food choices. While a higher DK index …

Optimizing Tomato Seedling Growth With Indigenous Mangrove Bacterial Inoculants And Reduced Npk Fertilization, Soumaya Tounsi-Hammami, Munawwar Ali Khan, Aroosa Zeb, Aneesa Rasheed Anwar, Naman Arora, Muhammad Naseem, Sunil Mundra

All Works

The search for ecofriendly products to reduce crop dependence on synthetic chemical fertilizers presents a new challenge. The present study aims to isolate and select efficient native PGPB that can reduce reliance on synthetic NPK fertilizers. A total of 41 bacteria were isolated from the sediment and roots of mangrove trees (Avicennia marina) and assessed for their PGP traits under in vitro conditions. Of them, only two compatible strains of Bacillus species were selected to be used individually and in a mix to promote tomato seedling growth. The efficiency of three inoculants applied to the soil was assessed in a …

Prevalence Of Premenstrual Syndrome And Its Associations With Dietary And Other Lifestyle Factors Among University Female Students In Dubai: A Cross-Sectional Study, Haleama Al Sabbah, Noof Al Mutawa, Enas A. Assaf

All Works

Background: Premenstrual syndrome is a relatively prevalent condition that affects a significant number of menstruating women worldwide. It can range from mild to severe and may interfere with daily activities. Objective: This study aims to investigate the prevalence of premenstrual syndrome and its associated factors among female university students in Dubai. Design: This study was designed as a cross-sectional study. Methods: The analysis for this study involved 217 female university students (aged ⩾18 years old) who completed a self-reported online questionnaire. Participants were recruited through simple random sampling, and the study received ethical approval from the Zayed University Ethical Committee. …

Acalypha Indica Aqueous Leaf Extract As Potential Nematicide Against The Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne Incognita: In Vitro And Molecular Docking Studies, Altaf Khan, Manar Fawzi Bani Mfarrej, Fohad Mabood Husain, Qamar Zia, Mohd Adil, Mohammed Arshad, Khalid Umar, Niraj Kumar Jha, Pieter Malan, Soumya Pandit, Faheem Ahmad

All Works

Root-knot nematode (RKN) (Meloidogyne incognita) is a major plant parasitic nematode that severely damages crops, leading to significant yield losses and substantial economic impact globally. This study aims to investigate an environmentally sustainable biological strategy for mitigating parasitic populations of the root-knot nematode, M. incognita. Specifically, the research focuses on assessing the nematicidal efficacy of Acalypha indica against M. incognita mortality and second-stage juveniles’ (J2) hatching under controlled in vitro conditions. A. indica leaf aqueous extract was applied at varying concentrations (250, 500, 750, and 1000 ppm) to J2s and egg masses of M. incognita. Notably, at 1000 ppm, a …

Farm-Raised Salmon Business: An International Outline Through Regulations, Environmental Issues, And Consumer Perception., Luiz Felipe Da Silva

Business ETD Collections

This research investigates the key challenges faced by the global farm-raised salmon industry, focusing on economic impacts of regulatory differences, environmental sustainability issues, and consumer perceptions of farm-raised versus wild-caught salmon. Using a mixed research approach, including an interview with a professional and a review of existing literature, the study finds a disconnect between salmon companies and their customers, indicating a need for improved marketing strategies. The research also highlights the importance of high environmental standards in production for enhancing competitiveness. Additionally, the adoption of certifications and high production standards can improve consumer acceptance of farmed salmon over wild-caught alternatives.

Changing Nutrition Trends And Mcdonald’S Product Strategies: The Rise Of Plant-Based Products And Their Impact On Consumer Behaviour., Meryem Yildirim

Business ETD Collections

This research explores the influence of McDonald’s plant-based product development strategies on consumer behaviour and brand perception. It highlights the challenges McDonald’s faces when launching plant-based products, particularly in the US, where the desired impact on consumers has not been achieved. The study contrasts this with the success of these products in Europe, where they have enhanced the brand’s sustainability image and contributed to profitability. Additionally, McDonald’s has made strides toward promoting healthy eating by offering plant-based and diet products, while also accommodating cultural and religious sensitivities in its menu localization. The findings emphasise the importance of continuing these strategic …

Bord Bia: Global Marketing Challenges., Guzel Khabibullina

Business ETD Collections

This research examines global marketing challenges faced by Bord Bia, an Irish agency in the food, drink, and horticulture sector, as it seeks to increase market share in the European Union (EU). The study combines primary and secondary research, utilising a case study approach to analyse Bord Bia’s branding, marketing strategies, and digital transformation efforts. Key areas of focus include leveraging sustainable production as a unique selling point, enhancing the Country of Origin (COO) effect, and addressing cultural diversity in marketing activities. Findings highlight the value of a blended marketing strategy, integrating traditional and digital methods, and recommend adopting AI-driven …

Implementation Of A Targeted “Micro-Learning” Inpatient Diabetes Education Program In A Rural Hospital Setting, Melissa Lynn Fannon-Wisner

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

Introduction/Background: Diabetes affects a large portion of Americans and West Virginians annually. Inpatient hospitalization provides an opportunity to provide evidence-based diabetes education to patients. A lack of access to diabetes education at rural hospitals across the United States exists, creating a need for patients who require education while hospitalized. An intervention needs to be explored to bridge the gap for patients that need education when the diabetes educator is not available.

Purpose: The purpose of this Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) project is to create and implement a video micro-learning diabetic education series that can be utilized for diabetes self-management …

Life After Sport: A Program Development Plan For Student-Athletes, Loryn Shawn Frame

Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)

College athletics stakeholders have had growing concerns regarding student-athletes’ transition out of collegiate athletics. Research specific to student-athletes following college athletics has explored mental health, role identity, and occupational participation. This program development plan addresses occupational therapy’s role in assisting student-athletes transition out of collegiate athletics. The needs assessment conducted with West Virginia University athletic staff revealed two gaps in programming: athletic identity including leisure exploration, and a program to help student-athletes who want to enter health professional programs. Life After Sport comprises two programs, one to help student-athletes transition into a health professional program, titled Athletes in Medicine (AIM), …

‘Heavy’ Life Satisfaction: Unveiling The Intricate Relationships Between Obesity And Well-Being In Abu Dhabi, Masood Badri, Mugheer Alkhaili, Hamad Aldhaheri, Saad Yaqeib, Guang Yang, Muna Albahar, Asma Alrashdi

All Works

The study investigates the intricate relationship between obesity and well-being among residents in Abu Dhabi. Obesity is recognized as a significant public health concern worldwide, with potential implications for individuals' overall well-being. Understanding the complex associations between obesity and various aspects of well-being is essential for developing effective interventions to promote healthier lifestyles and improve overall quality of life. The research employs path analysis to explore the direct associations between obesity and multiple well-being indicators. Data is collected from residents in Abu Dhabi, focusing on subjective health, subjective mental health, life satisfaction, physical exercise, and satisfaction with social relationships. Path …

Unlocking The Potential Of Simulated Hyperspectral Imaging In Agro Environmental Analysis: A Comprehensive Study Of Algorithmic Approaches, Shafaq Khan, Munir Majdalawieh, Boubakeur Boufama, Yajan Sharma, Ashwitha Basani

All Works

This study focuses on identifying and evaluating the severity of powdery mildew disease in tomato plants. The uniqueness of this work lies in combining the imaging and advanced deep learning methods to develop a technique that transforms Red Green Blue (RGB) images into Simulated Hyperspectral Images (SHSI) to perform spectral and spatial analysis for precise detection and assessment of powdery mildew severity, thereby enhancing disease management. Furthermore, this research evaluates three advanced pre-trained VGG16 models, ResNet50 and EfficientNet-B7 algorithms for image preprocessing and feature extraction. Extracted features are passed to a neural network generator model to convert RGB image features …

Aquaculture In Zambia: The Current Status, Challenges, Opportunities And Adaptable Lessons Learnt From China, Lin Zhang, Sahya Maulu, Fenglei Hua, Majory K.H. Chama, Pao Xu

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

As a land-locked country in Southern Africa, Zambia is rich in natural resources suitable for fish production. However, aquaculture is still in its infancy with enormous potential as most of Zambia’s fish now comes from capture fisheries. The aim of this study was to review the recent progress, status, challenges, and opportunities in Zambia’s aquaculture industry while drawing some lessons from China’s aquaculture experience, focusing on policy instruments, external support, quality seeds, and the investment environment for possible adaptation. To achieve this, we reviewed the existing literature about aquaculture in Zambia. This paper starts by reviewing the overall fishery sector’s …

The Attitudes And Practices Of United Arab Emirates Consumers Towards Food Waste: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study, Lynne Kennedy, Samir Safi, Tareq M. Osaili, Ala Al Rajabi, Ayesha Alblooshi, Dima Al Jawarneh, Ahmed Al Kaabi, Fakhra Al Rubaei, Maitha Albreiki, Maryam Alfadli, Aseilah Alhefeiti, Moez Al Islam Ezzat Faris, Kholoud Allaham, Sameeha Junaidi, Moien A.B. Khan

All Works

Background: Reducing global food waste is an international environmental, health, and sus-tainability priority. Although significant reductions have been achieved across the food chain, progress by UAE households and consumers remain inadequate. This study seeks to understand the association between consumer attitudes, knowledge, and awareness relating to food waste practice of residents living in the UAE. to help inform policy and action for addressing this national priority. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a validated semi-structured online questionnaire through stratified sampling (n =1052). The Spearman correlation coefficient was performed to determine the correlations. Two independent regression analysis were used to …

Association Between Hemoglobin Level, Anemia, And Hypertension Among Adults In Northern Sudan: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study, Zainab Taha, Hiba Elhag, Ahmed Ali Hassan, Ishag Adam

All Works

Background: Hypertension and anemia are major health problems globally. However, data regarding the association between hypertension and hemoglobin/anemia among adults are few and controversial. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the associations between hemoglobin/anemia and hypertension among Sudanese adults. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Northern Sudan from September to December 2022. The participants’ sociodemographic characteristics were assessed using a questionnaire. Standardized procedures measured participants’ weight, height, body mass index (BMI), hemoglobin, and hypertension. Multivariate regression analysis was performed to determine the association between anemia and hypertension. Results: Three hundred eighty-four adults were enrolled; 195 (50.8%) and …

Mangrove Sediments-Associated Bacterium (Bacillus Sp. Sw7) With Multiple Plant Growth-Promoting Traits Promotes The Growth Of Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum), Mahideen Afridi, Balamurugan Sadaiappan, Amna Saood Nassar, Henda Mahmoudi, Munawwar Ali Khan, Sunil Mundra

All Works

Global food production intensification presents a major hurdle to ensuring food security amidst a growing world population. Widespread use of chemical fertilizers in recent decades has risked soil fertility, compounded by the challenges posed by climate change, particularly in arid regions. To address these issues, adopting plant growth-promoting (PGP) bacteria stands out as a promising solution, offering multifaceted benefits to arid agroecosystems. We isolated a bacterial strain, SW7, from mangrove sediment, characterised the entire genome followed by phylogenetic analyses, and evaluated its in-vitro PGP activity. Subsequently, we examined its impact on tomato seed germination and plant growth. The strain SW7 …

Tracing Socio-Ecological Resilience In The Milpa, The Monte, And The Kitchen: Milpero And Campesino Perspectives From Tiholop, Yucatan And La Union Libertad, Oaxaca, Mexico, Marisela Chavez

Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers

Agrobiodiversity, the diversity of crops that been co-produced through humanenvironment interactions over millennia, constitutes an important part of humanity’s cultural heritage. Agrobiodiversity is as much about the local ecosystem and biotic resources, such as soil, water, pollinators, and microbes, as it is about human processes like sociocultural and linguistic practices, including farming methods, knowledge, skills, and natural resource management. At the center of these dynamics are the smallholder farmers who engage in a range of stewardship practices that contribute to the diversification and evolution of the native crops that in turn support their food security. This research focuses on understanding …

An Institutional And Policy Analysis Of Adaptive Capacity To Climate Change Of The Agricultural Sector Of Bangladesh, Calvin Wood Martin

Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers

This thesis evaluates the adaptive capacity of Bangladesh’s agricultural sector in the context of climate change, focusing on policy and institutional capacities. An analytic framework is applied to assess policy coherence, resources, and implementation effectiveness of key national and international policies. The study also examines aspects of institutional capacity, such as administration, technological innovation, protective infrastructure, and access to benefits and resources. Through expert interviews and a comprehensive literature review, the research identifies both strengths and challenges in current efforts to enhance climate resilience. The findings highlight areas for improvement, particularly in strengthening policy coherence, resource needs, and institutional support …

Antioxidant, Anti-Alzheimer’S, Anticancer, And Cytotoxic Properties Of Peanut Oil: In Vitro, In Silico, And Gc-Ms Analysis, Hanène Djeghim, Djamila Benouchenne, El Hassen Mokrani, Huda Alsaeedi, David Cornu, Mikhael Bechelany, Ahmed Barhoum

Research Outputs: 2025-Present

Introduction: Peanut oil is valued for its mild flavor, rich phytochemical content, therapeutic potential, and associated health benefits. This study aims to analyze the chemical composition, antioxidant properties, and anti-Alzheimer’s potential of Algerian peanut oil using both experimental and computational approaches. The goal is to evaluate its suitability for pharmaceutical applications, particularly for its antioxidant, anti-Alzheimer, and anticancer properties. Methods: The chemical composition of the peanut oil was determined using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Antioxidant activity was assessed through DPPH and CUPRAC assays, while enzyme inhibition was evaluated using butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibition assays. In silico molecular docking studies were conducted …

Green Synthesis And Characterization Of Senps Using Pediastrum Boryanum Extract And Evaluation Of Their Biological Activities, Ahmed H Al-Wakeel, Samia Elbahnaswy, Amany Abd El‐Moaty, Ayman M. El-Ghamry, Ayman Y. El-Khateeb, Engy Risha, Eman Zahran

Mansoura Veterinary Medical Journal

Background Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) were synthesized using a green method with Pediastrum boryanum extract as the reducing and capping agent. Objectives The algal extract and green synthesized SeNPs were characterized for their morphological characters and biological efficacy. Methods Characterization was conducted using UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and zeta potential analysis. Results TEM revealed spherical and tetragonal SeNPs with sizes ranging from 72.16-89.45 nm. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of functional groups from the algal extract on the SeNPs surfaces, indicating their role as capping agents. Phytochemical analysis showed that the extract had higher …

The Anti-Inflammatory And Antioxidant Effects Of Melissa Officinalis (Lemon Balm)On Paracetamol Induced Hepatotoxicity In Broiler Chickens, Ghada A. Abou Zead, Sara T. Elazab, Azza E. Hassan, Ahmed I. Ateya, Magdy S. Amer

Mansoura Veterinary Medical Journal

background : This study aimed to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of Melissa officinalis (M officinalis) against paracetamol N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity in broiler chickens. METHODS: A total of 48 one-day-old cobb healthy chicks were divided into four groups of (12 chicks). The control group received a basal diet for 21 days, while the APAP group received APAP at 2 g/kg body weight daily from the 15th day onwards and until the termination of the experiment; M officinalis + APAP group was offered a 10 g/kg diet for 2 weeks followed by APAP for one week; and the APAP + M officinalis …

Influence Of Spirulina Platensis Inclusion Upon Some Biochemical Markers Besides Quality Of Meat In Broiler Chickens, Enas Hassan, Gehad El-Sayed, Azza Hassan, Shimaa El-Sayed

Mansoura Veterinary Medical Journal

OBJECTIVES The current study aimed to evaluate the influence of Spirulina Platensis inclusion on biochemical indices besides meat quality in broilers.

METHODS One hundred newly hatched meat-yielding chicks purchased from a local hatchery in Gamasa City were randomly divided into five groups, with 20 birds per group.

RESULTS Spirulina platensis acted as an excellent growth-promoting agent. Spirulina platensis inclusion at doses of 0.5, 1, and 2 g in the poultry diet enhanced growth performance indices, as body weight, body weight gain, feed consumption. Spirulina positive influence on meat quality was evident through decreased thawing and cooking losses, an increase in …

Impact Of Ellagic Acid Loaded Zinc Nanoparticles On Cardiac And Hepatic Tissue On Type 1 Diabetic Rats, Gehad R. M. Elsayed, Afaf D. Abdelmagid, Hatem B. Huseiny, Ahmed Fotoh, Faten E. Shoker

Mansoura Veterinary Medical Journal

Background:

Biochemical, molecular, and histopathological alterations are the most noticeable clinical and pathological characteristics attributed to diabetes mellitus. An imbalance in these parameters increases the risk of developing complications. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to determine the cardiac and hepatic protective effects of ellagic acid-loaded zinc nanoparticles (EA-ZnNPs) on diabetes, which were evaluated biochemically, molecularly, and histopathologically.

Methods: Four groups of 40 adult male rats were established in this study. The groups were subsequently classified as control, streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic, STZ treated with ellagic acid-loaded zinc nanoparticles (EA-ZnNPs), and STZ treated with insulin. After six weeks of …

Enhancing Yogurt Quality With Inulin: A Study On Chemical, Microbial, And Sensory Improvements, Md Sodor Uddin, Snigdha Sharmin, Fahmida Jahan Fahim, Sohel Rana, Kazi Zinnah, Ferdaus Mohd Altaf Hossain

Mansoura Veterinary Medical Journal

Objective: This research investigates the impact of inulin, a fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS), on enhancing the chemical, microbial, and sensory attributes of yogurt, aiming at improving its overall quality and shelf-life. Design: Through a controlled experimental setup, yogurt samples were prepared with 1.5% concentrations of inulin and analyzed against control samples over different storage conditions. Results: Our findings indicate that the control group has a better sensory profile than the inulin-treated samples, and microbial stability by fostering the growth of beneficial Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB), thereby enriching the yogurt's probiotic profile. Additionally, sensory evaluations reveal that inulin addition maintains desirable yogurt characteristics, …

Active Techniques Of Heat Transfer Enhancement: A Review, Duaa Mraiza, Foad Faraji

Babylonian Journal of Mechanical Engineering

In this work, active methods for improving heat transfer are discussed, with a particular emphasis on new ideas and their applicability in various sectors of different types. Heat transfer efficiency is essential for optimising energy utilisation in industries such as chemical processing, heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC), and renewable energy. Mechanical assistance, surface vibrations, electrostatic fields, and fluid injection are some approaches investigated in this research. The study also investigates the ideas behind these techniques and their practical ramifications. The results of this study indicate that active approaches, even though they often call for more power, have the potential to …

The Transdiagnostic Role And Measurement Of Cognitive Inflexibility Across Understudied Eating Disorder Groups: A Multi-Method Investigation, Mckenzie Miller

Electronic Theses & Dissertations (2024 - present)

Cognitive inflexibility is an established transdiagnostic executive function deficit that maintains a wide array of psychiatric conditions. Eating disorders (ED) are serious, life-threatening conditions that remain underdiagnosed and understudied across diverse demographic groups. There is growing evidence for a role of cognitive inflexibility in driving hallmark ED symptoms, particularly in anorexia nervosa. Treatments targeting cognitive inflexibility may improve the currently poor outcomes of these conditions. To date, the role of cognitive inflexibility remains to be examined across demographically and diagnostically diverse ED groups. The first two studies presented here examine associations between cognitive inflexibility and symptom presentation in two relatively …