Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Digital Commons Network™

Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

2024

Discipline
Institution
Keyword
Publication
Publication Type
File Type

Articles 991 - 1020 of 38914

Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network

Building Evidence-Based Pbs For Schools, Clinics And Communities, Tom Clees Dec 2024

Building Evidence-Based Pbs For Schools, Clinics And Communities, Tom Clees

Georgia Association for Positive Behavior Support Conference

Abstract

For students in both the general and adapted curriculum, low achievement, behavioral excesses and social skills deficits are predictive of each other (Gresham, 2016;). Too, an escalating cycle may lead to further antisocial responses, a decrease in learning outcomes, and exclusion from services for some (Kauffman, 2018). Related to these challenges, the successful application of positive behavior supports has been widely reported by schools, clinics, and community-based services. Although definitions of PBS, and the scope of these practices, vary depending on the reference point of those responsible for administration and application, there seems to be agreement that PBS practices …


Global Historical Tsunami Database, Andrew Allegra Dec 2024

Global Historical Tsunami Database, Andrew Allegra

Benefits of Ocean Observing Catalog (BOOC)

The Historical Tsunami Database contains information on tsunami sources and locations where tsunami waves were observed by eyewitnesses, field reconnaissance surveys, tide gauges or deep-ocean sensors.


The Deceptive Third Place: Comparing Steinbeck’S The Pearl To Modern Cell Phone Escapism, Christina Doublesin Dec 2024

The Deceptive Third Place: Comparing Steinbeck’S The Pearl To Modern Cell Phone Escapism, Christina Doublesin

Quest

Literary Analysis

Research in progress for ENGL 2333: World Literature II

Faculty Mentor: Anna Genneken, PhD

It gives me great pleasure to introduce Christina Doublesin’s “The Deceptive Third Place: Comparing Steinbeck’s The Pearl to Modern Cell Phone Escapism.” Christina wrote this essay for her term paper in my World Literature II course in the spring of 2023. The assignment allows students to choose a text we have read for class to be the focus of a critical analysis. I intentionally leave the direction of this analysis very open-ended with the hope that students will make connections that extend far beyond …


Lessons Learned: Calvin Mitchell Iii, Mercedes Cardona Dec 2024

Lessons Learned: Calvin Mitchell Iii, Mercedes Cardona

Journal of Financial Crises

Calvin Mitchell III served as executive vice president of the communications group within the executive office of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (FRBNY) during the Global Financial Crisis. In 2008, Mitchell was tapped by Timothy Geithner, who was then FRBNY president, to head a new group charged with expanding the communications and community affairs functions. Mitchell left the FRBNY in 2009 for the private sector and returned to government in 2021 as assistant secretary for public affairs in the US Treasury Department.


International Monetary Fund: Special Drawing Rights Allocations, 2009, Ikbal S. Ahluwalia, Owen Heaphy, Rosalind Z. Wiggins Dec 2024

International Monetary Fund: Special Drawing Rights Allocations, 2009, Ikbal S. Ahluwalia, Owen Heaphy, Rosalind Z. Wiggins

Journal of Financial Crises

Despite efforts by the world’s major economies to address stresses in the global financial system, by early 2009, the Global Financial Crisis caused developing and lower-income countries to experience shortages of the major reserve currencies. In August 2009, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) distributed a general allocation of Special Drawing Rights (SDR) of unprecedented size—totaling USD 250 billion (SDR 161.3 billion)—to all member countries in an effort to address these issues and provide liquidity to the world’s economies. In September 2009, it also distributed a special “catch-up” allocation of USD 33 billion in SDRs (SDR 21.5 billion) to eligible members …


International Monetary Fund: Foreign Exchange Liquidity Through The Special Drawing Rights Allocation, 2021, Vincient Arnold Dec 2024

International Monetary Fund: Foreign Exchange Liquidity Through The Special Drawing Rights Allocation, 2021, Vincient Arnold

Journal of Financial Crises

The official response to the COVID-19 pandemic was costly for governments, particularly those in developing economies with significant existing external debt. On August 2, 2021, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) announced in a press release the allocation of SDR 456 billion (USD 650 billion) in Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) to “address the long-term global need for reserves, build confidence, and foster the resilience and stability of the global economy.” The COVID-19 allocation was a form of unconditional (or “concessional”) liquidity to IMF member nations, similar to a capital injection or grant. It was the fourth-ever general allocation and the largest …


Analysis Of Public Opinion Polls About Covid-19 Vaccines: Theoretical And Policy Implications For Vaccine Communication And Campaigns To Address Vaccine Hesitancy, Muhammad Ittefaq, Hong Tien Vu, Ali Zain, Tayyeb Ramazan, Gary L. Kreps Dec 2024

Analysis Of Public Opinion Polls About Covid-19 Vaccines: Theoretical And Policy Implications For Vaccine Communication And Campaigns To Address Vaccine Hesitancy, Muhammad Ittefaq, Hong Tien Vu, Ali Zain, Tayyeb Ramazan, Gary L. Kreps

School of Communication Studies - Faculty Scholarship

This study analyzed 1432 questions asked in 19 surveys (N = 43,014) on COVID-19 vaccines between January 2020 and August 2022 using dimensions including (1) information sources about COVID-19 vaccine, (2) information about the access, effectiveness, and side effects of COVID-19 vaccine, (3) COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy (i.e. false perception, skepticism, and vaccine refusal), (4) motivations to get the COVID-19 vaccine (i.e. to perform routine activities, convenience, incentives, influences, and travel requirement), (5) false perceptions caused vaccine refusal, and (6) intentions to get vaccinated. Our results show that vaccine refusal was rampant throughout the pandemic and mostly attributed to the …


Exploring Teacher Strategies Regarding Multilingualism On Popular Social Media Platforms Such As Tiktok And Instagram, Victoria Raposo Dec 2024

Exploring Teacher Strategies Regarding Multilingualism On Popular Social Media Platforms Such As Tiktok And Instagram, Victoria Raposo

Honors Program Theses and Projects

As a teacher, the scale of knowledge acquisition is endless. In an ever-changing world, social media becomes more prevalent every day. Not only does it become more popular and common with children and adults in their everyday lives, but there is even a social media uprising in the learning environment. English language learners benefit from social media use in learning in many ways, many of which will be discussed in this project. Teachers can also use social media for tips on teacher strategies, especially with ELs in their classrooms. This project will address the question of how social media can …


Examining Teachers’ Experiences In Fostering Social-Emotional Learning After Returning To In-Person Instruction In The Midst Of The Covid-19 Pandemic, Rosario Grajeda Dec 2024

Examining Teachers’ Experiences In Fostering Social-Emotional Learning After Returning To In-Person Instruction In The Midst Of The Covid-19 Pandemic, Rosario Grajeda

Dissertations

Purpose: This qualitative phenomenological study examines how middle school teachers in Riverside County, California, support the social-emotional learning (SEL) needs of students as students returned to in-person instruction after the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology: This qualitative study explores how Riverside County middle school teachers addressed students' social and emotional needs upon returning to in-person learning after COVID-19. Twelve teachers from local public middle schools (grades 6-8) participated in semi-structured interviews, answering ten questions. Data from interviews and artifacts were transcribed and analyzed using NVIVO software to identify recurring themes related to the study questions. Findings: The shared experiences of participants and …


Approved Programs 12-17-24, Angela Brock Dec 2024

Approved Programs 12-17-24, Angela Brock

Programs Committee (PC)

No abstract provided.


Hidden Outsiders On The Inside: Exploring The Impact Of Trust In Government On Trump Voters In 2016 And 2020 Elections, Philip (Hayden) Terry Iii Dec 2024

Hidden Outsiders On The Inside: Exploring The Impact Of Trust In Government On Trump Voters In 2016 And 2020 Elections, Philip (Hayden) Terry Iii

Commonwealth Review of Political Science

This paper investigates the relationship between trust in government and the likelihood of voting for political outsider candidates, focusing on Donald Trump's presidential campaigns in 2016 and 2020. Existing scholarship notes that outsider candidates typically occur outside of the two major parties in the United States. These outsider candidates typically draw in protest votes, representing dissatisfaction with the existing political establishment. Voter calculations therefore changed once Trump became the Republican nominee for president, a major party. The theory that Trump acted as a third-party candidate within a major party is thus proposed. The central thesis posits that as individuals' political …


Touching Distant Time And Place: Place-Based Augmented Reality Storytelling, Misha Myers Dec 2024

Touching Distant Time And Place: Place-Based Augmented Reality Storytelling, Misha Myers

School of Art, Design and Architecture

Storying place through augmented reality technologies, such as software and applications which enhance and encourage interaction with physical environments with digital visual and audio elements and place digital objects in specific locations, offers multisensory tactile ways of inter-mediating relationships between self and changing environments. This chapter examines and compares how four site-specific, site-responsive and site-generic augmented reality storytelling works made for smartphones augment specific living environments through augmented spatiality, immersive audio, geo-located and interactive sound and/or visually augmented three-dimensional animations of digital entities and objects. This chapter considers how the application of specific augmented technologies in each of the works …


Russian Use Of Smart Power To Achieve Northern Sea Route Objectives, Troy Bouffard Dec 2024

Russian Use Of Smart Power To Achieve Northern Sea Route Objectives, Troy Bouffard

Interdisciplinary Studies

This dissertation examines Russia's use of smart power in pursuing its strategic objectives for the Northern Sea Route (NSR) in the Arctic. Through three interconnected articles, it analyzes how Russia combines soft and hard power approaches to assert control over the NSR and legitimize its claims. The first article challenges Russia's legal justification for NSR control by presenting new data on sea ice conditions and navigational risks. The second article explores how Russia's military posture in the Arctic has evolved in response to geopolitical shifts, particularly NATO expansion. The third article investigates Russia's strategic communication efforts to shape international perceptions …


Strategies Business Owners Use To Comply With Federal State And Local Taxes, Olohigbe O. Abaya Dec 2024

Strategies Business Owners Use To Comply With Federal State And Local Taxes, Olohigbe O. Abaya

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Tax regulations are constantly changing, increasing complexity for business owners to meet federal, state, and local obligations. Non-compliance can lead to severe consequences, including fines, legal action, and damage to a company’s reputation. Grounded in the planned behavior theory, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry was to identify and explore practical steps small business owners take to comply with federal, state, and local tax requirements. Participants were seven business leaders in the United States. Data were collected through semistructured interviews, as well as a review of public websites and documents. Through thematic analysis, three themes were identified: professional assistance, …


Organizational Leadership Strategies For Growing Membership In A Start-Up Online Business, Pascale Rheault Dec 2024

Organizational Leadership Strategies For Growing Membership In A Start-Up Online Business, Pascale Rheault

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Leaders of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play a critical role in driving the global economy; however, online start-ups often face high failure rates within their first year. Some start-up leaders fail to implement effective promotional strategies, hindering their ability to succeed in a competitive market. Grounded in the Baldrige performance excellence framework, the purpose of this qualitative single case study was to explore effective strategies business leaders use to grow membership in an online start-up business. The participants were two senior leaders in the Toronto region’s start-up sector. Data were collected using semistructured interviews as well as a review …


The Influence Of Heat Therapy On Redox Signaling In Skeletal Muscle, Kimberly Miriam Richard Dec 2024

The Influence Of Heat Therapy On Redox Signaling In Skeletal Muscle, Kimberly Miriam Richard

Theses and Dissertations

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been identified as crucial signaling molecules in skeletal muscle adaptations to exercise and signal for protective pathways within the myofiber. Pathological heat stress studies in animals demonstrate the ability of heat to increase ROS production in skeletal muscle. Limited data on the influence of therapeutic heat on ROS production and redox signaling in human skeletal muscle exists in the literature. The purpose of this study was to assess ROS production and redox signaling in human skeletal muscle following an acute, therapeutic bout of heat treatment. We hypothesized that heat would create an oxidized environment within …


Phosphorus Adsorption Capacity Of Volcanic Scoria, Easton Jeffrey Perkins Dec 2024

Phosphorus Adsorption Capacity Of Volcanic Scoria, Easton Jeffrey Perkins

Theses and Dissertations

Phosphorus (P) pollution in stormwater runoff poses a significant threat to water quality, contributing to eutrophication and ecosystem degradation. This research evaluates the potential of volcanic scoria (VSco), an abundant and cost-effective resource in Utah, USA, to influence P concentrations in urban stormwater systems. Batch adsorption experiments examined the behavior of VSco across three particle sizes—fine (<0.841 mm), medium (0.841–2 mm), and granular (2.38–9.5 mm)—under conditions mimicking stormwater scenarios. The results reveal that fine VSco exhibited higher adsorption efficiency than medium and granular sizes, achieving notable P removal at higher concentrations. However, at lower concentrations, fine VSco showed potential for P release due to desorption of pre-existing P. Medium and granular VSco showed minimal adsorption capacity and, in some cases, acted as P sources, highlighting a dual potential depending on stormwater conditions. Adsorption isotherms indicate that the adsorption behavior of fine VSco aligns with the Langmuir model, with a finite and relatively low adsorption capacity. Calculated distribution coefficient (Kd) values for fine VSco ranged from 0.04 to 0.005 L/g, indicating weak adsorption efficiency compared to materials like activated carbon (1–10 L/g) or soils with moderate adsorption capacity (0.1–0.5 L/g). Loss-on-ignition tests confirmed that VSco’s performance is driven by its physical and chemical properties, particularly its calcium content, rather than organic matter. The study emphasizes caution in applying fine VSco for stormwater remediation due to its potential to release P under typical runoff conditions. However, fine VSco may still be viable in specific scenarios where P levels are higher, such as in stormwater hotspots or localized areas with elevated concentrations, allowing for targeted remediation. The research underscores the need for further testing to refine VSco’s applications, particularly in low-impact development (LID) practices, such as infiltration basins and rain gardens, to effectively manage P levels while supporting ecological and aesthetic goals. These findings contribute to understanding the complex role of VSco in urban stormwater systems, offering insights for sustainable water quality management and nutrient cycling in urban landscapes.


Publicity Rights And Copyright Law: Conjoined Authorship As A Red Herring, Mira Moldawer Dec 2024

Publicity Rights And Copyright Law: Conjoined Authorship As A Red Herring, Mira Moldawer

Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review

No abstract provided.


Creating A Digital House Of Knowledge: Ensuring The Continuation And Integrity Of Indigenous Knowledge Transfers In The Digital Era, Jacquelyn C. Cordova Dec 2024

Creating A Digital House Of Knowledge: Ensuring The Continuation And Integrity Of Indigenous Knowledge Transfers In The Digital Era, Jacquelyn C. Cordova

Indigenous Studies

Traditional Indigenous knowledge transfer systems have contributed to the sustainability of highly advanced Indigenous societies since time immemorial. These systems have been purposefully targeted since European arrival to the Americas in the late 1400s and early 1500s, consequently creating barriers for Indigenous Peoples as they strive to conduct their traditional knowledge transfer processes within their communities. These barriers, paired with the continual rise and use of global technologies, have created circumstances where many Native Elders and Knowledge Keepers experience difficulty reaching their youth and community members to ensure the successful transfer of Indigenous data and knowledge to current and future …


A Comparative Analysis Of Diversity Statements In Public And Private Higher Education Institutions, Andrew Julian Aquino Dec 2024

A Comparative Analysis Of Diversity Statements In Public And Private Higher Education Institutions, Andrew Julian Aquino

Communication

This study undertakes a comparative analysis of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) statements from public and private higher education institutions (HEIs) in the United States (U.S.). Employing qualitative thematic and comparative analysis, the research examines how these HEIs articulate and communicate their DEI commitments, with particular attention to the use of actionable language and communication strategies. Grounded in Social Change Theory, the study theorizes the potential role of DEI statements in fostering institutional transformation and advancing social justice. Guided by two primary research questions — (RQ1) What external factors are reflected in the language of the DEI statements of public …


Healing Education, Nurturing Through Writing: Autonomic & Somatic Nervous System Social-Emotional Learning Techniques For Writing And Their Application In Cultural Translation, Dafna Rica Ezran-Young Dec 2024

Healing Education, Nurturing Through Writing: Autonomic & Somatic Nervous System Social-Emotional Learning Techniques For Writing And Their Application In Cultural Translation, Dafna Rica Ezran-Young

Education

Alaska school districts have provided structured, district-led social-emotional learning since the 1990s. The Collaborative for Academic Social and Emotional Learning website showcases the Anchorage School District’s program, highlighting its standards and early initiatives as models for districts across the nation to emulate when developing and implementing their programs. Yet, K-12 social-emotional learning programs have failed to adequately support Alaskan students. Following the Covid-19 pandemic, two urban Alaskan school districts have adopted a supplementary strategy: they contract with outside agencies to provide mental health services on site at schools. Some schools have modified the social-emotional learning paradigm to increase cultural responsiveness …


Skincare Brands Strategies To Maintain A Competitive Advantage, Tracey Hicks-Kearse Dec 2024

Skincare Brands Strategies To Maintain A Competitive Advantage, Tracey Hicks-Kearse

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Skincare companies are facing significant challenges in remaining competitive due to a lack of brand loyalty. To stay competitive, skincare brand leaders must adopt innovative strategies to increase product awareness and foster brand loyalty. Grounded in Michael Porter's Theory of Management, this qualitative multiple case study was to explore the strategies skincare brand leaders use to strengthen brand loyalty and sustain a competitive advantage. The study involved five skincare brand leaders in New York City who implemented these strategies. Data were collected from semistructured interviews, social media, and websites. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Three themes emerged: …


Microservice Architecture For Social Media Data Collection, Analysis, And Dashboarding, Sai Ram Manohar Koya Dec 2024

Microservice Architecture For Social Media Data Collection, Analysis, And Dashboarding, Sai Ram Manohar Koya

Theses and Dissertations

This research presents a novel methodology for the collection, processing, and analysis of social media data using a microservices-based architecture. The proposed system integrates multiple data streams from various social media platforms, transforming this information into a unified, JSON-based DataObject model for seamless processing and analysis. Unlike monolithic architectures, the microservices approach offers scalability and flexibility, allowing the system to handle the high velocity, variety, and volume of unstructured social media data, including text, images, and videos. By leveraging NoSQL databases like MongoDB, the methodology efficiently manages data in a semi-structured format, supporting real-time analytics such as sentiment analysis, toxicity …


My Beautiful Scars: Writing For Recovery, Amanda Vineyard Dec 2024

My Beautiful Scars: Writing For Recovery, Amanda Vineyard

Theses and Dissertations

My Beautiful Scars is a memoir written by AL Vineyard. Ms. Vineyard is a recovering methamphetamine and opioid user. She has a painful past and following an injury, fell deep into the world of drugs. Her substance use disorder progressed quickly. After the injury, she was prescribed opioid painkillers. The euphoria provided by the opioids numbed the pain that Vineyard experienced in her life. It became her. Over the years, Vineyard graduated to snorting and then, to shooting up her painkillers. A series of events led Vineyard to quit opioids and start shooting methamphetamine, which took her into a world …


Heterologous Expression Of Haloarchaeal Transporter Genes In Nicotiana Tabacum Under Salt And Drought Stresses, Çi̇ğdem Otur, Musa Kavas, Aslihan Kurt Kizildoğan Dec 2024

Heterologous Expression Of Haloarchaeal Transporter Genes In Nicotiana Tabacum Under Salt And Drought Stresses, Çi̇ğdem Otur, Musa Kavas, Aslihan Kurt Kizildoğan

Turkish Journal of Botany

The objective of the study: Climate change and human activities impose severe biotic and abiotic stresses that threaten plant survival. To cope with these extreme conditions, plants have evolved various resistance mechanisms. In recent years, genetic approaches have been increasingly employed to enhance abiotic stress tolerance and develop stress-resistant plants. In this study, we introduced three transporter-related genes from extreme haloarchaea, which thrive in saturated NaCl environments, into the Nicotiana tabacum genome to improve its salt and drought tolerance mechanisms.E xperimental procedure(s) : The U2845, U3508, and CL165 genes were subcloned into the pIPKb004 vector, which includes the cauliflower mosaic …


Small- And Medium-Sized Enterprises Strategies For Sustainability And Profitability Beyond 5 Years, Bawi Ming Dec 2024

Small- And Medium-Sized Enterprises Strategies For Sustainability And Profitability Beyond 5 Years, Bawi Ming

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Up to 80% of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) fail within the first 5 years due to factors like financial mismanagement, market challenges, and insufficient long-term planning. To prevent these failures, organizational leaders must adopt effective sustainability strategies, as SME closures lead to job losses, economic instability, and lost innovation opportunities. Grounded in the resource-based view and general systems theories, the purpose of this qualitative pragmatic inquiry project was to explore successful strategies that SME leaders in Maryland used to sustain their businesses beyond their initial 5 years. Data were collected from six SME leaders using semistructured interviews and reviews …


Teaching Dena'ina Language Through Dena'ina Culturally Based Reading Practices, Joel Isaak Yes Dec 2024

Teaching Dena'ina Language Through Dena'ina Culturally Based Reading Practices, Joel Isaak Yes

Indigenous Studies

The Dena'ina language is a well-documented Northern Dene Alaska Native language in south-central Alaska. The Dena'ina language is on the brink of going to sleep. The Dena'ina community strongly desires for the Dena'ina language to once again thrive in the community. Language-use within the community is a contributing factor to the health of the community. As Dena'ina tribes work towards bringing back the Dena'ina language, the community grapples with the role of reading and writing, both potentially harmful and aiding community language work. A Classroom-Based Action Research qualitative study was conducted to determine if reading instruction in the Dena'ina language …


A Study On The Physical Health Consequences Of Excessive Online Gaming In Ui Vocational Students, Salva Feyza Najwa Zaferina, Auliya Zahra, Haura Shalihah Desti Gunawan, Nayla Nirmala Izzati, Nindya Fairuzi Pradipta, Duray Philip Rompas, Micho Gunawan Dec 2024

A Study On The Physical Health Consequences Of Excessive Online Gaming In Ui Vocational Students, Salva Feyza Najwa Zaferina, Auliya Zahra, Haura Shalihah Desti Gunawan, Nayla Nirmala Izzati, Nindya Fairuzi Pradipta, Duray Philip Rompas, Micho Gunawan

Jurnal Sosial Humaniora Terapan

This study investigates the impact of online gaming on the physical health of vocational program students at the University of Indonesia, amidst the growing popularity of this activity in the digital age. Utilizing a survey method, data were collected through questionnaires to assess gaming habits and their associated health effects. Findings reveal that while students report feelings of happiness and satisfaction from gaming, they also acknowledge adverse health outcomes. Notable issues include fatigue from prolonged gaming sessions, poor dietary habits, and sleep disturbances. Although a significant majority (94%) feel in control of their gaming time, a considerable portion (84%) recognizes …


Generative Ai And Professional Technical Writers: A Mixed-Method Study, Jarrett Schaefer Dec 2024

Generative Ai And Professional Technical Writers: A Mixed-Method Study, Jarrett Schaefer

Theses and Dissertations

This research investigates how professional technical writers use AI technology in their work today, which tools they are using, and which tasks they use them for. Using a mixed-methods research design, the study involved 21 participants completing a survey hosted in Qualtrics, and three participants interviewed over Zoom. Quantitative analysis was performed on the survey data, and the researcher used grounded theory to analyze the transcripts of the interview participants. The findings offer insight into how professional technical communicators use these tools and their attitudes toward including AI technologies in future pedagogies. While most participants had used AI technology in …


Reputation Management: Branding A Higher Education Graduate Program To Increase Visibility, Vanderbilt Artaxerxes Brabson Iv Dec 2024

Reputation Management: Branding A Higher Education Graduate Program To Increase Visibility, Vanderbilt Artaxerxes Brabson Iv

Student Theses and Dissertations

This capstone project provides a comprehensive training tool for non-communication professionals working within higher education programs. Its primary objectives are to provide users (1) a summary of valuable research on higher education reputation management, branding, and strategic communication, as well as (2) an online toolkit for non-communication professionals to enhance the visibility and impact of their educational initiatives. By providing practical, actionable deliverables, these resources can enable higher education professionals to effectively navigate the complexities of strategic communication management. The toolkit is particularly valuable as it offers evidence-based strategies and methodologies that can be directly applied to improve the communication …