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Unraveling The Effects Of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi On Plant Growth, Nutrient Content, And Heavy Metal Accumulation In The Contaminated Soil: A Meta-Analysis, Bela Putra, Anuraga Jayanegara, Irwan Susanto

Applied Environmental Research

This study evaluated the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on plant growth, nutrient uptake, and heavy metal accumulation on polluted land using a meta-analysis approach. Data from 33 relevant studies were selected based on inclusion criteria, specifically articles in English, observational research, and investigating the role of AMF in plant growth and productivity on polluted land. The results showed that plants inoculated with AMF experienced significant accumulation of heavy metals in roots, such as Pb (p<0.01), Ni (p<0.01), Cr (p<0.01), Mn (p<0.05), Fe (p<0.05), and As (p<0.05). The AMF significantly reduced the accumulation of heavy metals such as Cr, Ni, Fe, and Cu on the upper part of fodder forage (p<0.01). Forage growth was also enhanced due to AMF. The AMF greatly increased the fresh weight, length, and phosphorus (P) content of fodder forage roots (p<0.01). It also increased the plant's biomass, fresh weight, dry weight, height, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) contents (p<0.01). In conclusion, AMF is important in increasing plant growth, nutrient uptake and reducing heavy metal accumulation in forage on polluted land.

Numerical Dose Assessment And Short-Term Radioactivity Impact On Foodstuff For Continuous Release From Of Triga Mark Ii Research Reactor, Ahmed Dahia, Amel Dadda, Amina Lyria Cheridi Deghal, Abdellah Bouam

Applied Environmental Research

This work is a contribution to the assessment of the radiological consequences of radioactivity and radiation dose for TRIGA Mark II research reactor during continuous operation. The potential release to the atmosphere of 131I, 137Cs, and 90Sr are computed in the South direction is calculated using CROM software. We have attempted to evaluate the daily concentration of radioactivity and its impact on foodstuff. The annual average dose received from internal and external irradiation by age group through the different pathways were also considered. The simulation results showed that the highest air concentration was found at 225 m distance from the …

Ball-Milled Biochar From Waste Bamboo Chopsticks: A Potential Adsorbent For Methylene Blue Removal, Nguyen Trung Hiep, Hoang Thi Thuy Hoa, Thai Phuong Vu

Applied Environmental Research

Waste bamboo chopsticks encounter limited recycling. Several treatment procedures necessitate sophisticated technologies and intricate processes that need more practicality for local-scale production, leading to substantial challenges in effectively repurposing waste from disposable bamboo chopsticks. In this research, waste bamboo chopsticks were used as raw materials for the production of ball-milled biochar (BM-WBCB). FTIR, SEM, and BET were among the numerous analytical methods used to describe the BM-WBCB. The outcomes showed that the surface was made up of hollow, porous structures. In addition, the pHpzc value of the biochar was 8.7, and it had a BET-specific surface area (273.11 m2 g-1). …

Comparative Study Of Aerosol Optical Properties Along A Megacity, Ariel F. Scagliotti, Marcela V. Reale, David H. Margarit, Nadia S. Gonzalez, Guillermo A. Jorge

Applied Environmental Research

Interest in the study and characterization of aerosols has been growing given its multiple connections with air quality and climate. However, the limited ground-based stations for measurements in many countries are not enough to completely study a big city or a region. Low-cost technology arises as a viable alternative to improve the spatial resolution of measurements. This study aims to demonstrate that the properties of aerosols may change within a megacity and that is advisable to segment measurements according to their characteristics. We measured the optical properties of aerosols in the outskirts of Buenos Aires and compared the data obtained …

ผลของสารคีเลตต่อการดูดซับตะกั่วจากสารละลายด้วยไคโตแซนแบบโครงร่างตาข่าย, เอมม่า อาสนจินดา, สุธา ขาวเธียร, เจิดศักดิ์ ไชยคุนา

Applied Environmental Research

การมีสารคีเลตในน้ำเสียทำให้การกำจัดโลหะด้วยวิธีการตกตะกอนมีประสิทธิภาพลดลง เนื่องจากการเกิดสารประกอบเชิงซ้อนของโลหะกับสารคีเลต ซึ่งทำให้คุณสมบัติในการตกผลึกและการละลายน้ำของโลหะเปลี่ยนไปการวิจัยนี้ได้ท้าการศึกษาผลของสารคีเลตต่อการดูดซับตะกั่วจากสารละลายด้วยไคโตแซนแบบโครงร่างตาข่ายโดยการ ทดลองแบบแบตซ์และคอลัมน์ ผลการทดลองในแบตซ์พบว่า ความสามารถในการดูดซับตะกั่วด้วยไคโตแซนแบบโครงร่างตาข่ายสูงขึ้นเมื่อพีเอชสูงขึ้นในช่วงพีเอชที่ทำการศึกษา และการเพิ่มความเข้มข้นของสารละลายตะกั่วทำให้ปริมาณตะกั่วที่ถูกดูดซับต่อปริมาณไคโตแซนเพิ่มขึ้นตามไปด้วย สำหรับผลการศึกษาผลของสารคีเลต พบว่าความ สามารถในการดูดซับตะกั่วด้วยไคโตแซนแบบโครงร่างตาข่ายที่พีเอชสูงลดลงในขณะที่ความสามารถในการดูดซับตะกั่ว ที่พีเอชต่ำเพิ่มขึ้นเมื่อเดิมอีดีทีเอหรือเอ็นทีเอลงไปในน้ำเสียสังเคราะห์ ส่วนการเดิมกรดทาทาริกลงไปน้ำเสียสังเคราะห์ไม่มีผลต่อความสามารถในการดูดซับตะกั่วโดยไคโตแซนการทดลองแบบคอลัมน์พบว่าสามารถบำบัดน้ำเสียให้มีความ เข้มข้นต่ำกว่ามาตรฐานน้ำทิ้งได้ภายในปริมาตร 88.89 ปริมาตรเบด โดยมีประสิทธิภาพในการกำจัด 91.40%

การศึกษาผลของสารเคมี (Nacl และ Zncl2) ที่ใช้การกระตุ้นในการเตรียมถ่านกัมมันต์จากขี้เลื่อย, ธเรศ ศรีสถิตย์, เปรมจิตต์ แทนสถิตย์, มานพ ติระรัตนสมโภช

Applied Environmental Research

การศึกษาผลของสารเคมีที่ใช้ในการกระตุ้นเพื่อเตรียมถ่านกัมมันต์จากขี้เลื่อยในครั้งนี้ สารเคมีที่ใช้คือ NaCI และ ZnCI₂ โดยทำการทดลองเปลี่ยนแปลงอัตราส่วนโดยน้ำหนักของขี้เลื่อยต่อสารเคมี และอุณหภูมิที่ใช้เผากระตุ้นจากนั้น ศึกษาคุณสมปติของถ่านกัมมันต์ที่เตรียมได้ทั้งสองชนิด แล้วคัดเลือกถ่านกัมมันต์ตัวที่มีความเหมาะสมที่สุดของแต่ละชนิดนำไปทดสอบประสิทธิภาพการกำจัดตะกั่วในน้ำเสียสังเคราะห์ผลการทดลองพบว่าการเตรียมถ่านกัมมันต์สภาวะที่เหมาะ สมโดยใช้ NaCI เป็นตัวกระตุ้น คือใช้น้ำหนักของขี้เลื่อยต่อ NaCI = 1:1 และเผากระตุ้นที่ 800 °C เป็นเวลา 1 ชั่วโมง ส่วนการกระตุ้นด้วย ZnCI₂ ใช้น้ำหนักของขี้เลื่อยต่อ ZnCI₂ = 1 : 1 และเผากระตุ้นที่ 700 °C เป็นเวลา 1 ชั่วโมง เช่นกัน จากนั้นทำการล้างสารเคมีออกด้วยน้ำร้อนและกรดเจือจาง ถ่านกัมมันต์ที่ได้มีค่าไอโอดีนนัมเบอร์เท่ากับ 519.4 และ 1,021.3 mg/g ตามลำดับ มีค่าพื้นที่ผิวเท่ากับ 593.79 และ 1,572.51 m²/g ตามลำดับ ถ่านกัมมันต์ที่กระตุ้นด้วย NaCI มีความสามารถในการกำจัดตะกั่ว (ความเข้มข้น 10 mg/L) ที่ pH 8 เท่ากับ 9.96 mg/g ของถ่านกัมมันต์ และถ่านกัมมันต์ที่กระตุ้นด้วย ZnCI₂ มีความสามารถในการกำจัดตะกั่ว (ความเข้มข้น 10 mg/L) ที่ pH 7 เท่ากับ 99.7 mg/g ของถ่านกัมมันต์ การทดลองประสิทธิภาพการกำจัดตะกั่วในน้ำเสียสังเคราะห์ด้วยถังดูดติดผิวแบบแท่งที่ระดับความลึกของถ่านกัมมันต์ 30, 60, 90 และ 120 cm พบว่าที่จุด Breakthrough สามารถกำจัดตะกั่วในน้ำเสียสังเคราะห์ความเข้มข้น 10 mg/L ได้เท่ากับ 1.21, 14.17, 186.04 และ 209.17 …

Exploring The Vernacular Architecture In The Eastern Commercial And Tourism Districts Of Mueang Chiang Mai, Aumpika Amloy

Asian Review

This research article aims to analyze the vernacular architecture in  the commercial and tourist districts of eastern Chiang Mai, covering the Chang Moi, Wat Ket, and San Pa Khoi districts. The methods of study are field surveys, historical documentation, and architectural analysis focusing on exploring the architectural elements, materials, and design principles that shape the urban environment in Mueang Chiang Mai. The study results identified six vernacular architecture styles in the study areas: wooden houses, wooden shophouses, wooden-concrete houses, wooden-concrete shophouses, concrete houses, and concrete shophouses. First, the vernacular architecture was built mainly from wood, representing the use of natural …

An Optimal Culture Medium For Laccase Production And Sugar Cane Vinasse Biotreatment With Trametes Villosa Using Plackett-Burman And Central Composite Designs, Rosa Elena Caballero, Víctor Jiménez, Mónica Miranda, Dalys Rovira, Guillermo Branda, Juana Ramos Chue De Pérez

Applied Environmental Research

The optimal conditions for laccase production and vinasse biotreatment with a native strain of Trametes villosa were determined by a screening-optimization approach. Eleven factors including nutrient concentration, vinasse dilution (%v/v), inoculum volume, carbon to nitrogen ratio and initial pH, were investigated for their effects on laccase activity applying the Plackett-Burman screening design. The selected factors were optimized using a central composite design, and then evaluated on a vinasse biotreatment experiment. The factors that contributed the most to the enzymatic activity were the concentrations of MgSO4∙7H2O (A), FeSO4∙7H2O (B) and CuSO4∙5H2O (C), alongside initial pH.  After 10 days, laccase activity was …

Re–Operating The Bhumibol And Sirikit Dams Using Hybrid Neuro–Fuzzy Technique To Solve The Water Scarcity And Flooding Problems In The Chao Phraya River Basin, Khin Muyar Kyaw, Areeya Rittima, Yutthana Phankamolsil, Allan Sriratana Tabucanon, Wudhichart Sawangphol, Jidapa Kraisangka, Yutthana Talaluxmana, Varawoot Vudhivanich

Applied Environmental Research

The decision support system to reservoir re–operation using Artificial Intelligence has been broadly studied and proven in term of the operational performances for both single and multiple reservoir system, this study applied Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) technique for reservoir re–operation in Chao Phraya River Basin aiming to reduce water scarcity and flooding problems in the central region of Thailand. ANFIS is an integrated approach in which neural networks are utilized to enhance the fuzzy inference system and create fuzzy “IF–Then” reservoir operational guidelines with proper membership functions for reservoir re–operation. In this study, ANFIS operating rules were trained …

Luminescence Inhibition Of Water-Soluble Fractions Of Crude Oil, Diesel And Spent Engine Oil On Freshly Isolated Vibrio Campbellii, Beatrice Omolola Bello, Olayide Samuel Lawal, Gbenga Emmanuel Olumayede, Ogochukwu Angela Agwu, Stanley Ozoemena Agbo

Applied Environmental Research

Inhibitory effects of water-soluble fraction (WSF) of crude oil, diesel, spent engine oil, and their composite mixture on luminescent Vibrio species isolated from a tropical marine fish were assessed to determine the acute toxicity and suitability of the bacteria. This was evaluated with a slight modification of the procedure for freshly prepared luminescent marine bacteria according to the International Organization for Standardization. Toxicity was assessed following bacterial exposure to different concentrations of the WSFs. Water quality parameters and total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined using standard methods. Chemical analysis revealed cumulative loads of PAHs in the WSFs of crude …

Monetizing Social Life Cycle Assessment (Slca): A Case Study In Smes Tapioca Industry In Lampung, Indonesia, Yosep -, Unang Mulkhan, Udin Hasanudin, Dewi Agustina Iryani

Applied Environmental Research

To verify the responsible and sustainable functioning of circular economy (CE), assessing the sustainability of CE methods is essential. The consistent absence of a social aspect within the CE has been a recurring topic in research. This paper aims to pinpoint social-benefit aspects that are quantifiable in monetary values and investigate how attributing monetary significance to these elements can enhance the evaluation of social sustainability, leading to more informed decision-making processes. The methodology involves both quantitative and qualitative research methods. A quantitative research study was initiated in February 2023. Two approaches were used for sample selection. First, a case study …

Use Of Modified Blast Furnace Slag For Cadmium Removal In An Aqueous Medium, Toufik Chouchane, Mohamed Tayeb Abedghars, Sabiha Chouchane, Hazem Meradi, Atmane Boukari

Applied Environmental Research

In this work, blast furnace slag was converted to hydroxyapatite-zeolite (MS) through alkaline fusion and hydrothermal treatment, and then it was used to remove cadmium in solution by adsorption in batch mode. The process was accomplished under the influence of determining parameters, namely the contact time, mass of the adsorbent, stirring speed, pH of the medium, temperature of the solution, particle size of the slag, and initial concentration. MS consists mainly of sodium oxide, silica, alumina, lime, and phosphorus pentoxide. The Ca/P, Na/Al, and Si/Al ratios revealed that the converted slag is a hydroxyapatite-zeolite. Following the modification of the treated …

Simulated Microgravity, Indole-3-Acetyl Acid, And Cow Dung Influence On Zea Mays Plant Growth In Contaminated Soil, A. Ovenseri, A.O. Ogunkeyede, A.A. Adebayo, P. Tawari-Fufeyin, A.O. Orukpe, C. Udeochu Uche

Applied Environmental Research

This study investigated the effects of simulated microgravity, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and cow dung on Zea mays L. plants growing in soil contaminated with crude oil. Crude oil contamination affects plants negatively in morphology and physiology. For simulated microgravity exposure, IAA introduced and non-IAA introduced seeds of Zea mays L. were grown in a clinostat for 4days before taken to the nursery for planting. IAA was introduced to the seed by soaking in IAA solution for 90 minutes after which it was introduced to the microgravity stimulator (clinostat). After 14 days in the nursery, the seedlings were taken to the …

A Review On Water Security In Dhaka City, Bangladesh: Calling For Ensuring Sustainability, Wasim Akram, Wilailuk Niyommaneerat, Athit Phetrak, Suthirat Kittipongvises

Applied Environmental Research

Dhaka is currently facing a number of significant challenges, and one of them is the protection of water resources. The city is experiencing rapid depletion of groundwater as well as substantial pollution of its surface water. This article aims to highlight a review of the literature on the challenges of water security in Dhaka. The sustainability issues of water resources were elaborated in terms of management, quantity, and quality aspects. Having reviewed, it has been found that groundwater is depleting drastically over the years, which may have environmental, economic, and social consequences in the near future. Due to the rapid …

Effect Of Operating Parameters On Photocatalytic Treatment Of Synthetic Wastewater Using Catio3, Shilpa Mishra, Rekha Dom, Baranidharan Sundaram

Applied Environmental Research

Photocatalysis is thought to be a long-term, environmentally friendly, economically feasible, and promising technique for treating wastewater. The development of semiconductor nanoparticles has generated a great deal of interest in the treatment of wastewater. To break down complex contaminants found in wastewater into simpler compounds, including H2O and CO2, several UV/visible light excitable nanomaterials have been explored as photocatalysts. Their effectiveness can be managed by adjusting several reaction-related parameters like the intensity of light, irradiance time, pH, catalyst dose, temperature, doping, etc. The performance of the photocatalyst in the photodegradation of contaminants is greatly affected by these parameters. The main …

Using Neural Networks For Sustainable Land Use Prediction In Sumbawa Regency, Indonesia, Muhammad Ramdhan, Rudhy Akhwady, Taslim Arifin, Dini Purbani, Yulius -, Dino G. Pryambodo, Rinny Rahmania, Olivia Maftukhaturrizqoh, Abdul Asyiri, Syamsul Hidayat, Arya Ningsih, Sadad -

Applied Environmental Research

Agriculture is vital to Sumbawa Regency's economy, with key activities such as rice cultivation, corn production, onion farming, and cattle rearing. This study applies artificial neural networks (ANN) to predict land cover changes, focusing on agricultural land expansion. Using land cover datasets from ESRI, digital elevation model, and topographical maps, we analyzed land cover changes from 2017 to 2023 and generated future projections for 2050 with the MOLUSCE plugin in qGIS. The predictive model achieved an 85% accuracy rate when comparing 2023 actual data with predictions. Results indicate a significant increase in agricultural land cover by 2050. The key finding …

Screening, Isolation And Hydrocarbon Degradation Characteristics Of Yeasts From Mangrove Sediments Of Kerala, Vidya Pothayi, Sreedevi N Kutty, Sebastian Chempakassery Devasia

Applied Environmental Research

The aim of the present work was to examine the hydrocarbon degradation potential of yeasts isolated from the mangrove sediments. Mangrove sediments around the world were considered to be heavily polluted with oil contaminants and the microbes dwelling in them were believed to be highly active in metabolizing and detoxifying the oil fractions. In the present study, 70 yeast isolates were screened for their lipolytic activity qualitatively and 35 of them which showed comparatively higher lipolysis were tested for their crude oil degradation ability. Screening of hydro-carbon utilizing isolates was performed on Bushnell Haas agar media overlaid with 1% crude …

Application Of Remote Sensing In Analyzing Mangrove Forest Changes And Drivers In Mui Ca Mau National Park, Vietnam, Nguyen Thi Huyen, Le Hoang Tu, Phan Thi Ha, Nguyen Kim Duyet, Nguyen Kim Loi

Applied Environmental Research

Mangroves are vital in coastal ecology and for sustaining and securing coastal communities. However, several factors such as human activities and climate change have changed mangroves' quantity and quality. This research analyses land-use/land cover (LULC) changes focusing on mangroves in Mui Ca Mau National Park (MCMNP) from 1995-2022. Collected Landsat imagery in 1995, 2003, and 2022 were applied to perform this research. Overall accuracy and Kappa of land cover classification were 88.5% and 0.86 in 2003, and 87.6% and 0.85 in 2022, respectively. The classified results showed that the mangrove area had increased significantly from 4,316.1 hectares in 1995 to …

Establishing Optimal Machine Learning Models For Monitoring Water Quality In Vietnam’S Upper Ma River, Thanh-Son Ngo, Duc-Loc Nguyen

Applied Environmental Research

This study aims to establish the optimal regression model for predicting total suspended solids (TSS) and Turbidity based on in situ data and spectral regions of Sentinel-2 images. Various machine learning models were evaluated, including Multilayer Perceptron Regression (MLPR), Random Forest Regression (RFR), AdaBoost Regression (ABR), Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), and K-Nearest Neighbors Regression (KNNR). These models were applied to different band combinations of spectral regions: visible (VIS), near-infrared (NIR), shortwave-infrared (SWIR), VIS+NIR (VNIR), and VIS+NIR+SWIR (VNIR+SWIR). The study results revealed that the MLR model, while not the best performer during training (R2 = 0.89 for TSS and R2 = …

Assessment Of Potential Impacts Of Climate Change On Hydrology And Water Resource Availability In The Passaic River Basin, New Jersey, Felix Oteng Mensah

Theses, Dissertations and Culminating Projects

Streamflow dynamics in a basin is known to be a major driver of available water resources. In the context of climate change, it is expected that global warming will accelerate the global hydrologic cycle, which will drive more intense floods and droughts leading to changes in streamflow and water resource availability. Most researchers agree that the amount and intensity of precipitation have a direct impact on runoff. Yet, there is no consensus as to how warming can affect streamflow. Evapotranspiration (ET) plays a crucial role here. However, there is a shortage of real-world observations on it. And yet, ET is …

Identifying Accessibility Improvement Opportunities For Global Environmental Communication Websites, Alicia Mason, Josh Compton, Sakshi Bhati

Faculty Submissions

Digital environmental information presented with low web accessibility reduces parti-cipation in environmental advocacy and information seeking behaviors for many people with disabilities, creating a consequential digital divide. We use WEB AIM computer automated analysis of web accessibility to assess the general accessibility of online environmental communication messages. Results show 95.3% of the popular websites in our sample had indicators of potentially critical accessibility errors. Our findings highlight the importance of addressing digital environmental information accessibility shortcomings so that educational, informational and persuasive environ-mental messages can increase environmental literacy of vulnerable populations and help to bridge the digital divide.

Have Government Incentives Led To An Increase In The Adoption Of Solar Panels?, Sienna L. Houle

Journal of Earth and Life Science

The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 provides a tax credit for installations of renewable energy or battery storage that are completed between 2022 and 2034. The primary goal was to encourage citizens of the United States to reduce the use of fossil fuels and progress toward our climate goal of being carbon neutral by 2050. Numerous states have additional benefits for installing solar on top of the federal tax credit. Through the findings of this research paper, solar panel adoption increased as the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 went into effect.

Uri Undergraduate And Graduate Course Catalog 2024-2025, University Of Rhode Island

URI Course Catalogs Archive

This is a downloadable PDF version of the University of Rhode Island course catalog.

Commencement Program (Fall 2024), Csusb

CSUSB Commencement Programs

No abstract provided.

Commencement Program (Spring 2024), Csusb

CSUSB Commencement Programs

No abstract provided.

2024 Commencement Program, Seattle University

Commencement Programs

No abstract provided.

Bryant University Undergraduate Course Catalog, 2024-2025, Bryant University

Bryant University Undergraduate Course Catalog

No abstract provided.

The Effect Modification Of Pm2.5 And Ozone On The Short-Term Associations Between Temperature And Mortality Across The Urban Areas Of Japan, Muhammad Abdul Basit Ahmad Tajudin, Ryusei Kubo, Chris Fook Sheng Ng, Masahiro Hashizume, Xerxes Seposo, Yoonhee Kim, Hironori Nishikawa, Hirohisa Takano, Kayo Ueda

Ateneo School of Medicine and Public Health Publications

Background

The acute effects of temperature and air pollution on mortality are well-known environmental factors that have been receiving more recognition lately. However, the health effects resulting from the interaction of air pollution and temperature remain uncertain, particularly in cities with low levels of pollution. This study aims to examine the modification effects of particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 µm or less (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) on the association between temperature and mortality.

Methods

We collected the daily number of all-cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality from 20 major cities in Japan from 2012-2018. We obtained meteorological data from …

“Sounds Like” Redemption? On The Musicality Of Species And The Species Of Musicality, Tyler Yamin, Alice Rudge

Faculty Journal Articles

Popular and academic studies of music frequently claim that human musicality arose from the so-called ‘natural world’ of non-human species. And amid the anxieties produced by the Anthropocene, it is thought that the possibility of reconnecting with the natural world through a renewed appreciation of music’s links with nature may usher in a new era of posthuman environmental consciousness, offering repair and redemption. To critique these claims, we trace how notions of ‘musicality’ have been applied to or denied from non-human entities across diverse disciplines since the late nineteenth century. We conclude that such debates reinforce the separation that they …

Comparitive Analysis Of Time Series Forecasting Using Frequency Informed Dense Neural Networks And Lstm, Avinash Mangalore Suresh

Master's Projects

Time series forecasting influences our lives on a daily basis, being a versatile tool in various application areas like environmental studies, finance, medicine and much more. While there are many established statistical and deep learning approaches to model time series data, each implementation comes with their own set of drawbacks or areas of improvements. Most of the existing deep learning architectures and research have focused on modeling time series data in the time-domain exclusively. However training deep learning models in the time-domain has some drawbacks, mainly due to the inherent temporal dependence of each time-step on the time-steps before it, …