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2024

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The Perceived Effectiveness Of The Utilization Of Peer Support Specialists In The Veterans Health Administration: A Case Study, Kevin R. Scott Dec 2024

The Perceived Effectiveness Of The Utilization Of Peer Support Specialists In The Veterans Health Administration: A Case Study, Kevin R. Scott

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to understand the perceptions of peer support specialists (PSS) within the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) regarding their effectiveness. The study focused on understanding how potential barriers affect the daily experiences shaping the role of PSS in providing services to veterans specifically relating to mental health, substance use disorder, housing, and primary care. Extant data have highlighted the need to bridge the gap in understanding the unique contributions and the clinical benefits of the effectiveness of the use of PSS in the VHA. One central research question guided this exploratory inquiry: How do …


Exploring Spiritual Leadership Theory's Beneficial Member Outcomes By Women Who Founded And Lead Nonprofit Evangelical Christian Organizations, Barrie Milton Lewis Dec 2024

Exploring Spiritual Leadership Theory's Beneficial Member Outcomes By Women Who Founded And Lead Nonprofit Evangelical Christian Organizations, Barrie Milton Lewis

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The problem under investigation has two facets: the lack of testing the Spiritual Leadership Theory (SLT) in religious organizations and the lack of any study of Christian women who lead the nonprofit evangelical ministry organization or the classical Christian education (CCE) school they founded or cofounded. This qualitative phenomenological study addressed this problem by exploring the phenomenon of beneficial member outcomes from SLT’s practice by these women who lead those Christian organizations. The literature review includes SLT’s compatibility with Christian leadership and an extensive analysis of the biblical, theological, and historical literature concerning the leadership role of women in the …


When Books Come Alive: Crafting A Clean Book-To-Screen Adaptation Worth Watching, Larah C. Cox Dec 2024

When Books Come Alive: Crafting A Clean Book-To-Screen Adaptation Worth Watching, Larah C. Cox

Masters Theses

The Things We Leave Unfinished is a screenplay adaptation of the novel of the same name by Rebecca Yarros. In this story, audience members will watch as the characters fall in love during both World War II and the present time, and experience how these themes become unbreakable family ties and strong women. This thesis, due to the importance of availability of clean entertainment for Christians to enjoy, explores what is necessary for a filmmaker to provide that kind of film, and seeks to find the answers in what makes a book-to-screen adaptation successful and worthy of an audience (both …


Musical Flow: An Analysis On Optimizing Yoga Sequences For Work-Related Musculoskeletal Symptoms In Choral Teachers, Vanessa Adams Dec 2024

Musical Flow: An Analysis On Optimizing Yoga Sequences For Work-Related Musculoskeletal Symptoms In Choral Teachers, Vanessa Adams

Masters Theses

This qualitative study identified work-related musculoskeletal symptoms that middle and high school choral teachers experienced and identified yoga asanas that may mitigate the physical imbalances that lead to those musculoskeletal symptoms. Previous studies have focused on musculoskeletal symptoms in instrumentalists, conductors, and vocalists. However, a choral teacher’s work includes all those jobs and requires unique tools curated for their work demands. Self-care can be more easily facilitated when tools that fit the specific needs of choral teachers are available. Proper self-care may lead to reduced musculoskeletal symptoms and improved holistic health. Yoga asanas, which target the most reported areas of …


Equity In The Student Conduct System For First-Generation College Students, Kristin D. Ridge Dec 2024

Equity In The Student Conduct System For First-Generation College Students, Kristin D. Ridge

JWU Dissertations & Theses

Student conduct administrators are charged with crafting and enforcing an institution’s code of conduct equitably for all students. Few administrators are in a position to disrupt or end a student’s college career. Public institutions’ administrators function as state actors and must uphold the student rights protected in the landmark 1961 Dixon v. Alabama Board of Education Supreme Court decision. Thus, conduct administrators have a professional obligation to act with integrity and balance the authority of the institution with the rights of the student. This balance includes enforcing policy while considering the context and lived experiences of students. Further, when working …


Accessing Cancer Care Through A Community Diagnostic Clinic, Joy Lynn Bartholomew Dec 2024

Accessing Cancer Care Through A Community Diagnostic Clinic, Joy Lynn Bartholomew

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Access to diagnostic centers, innovative cancer research and best clinical practices is limited outside metropolitan areas and academic institutions. Cancer patients in rural communities are a marginalized population faced with unique barriers to high quality care from early detection through screening, streamlined diagnostics, and participation in clinical trials. One-stop clinics (OSC) in the community setting may lessen the diagnostic interval (DI), reduce the economic burden of unnecessary imagining or procedures, minimize sociodemographic discrepancies, and positively affect time to treatment and clinical trial participation. The first step is to better understand the community cancer population and their diagnostic journey. Next, an …


School Structure As A Mechanism For Crime Deterrence, Daniel Glenn Hennigan Dec 2024

School Structure As A Mechanism For Crime Deterrence, Daniel Glenn Hennigan

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

An examination of the relationship between school structure and community strength will be conducted. School structure will be categorized based on the organizational structure of the institution. Schools are conceptualized and categorized as Kindergarten-12th grade (K-12th), 9th-12th grade schools (9th-12th) and Combination schools. Combination Schools are defined as any school that does not meet the criteria of either K-12th Grade or 9th-12th Grade, generally 6th-12th, 7th-12th or 8th-12th. Community strength will be examined through property crime rates, violent crime rates and individual crime statistics. Analyses will also include proportional or ratio examinations per 1,000 students. A literature review will be …


Student Success And Retention In Online Post-Secondary Education: A Phenomenological Study, Alison Weslake Dec 2024

Student Success And Retention In Online Post-Secondary Education: A Phenomenological Study, Alison Weslake

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to understand the experiences that participants from Northeastern College have in post-secondary online learning environments and recognize the overall factors that lead to student success and retention. The theory that guided this study was Bruner’s constructivist theory as it indicates the influence of experience on cognitive development and encourages the consideration of all factors that may impact the overall learning process. A hermeneutical phenomenological study was conducted with participants from Northeastern College in Ontario, Canada in order to accurately reflect personal experiences with the phenomenon of online post-secondary education. The central research question …


Does Work Arrangement Affect Turnover Intention? Investigating The Mediating Role Of Organizational Trust, Perceived Organizational Support, And Work Locus Of Control, Valerie A. Boyd Dec 2024

Does Work Arrangement Affect Turnover Intention? Investigating The Mediating Role Of Organizational Trust, Perceived Organizational Support, And Work Locus Of Control, Valerie A. Boyd

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Countless U.S. employees were shifted to and from different work arrangements both during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Though previous research has shown links between workplace factors and organizational outcomes, there is a gap in understanding how different post-pandemic work arrangements and individual differences influence employee work attitudes. This study assessed 315 U.S. employees to investigate the relationship between different work arrangements (WA) and turnover intentions (TI), and the mediating effect of organizational trust (OT), perceived organizational support (POS), and work locus of control (WLC). Eligible participants included full-time U.S. employees over the age of 18 that worked in their …


Exploring The Lived Experience Of Women Seeking Treatment For Genito-Pelvic Pain And Penetration Disorder: A Phenomenological Study, Emily M. Lacy Dec 2024

Exploring The Lived Experience Of Women Seeking Treatment For Genito-Pelvic Pain And Penetration Disorder: A Phenomenological Study, Emily M. Lacy

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This study explored the lived experiences of women seeking treatment for genito-pelvic pain, aiming to identify how each person experiences barriers and facilitators toward obtaining treatment as well as their outlook on the future regarding treatment. The research sought to provide an understanding of their experiences, with implications for minimizing current barriers and building accessibility and awareness. A qualitative phenomenological design was utilized to obtain the data from participants through semi-structured individual interviews. Nine individual interviews were completed with women between the ages of 27 and 44-years-old who have experienced symptoms of genito-pelvic pain for at least 1 year and …


A Phenomenological Study Of Middle School Teachers Implementing Social-Emotional Learning, Post Covid-19 At A Predominantly Hispanic School, Kutana Nichol Parrish Dec 2024

A Phenomenological Study Of Middle School Teachers Implementing Social-Emotional Learning, Post Covid-19 At A Predominantly Hispanic School, Kutana Nichol Parrish

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study is to understand the lived experiences of the ten middle school teachers implementing social and emotional learning, post COVID in a predominately Hispanic suburban school in Gwinnett County School District in Georgia. The theory guided by this study is emotional intelligence by psychologist Daniel Goldman but was first used by Peter Salovey and John Mayer in 1990. Daniel Goldman defines emotional intelligence as having the ability to identify nonverbal cues, using emotion to guide one’s thinking, understanding information that is communicated, and actions of emotions, and the capability to self-regulate emotions. Collaborative for …


Military Members Mental Health And Adverse Childhood Experiences: The Mediating Role Of Mental Toughness, Maureen Kenyon James Dec 2024

Military Members Mental Health And Adverse Childhood Experiences: The Mediating Role Of Mental Toughness, Maureen Kenyon James

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Military members’ mental health has been in the spotlight for many years. Although Australia and the United States have strong, robust forces, exposure to this high-stress environments can take its toll. This study is important to keep our armed forces in top mental and physical health and look after them post-service. We need to know what can protect mental health and how to minimize the risks to health and well-being. The purpose of this study is to ask the question, “To what extent are Adverse childhood experiences related to military members' mental health status, and is this relationship mediated by …


Exploring The Homeostatic Functions And Driving Forces Of Lymphatic Outflow Pathways From The Central Nervous System, Zachary Matthew Papadopoulos Dec 2024

Exploring The Homeostatic Functions And Driving Forces Of Lymphatic Outflow Pathways From The Central Nervous System, Zachary Matthew Papadopoulos

Arts & Sciences Graduate Student Theses and Dissertations

Lymphatic drainage from the central nervous system (CNS) has been noted and described for several hundred years, yet its physiological roles have remained unclear. The fluid homeostasis of the CNS has long stood as an area of scientific interest due to primary disorders including hydrocephalus. However, the early days of neuroimmunology leaned on the lack of lymphatic vasculature in the CNS as a contributing explanation for ‘immune privilege’ in the CNS. As a result, the importance of lymphatics in CNS homeostasis has remained poorly understood and controversial. Following a renaissance in interest in the contribution of lymphatics to CNS homeostasis, …


The Impact Of Mental Health Education On Nigerian Immigrants In The United States, Paschal Chinedu Ukwu Dec 2024

The Impact Of Mental Health Education On Nigerian Immigrants In The United States, Paschal Chinedu Ukwu

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Although there is a general awareness of the importance of mental health, the role of mental health education in shaping the perceptions and attitudes of Nigerian immigrants in the United States remains understudied. This qualitative study aimed to explore and understand the impact of mental health education on the attitudes and beliefs of Nigerian immigrants in the United States. The theoretical foundation for this study was the health belief model, which posits that an individual’s beliefs about health, perceived risks, and perceived benefits play a significant role in their health behaviors. The central research question concerned how mental health education …


The Impact Of Mental Health Education On Nigerian Immigrants In The United States, Paschal Chinedu Ukwu Dec 2024

The Impact Of Mental Health Education On Nigerian Immigrants In The United States, Paschal Chinedu Ukwu

Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies

Although there is a general awareness of the importance of mental health, the role of mental health education in shaping the perceptions and attitudes of Nigerian immigrants in the United States remains understudied. This qualitative study aimed to explore and understand the impact of mental health education on the attitudes and beliefs of Nigerian immigrants in the United States. The theoretical foundation for this study was the health belief model, which posits that an individual’s beliefs about health, perceived risks, and perceived benefits play a significant role in their health behaviors. The central research question concerned how mental health education …


New Chapters In An Old Book: New Discoveries In Transferrin's Blood Stream Modulators And Analytical Methods, Shelby Thomas Harris Dec 2024

New Chapters In An Old Book: New Discoveries In Transferrin's Blood Stream Modulators And Analytical Methods, Shelby Thomas Harris

Theses and Dissertations

Human serum transferrin is a 79 kDa glycoprotein responsible for the safe transport of iron throughout the blood stream. Transferrin binds up to two ferric ions in two domains known as the N-lobe and C-lobe respectively. Thus, there are four transferrin metalloforms: apo-Tf (with no iron bound), FeN-Tf (with one iron bound in the N-lobe), FeC-Tf (with one iron bound in the C-lobe) and holo-Tf(with two iron ions bound, one in each of the lobes). The two domains are homologous but feature differences in the kinetics and thermodynamics of iron binding and release. The two lobes are also different in …


Understanding Ammonia's Role In Mitigating Concentration Polarization In Anion-Exchange Membrane Electrodialysis, Abdallah Timmaoui, Mahmoud Ferhat, Nesri̇ne Souad Ferhat, Ahmed Hamdi Dec 2024

Understanding Ammonia's Role In Mitigating Concentration Polarization In Anion-Exchange Membrane Electrodialysis, Abdallah Timmaoui, Mahmoud Ferhat, Nesri̇ne Souad Ferhat, Ahmed Hamdi

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

In processes such as electrodialysis, the applied electrical potential is constrained by concentration polarization at the membrane/solution interface. This polarization, which intensifies at higher current densities, impedes ion transport efficiency and may lead to problems such as salt precipitation, membrane degradation, and increased energy consumption. Therefore, understanding concentration polarization is essential for enhancing membrane performance, improving efficiency, and reducing operational costs. This study investigates the impact of ammonia buffer (NH₄⁺/NH₃) on sulfate ion transport through anion-exchange membranes, with a particular focus on limiting current density and concentration polarization under constant current conditions. Our findings demonstrate that ammonia effectively eliminates concentration …


Synthesis, Characterization, And Investigation Of Photochemical And In Vitro Properties Of Novel Zn(Ii) Phthalocyanine, Yasemi̇n Bayğu Yildiz, Ni̇lgün Kabay, Burak Yildiz, İpek Ömeroğlu, Mahmut Durmuş, E. Riza Karagür, Hakan Akça, Çağri Ergi̇n, Yaşar Gök Dec 2024

Synthesis, Characterization, And Investigation Of Photochemical And In Vitro Properties Of Novel Zn(Ii) Phthalocyanine, Yasemi̇n Bayğu Yildiz, Ni̇lgün Kabay, Burak Yildiz, İpek Ömeroğlu, Mahmut Durmuş, E. Riza Karagür, Hakan Akça, Çağri Ergi̇n, Yaşar Gök

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

In our work, a new non-peripheral zinc(II) phthalocyanine bearing octa carboxylic acid ethyl ester derivative substituted triazole attached propylmercaptothiobenzylmercapto derivative was synthesized by the tetramerization reaction of phthalonitrile. The photochemical in vitro photodynamic activity of zinc(II) phthalocyanine (ZnPc-I), such as human non-small cell lung carcinoma cell lines, was investigated in this study. The singlet oxygen generation property of novel zinc(II) phthalocyanine (ZnPc-I) was also examined due to the significantly high singlet oxygen quantum yield of ZnPc-I (ΦΔ = 0.66). The antiproliferative effects of ZnPc-I were also investigated on A549 and H1299 cell lines, our results demonstrate that the ZnPc-I has …


A Fast And Responsive Turn-On Fluorescent Probe Based On A Quinone Conjugated Alkoxy Derivative For Biothiols And A Cellular Imaging Study, Ulviyye Nemetova, Ayşe Nur Önem, Alev Er, Sefa Çeli̇k, Ayşen E. Özel, Sevi̇m Akyüz, Mustafa Özyürek, Si̇bel Şahi̇nler Ayla Dec 2024

A Fast And Responsive Turn-On Fluorescent Probe Based On A Quinone Conjugated Alkoxy Derivative For Biothiols And A Cellular Imaging Study, Ulviyye Nemetova, Ayşe Nur Önem, Alev Er, Sefa Çeli̇k, Ayşen E. Özel, Sevi̇m Akyüz, Mustafa Özyürek, Si̇bel Şahi̇nler Ayla

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

Detection of intracellular biothiols (cysteine (CYS), N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) and glutathione (GSH)) with high-selectivity and sensitivity is important to reveal biological functions. In this study, 2-(2-methoxy-4-methylphenoxy)-3-chloro-5,8-dihydroxynaphthalene-1,4-dione (3) (DDN-O) compound was newly synthesized and used as a fluorogenic probe (detector molecule) in the fluorometric method for the rapid, highly selective and sensitive determination of biothiols. The intensity values (λex = 260 nm, λem = 620 nm) of the product were measured by adding biotihols to the reaction medium at varying concentrations and the glutathione equivalent thiol content (GETC) values of each biotiol were calculated. Using the compoud (3), the reference biotiol …


New Naphthalene-Linked Pyrazoline-Thiazole Hybrids As Prominent Antilung And Antibreast Cancer Inhibitors, Hali̇li̇brahi̇m Çi̇ftçi̇, Masami Otsuka, Mikako Fujita, Belgi̇n Sever Dec 2024

New Naphthalene-Linked Pyrazoline-Thiazole Hybrids As Prominent Antilung And Antibreast Cancer Inhibitors, Hali̇li̇brahi̇m Çi̇ftçi̇, Masami Otsuka, Mikako Fujita, Belgi̇n Sever

Turkish Journal of Chemistry

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and HER2, pioneer members of the receptor tyrosine kinase subfamily, are frequently mutated and/or overexpressed in several types of human cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and breast cancer, which are leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. EGFR and HER2-focused anti-NSCLC and anti-breast cancer studies encouraged us to search for new potential agents. For this purpose, in the current work, naphthalene-linked pyrazoline-thiazole hybrids (BTT1-10 and BTP1-10) were synthesized and examined for their antiproliferative effects on A549 NSCLC and MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. According to the results, MTT assay showed that BTT-5 induced strong …


The Gestalt Effect Of Memory Poetry: A Response To The Cognitive Seriousness Of Literature, John R. Hart Dec 2024

The Gestalt Effect Of Memory Poetry: A Response To The Cognitive Seriousness Of Literature, John R. Hart

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

This project challenges the Anti-Cognitivist position that literature may have plenty to say about the world within a text, yet literature cannot contribute to knowledge outside the text. Drawing on the work of Cognitivists and others, I argue that at least one subgenre of literature—memory poetry—can deepen, enrich, and broaden areas or understanding. Indeed, there are cases where understanding may be so lacking as to only allow for us recognize how much we do not know about an experience, such as the experience of a post-traumatic flashback, at a more visceral level than the DSM-V can achieve in a clinical …


Introduction 16(6) 2024: Special Issue: Emerging Scholar Research Summaries, Rosalind Latiner Raby Dec 2024

Introduction 16(6) 2024: Special Issue: Emerging Scholar Research Summaries, Rosalind Latiner Raby

Journal of Comparative & International Higher Education

No abstract provided.


Critically Examining The Mobilities Of A Critical Thinking Curriculum In Transnational Higher Education: A Case Study In West Africa, Coomerene Muilerman-Rodrigo Dec 2024

Critically Examining The Mobilities Of A Critical Thinking Curriculum In Transnational Higher Education: A Case Study In West Africa, Coomerene Muilerman-Rodrigo

Journal of Comparative & International Higher Education

No abstract provided.


Mechanism Of Impaired Cd8+ T Cell Activation During Ross River Virus Infection, Christopher Bullock Dec 2024

Mechanism Of Impaired Cd8+ T Cell Activation During Ross River Virus Infection, Christopher Bullock

Arts & Sciences Graduate Student Theses and Dissertations

Ross River virus (RRV) is a mosquito transmitted virus endemic to Australia that infects humans and causes acute symptoms of rash, fever, myalgia, and fatigue. Although systemic viral infection subsides within a few weeks, joint pain lingers in many patients for months. Active viral replication is not readily detected in this chronic phase, although persistent viral RNA has been found in the synovial fluid of patients. This can be studied in mice, which can be productively infected with RRV when inoculated in the foot. Like in humans, in the chronic phase of disease, viral RNA is still present in the …


Pixel Personalities Ai, Patrick Casey Dec 2024

Pixel Personalities Ai, Patrick Casey

Theses

The Pixel Personality AI project explores how AI characters can be embedded in augmented reality (AR) environments to foster user interaction and storytelling. By situating AI personas within real-world contexts, the project examines how design principles, storytelling techniques, and user-centric technology can create engaging and intuitive experiences. Through iterative prototyping and design refinement, the project addressed challenges in aesthetic design, interface usability, and AR integration. The resulting low-poly aesthetic and customized visual filters enhance spatial storytelling while maintaining a balance between user focus and environmental immersion. This research highlights the potential of AI-driven narratives to reshape AR experiences, emphasizing user …


Leveraging Machine Learning For Advanced Malware Detection, Khalifa Al Habtoor Dec 2024

Leveraging Machine Learning For Advanced Malware Detection, Khalifa Al Habtoor

Theses

The detection of malware is an important challenge in the field of cybersecurity, which is demanding efficient and accurate solutions for making threats easier. This study is focused on the detection of malware by integrating a framework that uses a Mamdani fuzzy interference system (FIS) and diffusion techniques based on three different deep learning algorithms, which are convolutional neural networks (CNNs), recurrent neural networks (RNNs), and generative adversarial networks (GANs) for malware detection by using recent dataset. This was done by using their outputs through a voting and routing mechanism. The results of the study show that the fuzzy logic …


Promoting The Use Of Suicide Prevention Mobile Applications Among Clinicians To Reduce Suicide & Suicidal Behaviors In Adults Aged 18-45, Papetua Jepkoech Kimutai Dec 2024

Promoting The Use Of Suicide Prevention Mobile Applications Among Clinicians To Reduce Suicide & Suicidal Behaviors In Adults Aged 18-45, Papetua Jepkoech Kimutai

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Suicide among adults aged 18-45 has increased significantly and has become a challenge to public health worldwide. The purpose of this scholarly project was to promote the use of suicide prevention mobile applications by clinicians to reduce suicide and suicidal behaviors among adults (18-45 years old). Safety Plan suicide prevention mobile app was used in addition to the standard method of preventing suicide. A quasi-experimental design was conducted to promote a suicide prevention mobile app in clinical practice. The clinician participants included three family nurse practitioners (FNPs) and five psychiatric mental health nurse practitioners (PMHNPs)The data were collected using pre …


Parents' Perceptions On The Impact Of Recreation On Emotion Regulation In At-Risk Youth, Latasha Harvey Dec 2024

Parents' Perceptions On The Impact Of Recreation On Emotion Regulation In At-Risk Youth, Latasha Harvey

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to examine the thoughts, attitudes, experiences, and beliefs of parents of at-risk youth participating in inner-city neighborhood programs regarding the use of fitness, sports, and cultural arts in recreation to attain emotion regulation. The self-determination theory, developed by Ryan and Deci (2017), guided this study. The theory is based on the principle that individuals possess the ability to think logically, manage their emotions, and judge optimistically. The central research question for this case was How do parents view involvement in recreation for at-risk youth as it pertains to emotional development? The study design …


A Review Of Education Policies And Their Impact On Gang Participation For Youth, Sarah Sanders Dec 2024

A Review Of Education Policies And Their Impact On Gang Participation For Youth, Sarah Sanders

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Youth have suffered from gang violence in schools and neighborhoods at different rates per the Concentric Zone Model and the Strain theory. Gang violence is a concern for Little Rock, Arkansas. This study will follow the Concentric Zone Model and the Strain theory for data collection and evaluate the extent of gang violence linked to education in response to Zero-Tolerance policies for the Little Rock School District (LRSD) and Pulaski County Special School District (PCSSD), showing a holistic explanation of crime. This study will review secondary data from LRSD, PCSSD, and local law enforcement agencies to cross-reference reports of concerns …


Integrating Criminological Theories In Cybersecurity Risk Assessment: A Study Of The Traci Framework's Application To Critical Infrastructure, Connor S. Martin Dec 2024

Integrating Criminological Theories In Cybersecurity Risk Assessment: A Study Of The Traci Framework's Application To Critical Infrastructure, Connor S. Martin

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This dissertation explores the application of the Taxonomy for Risk Assessment of Cyberattacks on Critical Infrastructure (TRACI) framework, a tool designed to systematically evaluate cybersecurity threats against critical infrastructure. TRACI integrates principles from Routine Activity and Rational Choice Theories to provide a detailed and comprehensive understanding of cybersecurity risks. This integration facilitates an in-depth analysis not only of how cyberattacks occur but also of the underlying reasons they are initiated, by categorizing and assessing risks based on factors such as attacker motivations and systemic vulnerabilities. By employing ANOVA to assess variations in risk assessment scores across TRACI's designated categories—Assets, Risk …