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2023

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Playing Video Games As A Supplement To Identity: Insights On Former College Athlete Transitions, Matthew T. Bowers Dec 2023

Playing Video Games As A Supplement To Identity: Insights On Former College Athlete Transitions, Matthew T. Bowers

Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics

Traditionally, researchers of sport and physical activity have considered playing video game to be an obstacle toward optimal health and social outcomes for youth. This study, however, posits video game play not as antithetical to health and physical activity, but as a meaningful forum utilized by former intercollegiate athletes to maintain salient aspects of their sport identities. Through a grounded theory analysis of a sample of 13 former intercollegiate athletes, this study takes initial steps toward a nuanced understanding of the manner in which video games can assist intercollegiate athletes who are transitioning out of elite athletic competition. The findings …


From Rhetoric To Reality: Ncaa Division I Athletic Department Mission Statements And Student-Athlete Community Service Efforts, Emily J. Andrassy, Jennifer E. Bruening Dec 2023

From Rhetoric To Reality: Ncaa Division I Athletic Department Mission Statements And Student-Athlete Community Service Efforts, Emily J. Andrassy, Jennifer E. Bruening

Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics

With the growing emphasis in higher education on developing character and social responsibility, the NCAA CHAMPS/Life Skills program commitment to service is of interest as it encourages the development of well-rounded student athletes. In framing the current study, the researchers focused on how the communication of an athletic department’s mission impacts the community service activities for athletes. Mission statements are used to communicate the central purposes of organizations (Bart, 1996) to various internal and external audiences. Through website content analysis, this investigation reveals the importance placed upon service across athletic departments through the mission, and determines the effect of such …


Attributions For Success And Failure In Athletic Administration Positions, Angela C. Henderson, Heidi Grappendorf, Laura Burton Dec 2023

Attributions For Success And Failure In Athletic Administration Positions, Angela C. Henderson, Heidi Grappendorf, Laura Burton

Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics

The under-representation of women in senior level athletic administration positions continues to attract the attention of scholars in sports studies. The most glaring lack of female representation occurs at the athletic director (A.D.) position, with women holding only 8.4% of those positions at the Division I level. Using the concept of causal attribution and role congruity theory, this project examined perceptions of success and failure of male and female candidates for either an athletic director or life skills director position. One hundred eleven female and 73 male (n = 191) administrators in athletics at the collegiate level participated. Contrary to …


The Football Factor: Shaping Community On Campus, Stacy Warner, Stephen L. Shapiro, Marlene A. Dixon, Lynn L. Ridinger, Scott B. Harrison Dec 2023

The Football Factor: Shaping Community On Campus, Stacy Warner, Stephen L. Shapiro, Marlene A. Dixon, Lynn L. Ridinger, Scott B. Harrison

Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics

Many American universities continue to invest in expensive intercollegiate football programs, and specifically cite the sport’s ability to foster a sense of community (SOC) as justification for the cost. This study sought to assess the importance of SOC and the influence of football on the cultivation thereof. A pre-post test design utilizing an online survey compared SOC levels for students (N = 886) before and after the implementation of Division I football on a large university campus. No significant differences were found in SOC levels before and after the football season (regardless of attendance). Post-test SOC perceptions differed based on …


A Comparison Of Optimism Levels And Life Stress Levels Among Ncaa Division I Athletes And Non Athletes, Eleanor Shearman, Daniel R. Czech, Trey Burdette, Tyler Mcdaniel, Barry Joyner, Drew Zwald Dec 2023

A Comparison Of Optimism Levels And Life Stress Levels Among Ncaa Division I Athletes And Non Athletes, Eleanor Shearman, Daniel R. Czech, Trey Burdette, Tyler Mcdaniel, Barry Joyner, Drew Zwald

Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics

Researchers suggest that optimistic individuals approach life situations with the belief that outcomes will be favorable, and are more likely to exhibit better coping mechanisms when dealing with adversity and stress (Carver, & Scheier, 1987; Karadeaus, Karvelis, Argyropoulou, 2007). Moreover, the cognitive adaptation theory suggests that optimistic individuals are more likely to make appropriate cognitive adaptations to stressful situations (Lightsey, 1994; Alloy & Clements, 1992). Results concerning collegiate athletic status, gender, optimism, and stress are mixed. The purpose of this study was to compare collegiate athletes and non athletes and gender on optimism and life stress. The present study utilized …


Academic Clustering: A Longitudinal Analysis Of A Division I Football Program, Jeffrey J. Fountain, Peter S. Finley Dec 2023

Academic Clustering: A Longitudinal Analysis Of A Division I Football Program, Jeffrey J. Fountain, Peter S. Finley

Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics

As NCAA Division I coaches feel greater pressure to produce winning teams while ensuring that athletes remain eligible and progress toward degrees to avoid sanctions under the NCAA’s academic reform initiatives, concerns regarding the clustering of athletes into limited numbers of academic majors has increased. Academic clustering occurs when 25% or more of the members of one team share a single academic major (Case, Greer, & Brown, 1987). Recent studies have extended the analysis of clustering to include the disparate impact on white and minority football players in a single athletic conference (Fountain & Finley, 2009), as well as consideration …


Use Of Social Media In Public Archives: Perspectives About Ghana’S Readiness And Perceived Challenges., Reuben Saah, Samuel Abban, Esther White Dec 2023

Use Of Social Media In Public Archives: Perspectives About Ghana’S Readiness And Perceived Challenges., Reuben Saah, Samuel Abban, Esther White

Journal of Contemporary Archival Studies

The study explored the readiness and challenges of social media adoption at the Public Records and Archives Administration Department (PRAAD) in Ghana and was guided by the Iacovou, Charalambos L., Izak Benbasat, and Albert S. Dexter model of Electronic Data Interchange adoption. Using the qualitative approach, 13 participants drawn from the Archives Division were interviewed to explore their perspectives. The results showed that besides the participants high understanding and awareness of the benefits of social media adoption, clients were interested to engage PRAAD on social media. However, PRAAD’s readiness to adopt and effectively use social media was inadequate due to …


Community Resilience And Creating Capacities For Risk Reduction In First Nations Communities, Case Study In Minegoziibe Anishinabe (Pine Creek First Nation), Brittany S. Lavallee Dec 2023

Community Resilience And Creating Capacities For Risk Reduction In First Nations Communities, Case Study In Minegoziibe Anishinabe (Pine Creek First Nation), Brittany S. Lavallee

Capstone Collection

The colonization of Indigenous peoples in Canada has serious consequences on First Nations, including forced removal and displacement from their ancestral lands, environmental degradation, declining resources and capacities, and human rights violations. First Nations communities are currently facing the amplified effects of human-driven climate change. Sustainability of the environment is not just a concept, but a practiced way of life, that recognizes the interdependence of all living things. This deep respect for Aki (earth) is at the foundation of First Nations cultures and continues to guide their actions to insure better futures for Seven Generations. The community of Minegoziibe Anishinabe …


Artistic Workshops With Patients Of A Psychiatric Day Hospital In France, Ivan Magrin-Chagnolleau Dec 2023

Artistic Workshops With Patients Of A Psychiatric Day Hospital In France, Ivan Magrin-Chagnolleau

Presidential Fellows Articles and Research

This article delineates a study conducted within a psychiatric day hospital in France, adhering to the principles of institutional psychotherapy and therapeutic clubs that originated from the anti-psychiatric movement of the 1970s. The study specifically explores two activities within this framework: a music club and a video club. The primary objective of each club was to establish activities involving both the patients and the care staff to dissolve the boundaries between them. Additionally, these activities aimed to engage both patients and care staff in the conceptualization and execution processes, thereby fostering a collaborative approach within the psychiatric care setting.


School Of Culinary Arts & Food Technology Newsletter - Winter Edition 2023, James Murphy Dec 2023

School Of Culinary Arts & Food Technology Newsletter - Winter Edition 2023, James Murphy

Other resources

The School of Culinary Arts and Food Technology, TU Dublin, Winter Newsletter captured the many events, sustainability, research, awards, significant contributions and special civic and community activities plus our school's committments to TU Dublin's SDGs which the students and staff members of the school across our (3) three campuses have successfully completed up to the Winter period of 2023. The successful completion of these activities would not be possible without the active and on-going support of the 'INSPIRED' friends of Culinary Arts (school supporters) and our school's industry association supporters.


Building A Recovery Ecosystem For The Catawba Region, Mary Beth Dunkenberger, David Moore, Lara Nagle, Sam Rasoul Dec 2023

Building A Recovery Ecosystem For The Catawba Region, Mary Beth Dunkenberger, David Moore, Lara Nagle, Sam Rasoul

Richmond Public Interest Law Review

The opioid and addiction crisis has become a defining characteristic of

21st century America, profoundly affecting the Commonwealth of Virginia in

terms of lives lost, families devastated, communities compromised, and

economic and opportunity costs at multiple levels. This scenario originated

with a rapid increase in opioid prescriptions issued to patients by health care

providers for various pain diagnoses during the 1990s and into the early

2000s. Despite early warnings that the new opioid formulations were far

more addictive than indicated by faulty research trials and marketing claims,

treating pain as the “fifth vital sign” became a widespread practice as a …


The Organizational Outcomes Of Supervision In Settings Addressing Violence Against Women: A Scoping Review, Margaret Janse Van Rensburg, Maria Peddle, Karen Sewell, Claire Mcmenemy, Heather Macdonald Dec 2023

The Organizational Outcomes Of Supervision In Settings Addressing Violence Against Women: A Scoping Review, Margaret Janse Van Rensburg, Maria Peddle, Karen Sewell, Claire Mcmenemy, Heather Macdonald

Faculty and Staff Publications

Violence against women (VAW) is a prevailing social issue which requires human service organizations to provide a range of services to survivors. Workplace-based supervision in settings that seek to address VAW is an essential component of quality service. This scoping review of seven studies maps the available evidence of supervision in settings that seek to address VAW. Research studies were identified through sub-sampling literature identified in a scoping review on the organizational outcomes of supervision in the human services summarizing the evidence published between 2011 and 2022 including all articles which specifying a VAW setting. Guided by scoping review methodology, …


“They Act Like We Are Going To Heaven”: Pre-Arrival Information Experiences, Information Crafting And Settlement Of Immigrants In Canada, Nafiz Z. Shuva Dec 2023

“They Act Like We Are Going To Heaven”: Pre-Arrival Information Experiences, Information Crafting And Settlement Of Immigrants In Canada, Nafiz Z. Shuva

Publications and Research

Purpose

Although there is a growing body of work on immigrants' information behavior, little is known about the pre-arrival information experiences of immigrants who consult formal information sources such as immigration agents. Drawn from a larger study on the information behavior of immigrants, this paper mainly reports the semi-structured interview findings on the pre-arrival information experiences of Bangladeshi immigrants who used formal information sources with discussion on how that affected their post-arrival settlement into Canada.

Design/methodology/approach

The study used a mixed method approach with semi-structured interviews (n = 60) and surveys (n = 205) with participants who arrived in Canada …


Are Human-Like Robots Trusted Like Humans? An Investigation Into The Effect Of Anthropomorphism On Trust In Robots Measured By Expected Value As Reflected By Feedback Related Negativity And P300, Lucy Olivia Wilson Dec 2023

Are Human-Like Robots Trusted Like Humans? An Investigation Into The Effect Of Anthropomorphism On Trust In Robots Measured By Expected Value As Reflected By Feedback Related Negativity And P300, Lucy Olivia Wilson

The Plymouth Student Scientist

Robots are becoming more prevalently used in industry and society. However, in order to ensure effective use of the trust, must be calibrated correctly. Anthropomorphism is one factors which is important in trust in robots (Hancock et al., 2011). Questionnaires and investment games have been used to investigate the impact of anthropomorphism on trust, however, these methods have led to disparate findings. Neurophysiological methods have also been used as an implicit measure of trust. Feedback related negativity (FRN) and P300 are event related potential (ERP) components which have been associated with processes involved in trust such as outcome evaluation. This …


Fostering Academic Literacy And Unveiling Student Excellence In Stem (Science, Technology, Engineering, And Mathematics) Research At The University Of Plymouth, Uk, Jason B. Truscott Dec 2023

Fostering Academic Literacy And Unveiling Student Excellence In Stem (Science, Technology, Engineering, And Mathematics) Research At The University Of Plymouth, Uk, Jason B. Truscott

The Plymouth Student Scientist

Six years ago, when I stepped into the role of Editor for this journal, I couldn't have foreseen the incredible wealth of talent nestled within the student cohort at the University of Plymouth (Truscott, 2018). The journey through their undergraduate research endeavours has been truly remarkable, a testament not just to their inherent abilities but also to the exceptional guidance provided by their research project supervisors and external sponsors. Each passing year unfolds as a unique odyssey through the diverse realms of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics), all thanks to the steadfast commitment of these students to inquiry within …


Bat Activity And Diversity In Plymouth’S Green Spaces: Implications For Future Conservation And Management, Ellie Hawcutt Dec 2023

Bat Activity And Diversity In Plymouth’S Green Spaces: Implications For Future Conservation And Management, Ellie Hawcutt

The Plymouth Student Scientist

Urbanisation and human population growth is a threat to biodiversity at a global scale. Bats in urban green areas are becoming increasingly acknowledged within the literature as we begin to understand their importance as useful bioindicators. Bat activity and diversity was examined through passive acoustic monitoring of four sites in Plymouth (UK) during October 2022 (Central Park, Ham Wood, Radford Lake, Saltram Park). This was completed to compare sites with differing percentages of habitats, and make implications for the future management of urban green spaces to benefit bats. Basic habitat surveys of each site were undertaken, estimating the percentage of …


The Role Of Colony Morphology And Substratum Inclination On The Distribution Of Eunicella Verrucosa On Shallow Reefs, Luke Thompson Dec 2023

The Role Of Colony Morphology And Substratum Inclination On The Distribution Of Eunicella Verrucosa On Shallow Reefs, Luke Thompson

The Plymouth Student Scientist

Eunicella verrucosa plays an important role in shallow reefs, where they produce a complex 'sheet tree' morphology that supports a variety of benthic-dwelling organisms. E. verrucosa is considered 'vulnerable' by the IUCN Red List, which validates the importance of understanding the biotic and abiotic factors influencing the species morphology and survival. This study analyses how horizontal and vertical slope inclinations influence colony morphology. A population of 115 E. verrucosa colonies were observed at Plymouth's inner breakwater fort at 8–13.8m in depth. The influence of inclination on morphology was investigated by observing colony height, encrusting branch diameter and branch complexity for …


A Statistical Analysis Of The Population Of Barbel In The River Teme Dec 2023

A Statistical Analysis Of The Population Of Barbel In The River Teme

The Plymouth Student Scientist

The focus of this project is on the population of barbel (Barbus barbus) living in the River Teme, over a number of years with the objective of examining the fish population size specifically investigating any temporal trend in fish population numbers and, if found, with the further aim of examining any covariates that may be causing the trend. In order to answer these questions, two datasets were investigated and rigorously analysed in order to ascertain whether stocks of barbel are in decline and, if so, to further examine which covariates could be contributing to their depletion. A number of statistical …


Modified First Amended Chapter 11 Plan Dec 2023

Modified First Amended Chapter 11 Plan

Catholic Dioceses in Bankruptcy

No abstract provided.


“Storm Of Insanity”: The Chaotic Nature Of Relief Work And Financial Compensation Following The Johnstown Flood Of 1889, Carly N. Marze Dec 2023

“Storm Of Insanity”: The Chaotic Nature Of Relief Work And Financial Compensation Following The Johnstown Flood Of 1889, Carly N. Marze

History Theses, Dissertations, and Student Creative Activity

On May 31, 1889, the South Fork dam ruptured, and the resulting wall of water pummeled through the small town of Johnstown, Pennsylvania, killing over 2,000 people. The cause was negligence by the dam’s proprietors at the South Fork Fishing & Hunting Club. As bodies lay scattered throughout the Conemaugh Valley and Johnstown sat nearly twenty-feet deep in mud and debris, two questions arose: What relief work should be done to restore Johnstown? And how should this relief be financed? Lack of resources and the urgency of the work created a chaotic atmosphere in which constantly shifting procedures and disputes …


First Destination Survey 2023: For Degrees Awarded December 2022-August 2023, Hart Career Center, Illinois Wesleyan University Dec 2023

First Destination Survey 2023: For Degrees Awarded December 2022-August 2023, Hart Career Center, Illinois Wesleyan University

First Destination Survey

No abstract provided.


Embedding Patient Input In Outcome Measures For Long‐Term Disease‐Modifying Parkinson Disease Trials, C Gonzalez‐Robles, Michèle Bartlett, Matthew Burnell, Caroline S. Clarke, Shlomi Haar, Michele T. Hu, Brook Huxford, Ashwani Jha, Michael Lawton, Alastair Noyce, Paola Piccini, Kuhan Pushparatnam, Lynn Rochester, Carroll Siu, Wamelen D Van, Ch Williams‐Gray, Marie Louise Zeissler, Henrik Zetterberg, Camille B. Carroll, Thomas Foltynie, Rimona S. Weil, Anette Schrag Dec 2023

Embedding Patient Input In Outcome Measures For Long‐Term Disease‐Modifying Parkinson Disease Trials, C Gonzalez‐Robles, Michèle Bartlett, Matthew Burnell, Caroline S. Clarke, Shlomi Haar, Michele T. Hu, Brook Huxford, Ashwani Jha, Michael Lawton, Alastair Noyce, Paola Piccini, Kuhan Pushparatnam, Lynn Rochester, Carroll Siu, Wamelen D Van, Ch Williams‐Gray, Marie Louise Zeissler, Henrik Zetterberg, Camille B. Carroll, Thomas Foltynie, Rimona S. Weil, Anette Schrag

Peninsula Medical School

Background Clinical trials of disease-modifying therapies in PD require valid and responsive primary outcome measures that are relevant to patients. Objectives The objective is to select a patient-centered primary outcome measure for disease-modification trials over three or more years. Methods Experts in Parkinson's disease (PD), statistics, and health economics and patient and public involvement and engagement (PPIE) representatives reviewed and discussed potential outcome measures. A larger PPIE group provided input on their key considerations for such an endpoint. Feasibility, clinimetric properties, and relevance to patients were assessed and synthesized. Results Although initial considerations favored the Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of …


Where I Am From Matters: Factors Influencing Behavioral And Emotional Changes In Autistic Individuals During Covid-19 In Latin America, María Cecilia Montenegro, Ana C. Ramirez, Juventino Hernandez Rodriguez, Bianca T. Villalobos, Gabriela Garrido, Cecilia Amigo, Daniel Valdez, Natalia Barrios, Sebastián Cukier, Cecilia Montiel-Nava Dec 2023

Where I Am From Matters: Factors Influencing Behavioral And Emotional Changes In Autistic Individuals During Covid-19 In Latin America, María Cecilia Montenegro, Ana C. Ramirez, Juventino Hernandez Rodriguez, Bianca T. Villalobos, Gabriela Garrido, Cecilia Amigo, Daniel Valdez, Natalia Barrios, Sebastián Cukier, Cecilia Montiel-Nava

Psychological Science Faculty Publications

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic brought an increased incidence of disease and mortality in the world at large, making it a particularly salient and stressful life event. For those individuals residing in Latin America, the pandemic was met with fragmented healthcare systems, economic downturn, and sociopolitical crisis which puts autistic individuals at risk for more detrimental outcomes. Behavioral and emotional challenges experienced by autistic individuals at the beginning of the pandemic could later develop into more severe symptomatology as the pandemic progresses. The present study aimed to explore changes in dysregulated (overt and internalizing) behaviors and preoccupation with getting sick during …


Effectiveness And Safety Of Different Estradiol Regimens In Transgender Women (Treat Study): Protocol For A Randomized Controlled Trial, Samuel Cortez, Dominic Moog, Christopher Lewis, Kelley Williams, Cynthia Herrick, Melanie Fields, Teddi Gray, Zhaohua Guo, Ginger Nicol, Thomas Baranski Dec 2023

Effectiveness And Safety Of Different Estradiol Regimens In Transgender Women (Treat Study): Protocol For A Randomized Controlled Trial, Samuel Cortez, Dominic Moog, Christopher Lewis, Kelley Williams, Cynthia Herrick, Melanie Fields, Teddi Gray, Zhaohua Guo, Ginger Nicol, Thomas Baranski

2020-Current year OA Pubs

BACKGROUND: Current guidelines for gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) for transgender women are mostly based on clinical experience from experts in the field and treatments used on postmenopausal women. While care is currently provided with the best available evidence, there is a critical gap in knowledge about the safest and most effective estradiol routes of administration for GAHT in transgender women; this statement is supported by the World Professional Association for Transgender Health on their Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People, version 8. Furthermore, the reported rates of cardiometabolic adverse events in transgender women highlight …


Technology And Mental Health Counseling, Hanna Cespedes, Elizabeth Robey, Tyler Wilkinson Dec 2023

Technology And Mental Health Counseling, Hanna Cespedes, Elizabeth Robey, Tyler Wilkinson

Journal of Technology in Counselor Education and Supervision

The use of technology in the field of mental health has been an increasing interest of study and utilization in recent years, especially during and after the Covid 19 pandemic in which social distancing practices were encouraged to limit the spread of the virus. During this time, the use of technology for health-related appointments became vital as many offices shut down and/ or had limited in-person access. Furthermore, technology has already been integrated and researched significantly in other areas of the healthcare fields such as psychiatry and nursing. However, there is a lack of understanding of the role of technology …


Social Engineering Cyber Threats, Young B. Choi, Josh Rubin Dec 2023

Social Engineering Cyber Threats, Young B. Choi, Josh Rubin

Journal of Global Awareness

The article explores the pervasive threat of social engineering in cybersecurity, emphasizing its success in infiltrating information systems by manipulating individuals rather than employing traditional hacking methods. The author underscores the vulnerability arising from human trust, as individuals, especially those lacking technology education, tend to be targets. While cryptography offers partial security, social engineering complicates overall system security. Mitigation strategies include educating employees on threats, risks, and security policies, coupled with enforcing penalties for noncompliance. Additionally, employing two-factor authentication and physical token-based access adds layers of protection. The article delves into semantic attacks, classifying various exploitation methods and emphasizing the …


Impact Of Covid-19 Pandemic On Marketing Of Education, Shreekant Joag Dec 2023

Impact Of Covid-19 Pandemic On Marketing Of Education, Shreekant Joag

Journal of Global Awareness

The COVID-19 pandemic forced many schools to partially or totally switch to remote communication methods for delivering education in the years 2020-2021. It is believed that forced compliance with unfamiliar and even unpreferred modes of behavior can have a profound and lasting impact on people’s attitudes and opinions toward the behavior itself because of first-hand exposure and experience. It is, therefore, possible that this experience with remote teaching and learning could have materially changed both instructors’ as well as students’ attitudes toward remote delivery of education. Such changed attitudes may predict their future choices and behavior.

This paper will present …


The Hungarian Secret Police And The Budapest Uprising Of 1956, Stuart Schulzke Dec 2023

The Hungarian Secret Police And The Budapest Uprising Of 1956, Stuart Schulzke

The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing

For fourteen days during late October and early November of 1956, Hungary staged a revolution and set up an autonomous government. The Hungarians forced Soviet military personnel to withdraw only to see them reenter the country, reestablish Soviet authority, and overthrow the short-lived Hungarian government. This sequence of events suggests an occupied nation's predictable reaction against foreign influence. However, it obscures one of the most critical aspects of Hungary's Revolution in 1956: the role of the Hungarian State Secret Police. Probably no governmental branch in Hungarian history has been more hated by the Hungarian people than the Allamvedelmi Hatosag (AVH), …


Full Issue Dec 2023

Full Issue

The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing

No abstract provided.


Judaism Transformed, Kyrenia Palmer Dec 2023

Judaism Transformed, Kyrenia Palmer

The Thetean: A Student Journal for Scholarly Historical Writing

The Sabbatean movement, Judaism's first true heresy, originated in the Ottoman province of Palestine in the 1660s. The movement centered around an aspiring Messiah called Sabbatai Sevi. With the aid of a personal prophet, young Nathan of Gaza,· this man made himself a household word throughout the Jewish Diaspora and induced thousands of Jews to inflict radical penitential sufferings upon themselves in a sort of apocalyptic ecstacy. However, Sabbatai Sevi was not the decisive factor in Judaism's spiritual awakening, nor was Nathan of Gaza ( though without his support the movement never would have spread). Rather, the great messianic revival …