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Synthesis Of Polydispersed P(St-Mma-Aa) Microspheres And Fabrication Of Colloidal Crystals With Non-Compact Morphology, Ikhazuagbe H. Ifijen, Eribe M. Jonathan, Jacob N. Jacob, Nyaknno U. Udokpoh, Ukeme D. Archibong

Tanzania Journal of Science

Great attention has been given to the synthesis of monodispersed and uniform colloidal polymer particles with controllable particle sizes. However, investigations on the preparation, characterization and fabrication of polydisperse polymeric particles are very few. Polydisperse polymers are also needed to meet the new demands of the modern markets due to the ease of their synthesis. This study, therefore, synthesized polydispersed poly(styrene-methyl-methacrylate acrylic-acid) (P(St-MMA-AA)) via emulsion polymerization synthetic approach under unstable reaction conditions. The synthesized P(St-MMA-AA) microparticles were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), a thermo-gravimetric analyzer (TGA) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The DLS results …

Boron Doped Zno Films Deposited By Dc Reactive Sputtering Using Zn:B Target: Influence Of The Deposition Temperature On The Structural, Electrical And Optical Properties, Lwitiko P. Mwakyusa, Nuru R. Mlyuka, Margaret E. Samiji

Tanzania Journal of Science

ZnO-based transparent and conducting oxides (TCOs) are commonly used as a window layer in thin-film solar cells. However, TCOs with high transparency in the visible and near-infrared parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, plus excellent electrical properties are required in this application. In this study, TCOs based on ZnO:B films deposited by DC reactive sputtering using Zn:B alloy target were investigated. The impact of deposition temperature on the growth and physical properties of the films was examined. Structural, optical and electrical properties of these films were investigated by means of x-ray diffraction (XRD), Ultraviolet-Visible-Near Infrared (UV-VIS-NIR) spectroscopy, and Hall effect measurement, …

Influence Of Roasting On The Proximate, Functional And Sensory Properties Of Jackfruit Seeds And Amaranth Grain Composite Complementary Flours, Agnes Nabubuya, Robert Mugabi, Abraham Kaggwa, Paddy Ainebyona, Rukia Nalugya

Tanzania Journal of Science

This study evaluated the effects of roasting on jackfruit seeds (JFS) and amaranth grain composite complementary flours. Eleven formulations were used for the study. The moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre, crude ash and carbohydrate contents varied from 6.5 to 8.7%, 10.66 to 20.9%, 0.93 to 5.98%, 4.46 to 10.2%, 2.6 to 3.76% and 51.3 to 71.7%, respectively. The water absorption capacity (WAC), water solubility index (WSI), oil absorption capacity, swelling power (SP) and bulk density (BD) ranged from 238.9 to 360.5%, 3.9 to 12%, 107.4 to 200.6%, 13.3 to 45.9%, and 0.5 to 0.7 g/mL, respectively. Increasing amaranth …

Assessment Of The Impact Of Climate Change On Stream Flow: The Case Of Little Ruaha Catchment, Rufiji Basin, Tanzania, Joel Nobert

Tanzania Journal of Science

Little Ruaha catchment has been recognized for its potential to support multi-projects including irrigated schemes, urban water supply and providing significant inflow to Mtera reservoir for hydropower generation and ultimately Julius Nyerere Hydropower Plant (JNHPP).  Despite the potential, the catchment has experienced declining flows in the recent years. This study assessed the likely changes in streamflow due to future climate change in the Little Ruaha catchment for the period 2025-2060. General Circulation Model (GCM) datasets from ACCESS1.0, CNRM-CM5 and BCC-CSM1 models and RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 greenhouse gas concentration scenarios were selected as the representative scenarios. Impact of climate change on …

Mathematical Modelling Of Syphilis Transmission Dynamics: Impacts Of Mass Media Report, Risky Sexual Behavior And Treatment, Gasper G. Mwanga

Tanzania Journal of Science

Syphilis is one of the deadly sexually-transmitted diseases. This paper studied the impacts of sexual behavior, mass media report and treatment of infected individuals on the dynamics of syphilis transmission. The analytical and numerical analyses of the model are presented. The disease free equilibrium of the model is both locally and globally asymptotic stable when the associated reproduction number is less than unity.  Analysis of the Reproduction number shows that it is not possible to control syphilis disease transmission if the rate of individuals practicing risky sexual behavior is high. Furthermore, the treatment of late (latent and tertiary) syphilis infection …

Investigation Of The Effects Of Some Statistical Data Components On The Selection Of Optimum Smoothing Constant, Musibaudeen O. Idris, Busayo S. Adeboye, Buliaminu Kareem, Godwin C. Enwerem, Selimot A. Adekanye

Tanzania Journal of Science

Simple exponential smoothing is one of the best forecast methods, especially for time series data. Its efficacy depends on a parameter called smoothing constant (α) which, if optimally determined, minimises the mean square error (MSE), the mean absolute error (MAE) and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The widely used method for selecting the optimum smoothing constant is to conduct a grid search within a wide range of possible values of α using the trial-and-error method. Not only that this method involves the knowledge of advanced statistical processes, but it is also time-consuming, and its results are limited to the …

Assessment Of Soil Quality Along The Proposed Main Road Through Ngorongoro And Northern Serengeti, Tanzania, Othman C. Othman, Abiud L. Kaswamila, Kjetil Bevanger, Augustino Mwakipesile, Kelvin Haule, Emilian Kihwele, Gloria Summay, Emmanuel Gereta

Tanzania Journal of Science

A new road through northern Serengeti National Park is proposed to be built. The purpose of this study was to collect baseline data on soils along the route of the proposed road before its construction. The physicochemical properties were used to characterize the soil before the construction of the proposed road. Levels of soil macro-elements mainly potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and sodium (Na), and physicochemical properties: electrical conductivity (EC), pH, organic carbon (OC), soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), cation exchange capacity (CEC), phosphorus (P), aluminium (Al) were determined. Also, heavy metals: cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper …

Resource Efficient Advanced Metering Infrastructure Model, Josephina Kimambo, Kwame S Ibwe, Ellen Kalinga, Abdi T. Abdalla

Tanzania Journal of Science

Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) enables two-way communication between smart devices and utility control centers. This involves remote monitoring and control of energy consumption as well as other parameters in the electrical power network in real time. However, increasing technologies in AMI due to huge deployment of smart meters, integration of devices and application of sensors, demand a strong architectural model with the best network topology to guarantee efficient usage of network resources with minimal latency. In this work, a resource efficient multi-hop network architecture is proposed using hybrid media access protocols. The architecture combines queuing and random-access protocol to achieve …

Suitability Of Flood Hazard Assessment Methods For Tanzania: A Case Of Little Ruaha And Upper Ngerengere Catchment, Kashimbi J. Kihara, Patrick Valimba, Joel Nobert

Tanzania Journal of Science

Understanding the applicability of flood quantile estimation methods in flood hazard assessment is fundamental for planning, prevention, and management of flood risks. Therefore, this study evaluates and compares three hydrological methods, namely Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning (HBV), Soil Conservation Service-Curve Number (SCS-CN), and regional regression equation (RRE), to estimate flood quantiles embedded in the existing flood damage assessment framework by applying them to two different river catchments, Little Ruaha (LR) and Upper Ngerengere (UN), Tanzania. The evaluation of method performance was carried out using three standard statistical measures for data from 1954 to 2010 and the 1971–1988 period in LR and …

Effects Of Annealing Ambient On The Structural, Optical And Electrical Properties Of Tio2:Ge Thin Films, Lilian A. Owino, Sebastian Waita, Robinson J. Musembi, Francis W Nyongesa

Tanzania Journal of Science

TiO2, a semiconducting material with a wide energy band gap, has been researched intensively due to its interesting properties and many potential applications. The films properties can as well be modified by preparing the films under diverse ambient to suit diverse applications. In this work, the effects of the annealing atmosphere on the structural, optical and electrical properties of pure TiO2 and TiO2:Ge composite thin films deposited by sputtering from commercially available pure TiO2 and TiO2:Ge (85:15) targets respectively were studied. The films were deposited on fluorine doped tin oxide glass substrates by radio frequency magnetron sputtering technique at room …

Evaluation Of Pasting Properties Of Plantain, Cooking Banana, Selected Cereals And Their Composites As Indicators For Their Food Values, Wasiu B. Agbaje, Oluseye O. Abiona, Shola H. Awojide, Luqman A. Azeez, Adeniyi S. Tayo

Tanzania Journal of Science

The pasting properties of unripe plantain, unripe cooking banana, some selected cereals and their composite flours were investigated in relation to their food values. Each of the samples was cleaned, air–dried and pulverized to form the native flours which were mixed in different proportions to form the composite flours. Soft doughs were prepared from the flours and subjected to textural evaluation. The adjudged best from each set was analysed using Rapid Visco–Analyser followed by determination of their proximate composition and functional properties. The results showed that the breakdown viscosity (cP) of each of the composite flours was less than 920.50 …

Geochemistry Of Mafic-Intermediate Intrusive Rocks From The Twangiza-Namoya Gold Belt, Eastern Democratic Republic Of Congo: Trace Element Constraints On Their Origin, Petrogenesis And Tectonic Setting, Gerald L. Chuwa, Charles H. Kasanzu

Tanzania Journal of Science

Bulk geochemical data for the Twangiza-Namoya Gold Belt, Democratic Republic of Congo, are presented in order to classify the rock assemblages, elucidate their petrogenesis and tectonic settings. Nb/Yb and Zr/Ti constraints reveal two suites for the rocks: sub-alkaline to andesitic basalts (Suite-1); and alkaline basalts (Suite-2).  Ratios of Ti/Zr = 22–70; Zr/Hf = 35–42; Nb/Ta = 12–13; Nb/Th = 1–2 and La/Nb = 2.4–3.8 suggest arc-generated mantle melts with crustal inputs and arc-fluids metasomatism for Suite-1. The samples have positive LILE and negative Nb, Ta, Ti anomalies, enrichments in the LREE over middle and HREE (La/Yb)CN = 3.6–8.9 with negative …

Effects Of Neem Aqueous Extract (Azadirachta Indica) Against Aphids And Aphid-Borne Virus In Cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata L. Walp), Kehinde T. Kareem, Rachael B. Olayinka, Juliana A. Ugwu, Olubusola F. Oduwaye

Tanzania Journal of Science

Pests and diseases are among the major factors limiting plant growth and yields. Pests are known vectors of pathogens including viruses. Proper management of plant pests is an indirect means of controlling viral diseases in plants. This study aimed at comparing the potential of neem extract and a synthetic insecticide (lambda cyhalothrin) for the management of aphids and Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV) in five different cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) genotypes and to determine the residual effects of the insecticide in the cowpea grains. The experimental field was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replicates. Treatments included; spraying …

Design And Implementation Of Distributed Identity And Access Management Framework For Internet Of Things (Iot) Enabled Distribution Automation, Ally T Bitebo, Hellen Maziku, Ndyetabura Hamisi, Charles N Tarimo, Kwame S Ibwe, Abdi T. Abdalla

Tanzania Journal of Science

The smart grid and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies play vital roles in improving the quality of services offered in traditional electrical grid. They open a room for the introduction of new services like distribution automation (DA) that has a significant advantage to both utility companies and final consumers. DA integrates sensors, actuators, intelligent electrical devices (IED) and information and communication technologies to monitor and control electrical grid. However, the integration of these technologies poses security threats to the electrical grid like Denial of Service (DoS) attacks, false data injection attacks, and masquerading attacks like system node impersonation that can …

The Use Of Social Media For Academic Purposes By Postgraduate Information Studies Students: A Case Of University Of Kwazulu-Natal South Africa, Jacob Oloruntoba Kutu Dr, Febishola Idowu Kutu Mrs

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The study investigated the use of social media for academic purposes by postgraduate information studies students on the Pietermaritzburg campus of the University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN). The study was prompted by the recognition, as reflected in the literature, of problems associated with their use and uncertainty regarding their use in the South African context. The study was underpinned by communication theory. The study also employed a quantitative research design in the form of an online questionnaire using Google Forms. Fifty-five post-graduate students were sampled of which 51 participated, giving a response rate of 93%.

Findings revealed that majority of the …

The Weekly Challenger, March 17, 2022, The Weekly Challenger, Et Al

Weekly Challenger Newspaper Collection

The March 17, 2022, issue of The Weekly Challenger.

The Effect Of The Rational Emotional ‎Visualization Method On Reducing ‎Inappropriate Anger Reactions, Azhar Majed Kazem, Marwa Mohamed Abdel Amir

Alustath Journal for Human and Social Sciences

The aim of the current research is to know the effect of the rational emotional visualization method in reducing inappropriate anger reactions among middle school students) in the city of Baghdad. The second average, with (10) female students for the experimental group and (10) for the control group. The two researchers built: a scale (anger reactions) and then extracted validity and reliability and building a counseling program (in the style of rational emotional perception) according to the theory (Alice). The method (rational emotional visualization) is one of the effective methods used with children and adolescents, especially those who suffer from …

Diminutive Noun Class In Bantu Languages: Is Kiswahili Deviant?, Rodrick G. Ndomba

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

Noun class prefixes ki-/vi- and ka-/tu- found in Bantu diminutives are widespread despite claims that these affixes are missing in Kiswahili. This study was qualitative, employing data from Kiswahili native speakers, selected literary works of art written in Kiswahili by Kiswahili speakers, and Kiswahili chat messages from WhatsApp forums of Kiswahili speakers. The study reveals that Kiswahili speakers use ka- and tu- affixes in addition to ki /vi- to form diminutives. These affixes may attach to noun stems as in ka-toto/tu-toto ‘tiny child/tiny children’; or may attach to prefixed stems as pre-prefixes as in ki-m-nazi ‘small/short coconut tree’ and vi-mi-nazi …

Has Feminism Changed Women’S Realities In Africa? An Interrogation Of The Poems Of Ogundipe And Shire, Edith Weseja Bwana

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

African feminist movements of the 1960’s marked the starting point of debates from the origin of feminism in Africa to its impact on women and the society at large. Literature has from the go been used as a vehicle to reflect the life and its vicissitude on African women. African women writers have used literature as a platform to challenge and re-imagine gender relations within their societies and the continent as a whole. Yet, the question arises: despite half a century’s worth of literary production, has the reality of women, as reflected in literature, changed? This paper thematically interrogates the …

Morphosyntactic Analysis Of Relative Clause Markers In Chindali, Imani Alinanuswe Mwang’Eka, Chrispina Alphonce, Adronis Selestino

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

This article analyses the basic morphosyntactic features of relative clause markers (RMs) in Chindali, spoken in Tanzania. A qualitative approach was employed with a descriptive research design in the process of generating, analysing data, as well as reporting the findings. The data for the study were collected through text collection. The researcher gathered sentences with relative clauses (RCs) from 10 informants by recording them with their consent, and three (3) written Chindali storybooks. Informants were sampled through the snowball technique. The study revealed that Chindali RCs are marked by free standing relative pronouns that are bound by agreement. These RMs …

Confusions Between English Nominal And Adjectival Forms Among Students At The Dar Es Salaam University College Of Education:, Loveluck Philip Muro, Benedict P. Lema

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

This paper examines confusions between English nominal and adjectival forms among students at the Dar es Salaam University College of Education (DUCE). In particular, it establishes consistencies and inconsistencies in the use of English nominal and adjectival forms; and informs pedagogical interventions that can be adopted to redress the situation. Data was collected from a review of selected students’ examination scripts, and then subjected to error analysis in relation to the identified themes. The findings show that students vary greatly in the way they use nominal and adjectival forms such that some errors are consistently predictable, while others are intricately …

Classroom Discourse In Populated Classes In Tanzania: Questions As Pedagogical Lecturing Strategy At The University Of Dar Es Salaam, Erick Nikuigize Shartiely

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

his paper reports the findings of a study on the utilisation of questions by lecturers in facilitating teaching and learning during lectures at the University of Dar es Salaam. Three objectives guided the study: (i) identifying the types of questions that lecturers use to facilitate teaching and learning; (ii) establishing the pattern of lecturers’ use of questions; and (iii) determining why lecturers use questions as a discourse strategy to convey information at a sophisticated level of academic rhetoric to facilitate knowledge delivery. Data used to demonstrate this linguistic practice were collected from eight (8) recorded lectures, and interviews with lecturers …

Judicial Approaches In Plagiarism Litigation: Lessons For Universities In East Africa, Hamudi Ismail Majamba

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

The escalation of plagiarism in universities and subsequent litigations by postgraduate students seeking to challenge universities’ decisions through courts of law worldwide are noticeably increasing. This article reviews trends in plagiarism-related litigations involving postgraduate students in universities in East Africa. The focus is on select universities in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. The objective is to determine the approaches that courts of law in the region, and those in other jurisdictions, have adopted in developing legal principles while determining plagiarism-related litigations. The recommendations advanced seek to assist courts in the region to determine cases in accordance with emerging and well-defined legal …

Sexism In Tanzanian Secondary School English Language Textbooks: Investigation Of Adjective Attributions, Fides S. Pangani, Antoni Keya Antoni Keya

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

This research paper investigates sexism in Tanzania’s secondary school English language textbooks with a focus on the adjectives used to describe women and men in textbooks published between 2005 and 2014. The paper aims to reveal how women and men are described, uncover gender ideologies conveyed by adjective descriptions and characterise the gender ideologies as hegemonic or deviant. Data were collected through a critical textual review of eight (8) textbooks. This paper is anchored on the Feminist CDA theory; and Fairclough’s three-dimensional framework was used as the analytic tool whereby data were described, interpreted and explained. The findings indicate that …

Knowledge, Attitude And Practices On Non-Communicable Diseases Among Students And Staff At The Dar Es Salaam University College Of Education In Tanzania, Stephen O. Maluka, Saning’O Sangeti

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) are among the major public health problems facing the world today. Despite contributing to over half of all deaths worldwide, and being a major challenge in low- and middle-income countries, NCDs have received less attention. In Tanzania, studies focusing on the assessment of comprehensive knowledge of NCDs are lacking. This study aims to assess knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of the Dar es Salaam University College of Education (DUCE) community on selected NCDs. A cross sectional study was conducted to assess knowledge, attitudes and practices on selected NCDs. The study involved both students and staff at the DUCE. …

Africa In Our Century: Proceedings Of The 2022 Global Voices Symposium, Julius A. Amin

Proceedings: 2022 Global Voices on the University of Dayton Campus

Full proceedings of the 2022 Global Voices Symposium

Perceived Barriers To Learning Process Of Rural-Based Female Students At The Open University Of Tanzania, Lulu Simon Mahai

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

This paper explores the perceived barriers to learning among rural-based female students studying through open and distance learning (ODL) mode in Tanzania. Specifically, it seeks to determine the perceived barriers hindering rural-based female students from active learning. A qualitative research approach informed the study using a single case study research design. Purposive and convenience sampling procedures were used to obtain 20 participants. Data was generated through semi-structured interviews, non-participant observations, and documentary reviews; and was analysed thematically. Findings show that female students in rural locations experience institutional, dispositional and situational barriers, which challenge their learning process. Moreover, the low level …

The Covid-19 Pandemic: Exploring E-Learning Experience During Schools Closure In Tanzania, Fabian Gallus Mahundu

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

of parents and guardians in supporting their children’s e-learning activities during the COVID-19 lockdown in Tanzania. The study adopted an exploratory qualitative research design. Data were collected using telephone interviews and open-ended questions (using google forms), which inquired parents’ and guardians’ experience in supporting home based e-learning activities among students during the COVID-19 lockdown. The paper argues that giving students free access to online learning materials during COVID-19 lockdowns is paramount. However, parents’ and guardians’ support through sharing one’s phones must be monitored to safeguard learners from accessing irrelevant materials. Findings show that parents and guardians had different experiences in …

The Construction Of Masculinities: Bodaboda Operators And Secondary Schoolgirls’ Pregnancies In Vwawa, Mbozi District, Tanzania, Rosemarie N. Mwaipopo

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

This study examines the influence of the construction of masculinities on the prevalence of secondary schoolgirl pregnancies in Vwawa, Mbozi district, Tanzania. The objective was to understand how the constructions of masculinities in some communities perpetuated certain behaviours that impacted on the human rights of female youth. The study used a qualitative approach and engaged both female and male participants in in-depth interviews (IDIs), focus group discussions (FGDs), informal talks, and observations. Key findings illustrate how masculinities are constructed through a shared process, influenced by wider social transformations, and reflect the prevailing socio-cultural contexts. In this case, the masculinities assumed …

The Status Of Counselling Services For Students With Visual Impairments In Tanzanian Universities, Batista Francis Mgumba

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

This article assesses the extent to which counselling services address the special needs of students with visual impairments in Tanzanian universities. The objectives are to: (i) analyse supportive counselling services available for handling social-psychological and educational problems facing students with visual impairments; and (ii) assess the extent to which the available counselling services are capable of addressing social-psychological and educational needs of students with visual impairments. To a great extent, the study was informed by the solution-focused therapy; the cognitive-behavioural therapy; and by the sensory integration therapy. The research employed a multiple case study design with a qualitative approach. Three …