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2022

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The Assessment Of Movement Demands And Neuromuscular Fatigue In Female Softball Players, Kathryn Cardwell Jan 2022

The Assessment Of Movement Demands And Neuromuscular Fatigue In Female Softball Players, Kathryn Cardwell

Theses: Doctorates and Masters

Softball has experienced an increase in worldwide popularity over the last 15 years, and it is expected to rise following the reinstatement of softball as an Olympic sport in 2021. Previous softball research has primarily focused on the biomechanical characteristics of its athletes. However, there is a current lack of research concerning the movement demands occurring in gameplay and the development of neuromuscular fatigue in softball players during sportspecific movements, training sessions, or in competition play. Prior research has demonstrated that a majority of power generated during a bat swing or overhand throw comes from the lower body, with the …


Unlocking The Functional Potential Of Polyploid Yeasts, Simone Mozzachiodi, Kristoffer Krogerus, Brian Gibson, Alain Nicolas, Gianni Liti Jan 2022

Unlocking The Functional Potential Of Polyploid Yeasts, Simone Mozzachiodi, Kristoffer Krogerus, Brian Gibson, Alain Nicolas, Gianni Liti

Research Outputs: 2025-Present

Breeding and domestication have generated widely exploited crops, animals and microbes. However, many Saccharomyces cerevisiae industrial strains have complex polyploid genomes and are sterile, preventing genetic improvement strategies based on breeding. Here, we present a strain improvement approach based on the budding yeasts’ property to promote genetic recombination when meiosis is interrupted and cells return-to-mitotic-growth (RTG). We demonstrate that two unrelated sterile industrial strains with complex triploid and tetraploid genomes are RTG-competent and develop a visual screening for easy and high-throughput identification of recombined RTG clones based on colony phenotypes. Sequencing of the evolved clones reveal unprecedented levels of RTG-induced …


The Structure, Constraints, And Suggestions Of The Indian Medical Textile Product Industry With A Focus On Fabric Manufacturers, Poonam Parab Jan 2022

The Structure, Constraints, And Suggestions Of The Indian Medical Textile Product Industry With A Focus On Fabric Manufacturers, Poonam Parab

Open Access Master's Theses

Medical textiles are specialty fabrics and products doctors, nurses, and other healthcare workers use. These include bandages, surgical gowns, hospital sheets, artificial hearts, and hernia meshes. India has been a global textile manufacturing hub and has recently shifted its focus to medical textile/ textile products. However, there is no clear understanding of the basic structure of the Indian medical textile product industry related types of companies involved and their interactions with each other. The information about the industry needs to include categorization and depth, and there is no value chain-related information. A well-integrated value chain improves efficiency and effectiveness, which …


Angler’S Sense Of Place As An Indicator For Perceptions Of Vulnerability And Life Satisfaction Relative To Shifting Stock Distributions, Elizabeth Conley Jan 2022

Angler’S Sense Of Place As An Indicator For Perceptions Of Vulnerability And Life Satisfaction Relative To Shifting Stock Distributions, Elizabeth Conley

Open Access Master's Theses

Geographic locations are a fundamental aspect to human life, but their impact on well-being is seldom accounted for and often not formally considered within assessment frameworks to monitor at-risk coastal communities. Climate change continues to warm ocean waters and cause fish stocks to redistribute to untraditional locations, prompting changes in angler behavior and destabilizing the connection they have built with particular places in order to fish successfully. This research evaluates recreational angler’s sense of place in NY, CT, and RI, as an indicator to assess perceptions of vulnerability and life satisfaction in relation to shifting fish stock distributions through a …


Translation And Validation Of Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cell Proteomic Targets In Liver And Lung Tumors, Justin Trickett Jan 2022

Translation And Validation Of Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cell Proteomic Targets In Liver And Lung Tumors, Justin Trickett

Open Access Master's Theses

Advancements in technology have made possible the development of highly personalized and efficacious medicines. Various forms of immunotherapy have demonstrated clinical utility in the treatment of blood-based cancers (e.g., leukemia, lymphoma, etc.). Cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of solid tumors can suppress the immune response of T cells, therefore hindering the efficacy of T-cell immunotherapies. Consequently, a growing number of studies are investigating methods of modulating the TME for improving immunotherapeutic outcomes in this context. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are one such cell responsible for diminishing the activity of immune cells by secreting immunosuppressive cytokines. Recent studies show that …


Foundation And Structural Dynamics Of The Block Island Wind Farm, Maeve Clare Story Jan 2022

Foundation And Structural Dynamics Of The Block Island Wind Farm, Maeve Clare Story

Open Access Master's Theses

Even with growing interest in developing an offshore wind industry off the east coast of the United States, there is little publicly available data for offshore wind structures. Combined with the wealth of knowledge in the US from the oil and gas industry, data from an offshore wind farm off the east coast could provide invaluable information for validating or updating policy as this new industry forms. The objective of this research was to compare the predictions of foundation and structural dynamics of the Block Island Wind Farm (BIWF) to measured values obtained from an on-going structural health monitoring program …


First Destination Survey 2022: For Degrees Awarded December 2021-August 2022, Hart Career Center, Illinois Wesleyan University Jan 2022

First Destination Survey 2022: For Degrees Awarded December 2021-August 2022, Hart Career Center, Illinois Wesleyan University

First Destination Survey

[from the email sent by Warren Kistner]

The Hart Career Center is responsible for producing an annual First Destination (graduate) survey that tracks the post-graduate activity of our students within a six-month window of commencement. Following this collection period, we work to produce a report that provides our university community with vital information about the success of our graduates and allows us to address questions posed by prospective students and families. I am pleased to share our report for the class of 2022. Based on data obtained for 88.1% of our graduates, 97.3% are either employed or in graduate/professional school …


Radical Rhetoric And The Syrian Revolution: Toward A Telos Of Solidarity, Noor Ghazal Ghazal Aswad Jan 2022

Radical Rhetoric And The Syrian Revolution: Toward A Telos Of Solidarity, Noor Ghazal Ghazal Aswad

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

Transnational rhetorical scholarship has yet to enact solidarity with the subaltern. “Inclusionary” efforts have actively excluded what I term the “radical subject,” the subject revolting against repressive hegemonic forces to achieve liberatory change in society. As an intervention, this dissertation conceptualizes the Syrian revolution as a rhetorical performance which enacts a theory of its own agency and possibilities, an expression of a liberatory moment where radical subjects rose from under an authoritarian regime’s historic rule. Within this rhetorical performance, the radical subject serves as the chief protagonist, a subject whose rhetoric is informative of both practice and theory. The Syrian …


Consumers' Adoption Of Connected And Autonomous Vehicles (Cavs) Based On Their Social Network, Ishant Sharma Jan 2022

Consumers' Adoption Of Connected And Autonomous Vehicles (Cavs) Based On Their Social Network, Ishant Sharma

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

The recent advancements in communication, digital, and automobile technologies have the potential to revolutionize the transport sector, especially the way we travel. Such advancements include the advent of mobility-on-demand services, electric and connected, and autonomous vehicles (CAVs). Recent research indicates their imminent market penetration, but their widespread consumer adoption is still uncertain because of several anticipated barriers like giving up conventional vehicles, safety concerns, accident liability problems, cybersecurity issues, and many more. A potential consumer’s decision to purchase a vehicle is greatly influenced from information received from multiple sources, especially peer-to-peer communication. To the best of our knowledge, limited studies …


Mask On, F*Ck It, Mask Off: Assessing The Role That Hip-Hop Plays In The Identity Development Of Young Black Professionals, Re'sean James Jetson Jan 2022

Mask On, F*Ck It, Mask Off: Assessing The Role That Hip-Hop Plays In The Identity Development Of Young Black Professionals, Re'sean James Jetson

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

Young Black professionals are faced with unique challenges in navigating their ethnic and professional identities, especially in the workplace. They are underrepresented in high-status professional jobs and often assume they must adhere to behavioral and linguistic norms associated with the dominant culture in order to be accepted in predominately White workspaces. The process of adjusting one’s style of speech or behavior based on the social setting is known as code-switching. This study examined the experience of code-switching for young Black professionals in non-diverse workspaces with particular attention to the role of Hip-Hop. Hip-Hop has served as a tool for identity …


Understanding Anger And Psychosocial Functioning In A Sample Of Post-9/11 Veterans Using Ecological Momentary Assessment, Rebecca J. Zakarian Jan 2022

Understanding Anger And Psychosocial Functioning In A Sample Of Post-9/11 Veterans Using Ecological Momentary Assessment, Rebecca J. Zakarian

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

Anger is an important aspect of the negative emotion associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and difficulties with anger regulation are implicated in more severe PTSD trajectories as well as associated problems such as aggression perpetration. Anger is also known to erode social relationships and is implicated in poorer psychosocial functioning and having fewer close relationships. From a diagnostic conceptualization, anger is included in both the hyperarousal symptom cluster (e.g. irritability and angry reactions) and the negative alterations in cognitions and mood symptom cluster (e.g. negative emotions like anger, fear, shame, etc). Although anger is included in the diagnostic symptoms …


Attributes Of Organic Food Products: What Matters To The Us Consumers In Their Purchasing Decision?, Rohini Daraboina Jan 2022

Attributes Of Organic Food Products: What Matters To The Us Consumers In Their Purchasing Decision?, Rohini Daraboina

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

Green research in marketing is a rich field with multiple financial and brand implications to the firms and their stakeholders including consumers. This three-essay dissertation examines two important research streams in green marketing, organic food product attribute importance, and food safety transgressions. The first essay applies bibliometric methods to analyze the literature on green research in marketing. Based on the keyword analysis and literature review the essay identifies several gaps in green marketing research and offers potential research opportunities. Guided by the first essay’s insights, the second essay focuses on the relative importance of the organic food product attributes that …


Exploring Moderation Effects Of Humor Styles On The Relationship Between Racial And Ethnic Microaggressions And Work Volition In Black Working Men, Daniel Lattimore Jan 2022

Exploring Moderation Effects Of Humor Styles On The Relationship Between Racial And Ethnic Microaggressions And Work Volition In Black Working Men, Daniel Lattimore

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

This study examined the relationship between racial and ethnic microaggressions and work volition and whether humor styles moderated that relationship. Participants were 216 employed Black men who completed measures of work volition (WVS-V), racial and ethnic microaggressions (REMS-45), and humor styles (HSQ-32). Data were analyzed using Hayes’ PROCESS macro for SPSS (Model 1, moderation) and supported the hypothesis that racial and ethnic microaggressions (REMS) frequency were directly related to work volition. Aggressive humor style moderated the racial microaggression – work volition relationship such that using an aggressive humor style at high levels of microaggressions was associated with lower work volition. …


How I Got On (Or Off) The Wagon: Self-Identified Factors Contributing To Drinking Changes In A Diverse Emerging Adult Sample, Youkyung Hwangbo Jan 2022

How I Got On (Or Off) The Wagon: Self-Identified Factors Contributing To Drinking Changes In A Diverse Emerging Adult Sample, Youkyung Hwangbo

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

Introduction: Binge drinking is a risk factor for the development of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD), which can result in chronic and severe health and social problems throughout adulthood (Addolorato et al., 2018; Olsson et al., 2016). The majority of emerging adults who report binge drinking gradually decrease their drinking behavior without participating in an intervention. Research on “maturing out” or “natural recovery” suggests that social and role transition variables contribute to reductions, but relatively few studies have directly asked diverse community-residing young adults about factors that influence both increases and decreases in their drinking patterns. This exploratory and descriptive research …


Technology Entrepreneurship: Two Essays On Success Of New Technology Ventures, Prajakta Kolte Jan 2022

Technology Entrepreneurship: Two Essays On Success Of New Technology Ventures, Prajakta Kolte

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

The first essay investigates the relationship between corporate investors’ organizational capabilities and technology ventures innovation. We hypothesize that CVC investment can give ventures access to external capabilities to enhance their innovation outcome. We focus on investors’ marketing capabilities and R& D capabilities and empirically examine how they impact the innovation outcome of new ventures. Furthermore, we investigate the moderating impact of board representation, business proximity and geographic proximity between the dyad (i.e., venture and CVC investor firm) on the performance impact of CVC investors’ capabilities. Our empirical results indicate that CVC investor firms’ MK and RD capabilities positively impact the …


Smiting All Foreigners, Subduing All Lands: A Diachronic Study Of Iconographic, Textual, And Ideological Antecedents Of New Kingdom Triumph Scenes, Rebekah Anne Vogel Jan 2022

Smiting All Foreigners, Subduing All Lands: A Diachronic Study Of Iconographic, Textual, And Ideological Antecedents Of New Kingdom Triumph Scenes, Rebekah Anne Vogel

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

Egyptian New Kingdom triumph scenes, perhaps one of the most recognizable motifs in Egyptian art, adorned the exteriors of temple complexes and depicted the king smiting his enemies and receiving lines of bound toponyms representing subjugated foreign peoples and places. These scenes have often been studied for their relevance to historical geography as well as the military, imperial, and foreign relations history of Egypt. This study approaches New Kingdom triumph scenes instead as composite ideological motifs that deliberately combined specific iconographic and textual elements in a display of royal victory. It identifies the constituent elements of the motif, traces their …


Estimation Of Hydraulic Conductivity From Injection Tests Using Mini-Piezometers With Drilled-Hole Screens, Bisesh Joshi Jan 2022

Estimation Of Hydraulic Conductivity From Injection Tests Using Mini-Piezometers With Drilled-Hole Screens, Bisesh Joshi

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

Cost- and time-effective injection methods using mini-piezometers are widely used in hyporheic research for estimating hydraulic conductivity (K). To check the performance of a range of mini-piezometer screens with drilled holes, we simulated constant-head injection tests in a uniform, isotropic streambed, using a specially designed laboratory apparatus. Applying accepted methods by Hvorslev and Cardenas & Zlotnik, with subsequent modifications, we studied the effects of screen length, hole diameter, and hole spacing on the shape factor (F), and thus on the estimated K. We also investigated the nature of the injected flow by studying the spatial distribution of piezometric head within …


Quantum Mechanical Analysis Of Proton-Electron Systems Using Fourier Method, Luis Antonio Rey Caldera Jan 2022

Quantum Mechanical Analysis Of Proton-Electron Systems Using Fourier Method, Luis Antonio Rey Caldera

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

Proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) occurs in many different types of chemical reactions. PCET involves the transfer of protons and electrons from one location to another. It is involved in both organic and inorganic chemistry in systems such as those of photosynthesis, metabolism, and respiration. The theoretical formulations of PCET reactions are founded on the theoretical treatment of electron transfer. These reactions lie on a spectrum from hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) to multiple-site couple proton-electron transfer (MS-CPET). The properties that any given reaction has can be quantified with the use of a potential energy surface (PES). The specific geometry of the …


An Assemblage Of Becomings: Affective Connections Between Spiritual Experience And Objects, Clarie Jo Koehn Jan 2022

An Assemblage Of Becomings: Affective Connections Between Spiritual Experience And Objects, Clarie Jo Koehn

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

This study follows the affects that flow between spiritual experience, humans, and objects and conjure transformations of subjectivity. Informed by affect theory and Deleuze and Guattari’s concept of becoming, I used postqualitative methods to interview six women and femmes about their spiritual experiences, the objects associated with their experiences, and the shifts in selfhood that their experience-object assemblages produced. Transcription and analysis was led by affect, involving attunement to hot spots that served as jumping off points for writing stories connecting participant to participant and participant to researcher. Analyses revealed the presence of affect in relation to objects that serve …


Essays On The Relationship Between Corporate Sociopolitical Activism, Shareholder Wealth, And Consumer-Based Brand Equity, Courtney B. Peters Jan 2022

Essays On The Relationship Between Corporate Sociopolitical Activism, Shareholder Wealth, And Consumer-Based Brand Equity, Courtney B. Peters

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

Corporate sociopolitical activism (CSA) is a growing phenomenon among today’s business environment. Corporate sociopolitical activism occurs when organizations or actors on behalf of the organization release a public statement or take a visible action related to a bipartisan issue. This two-essay dissertation evaluates the impacts of corporate sociopolitical activism on key stakeholders of the organization—investors and consumers. The first essay uses an event study analysis coupled with a cross-sectional regression to analyze the impacts of CSA on shareholder wealth through the lens of signaling theory. The results indicate that, on average, CSA negatively impacts shareholder wealth. Different from prior literature, …


Contributions Toward Urinary Carbon Dioxide Monitoring: Sensor Development, Validation, And Utilization, James Gilbert Atherton Jan 2022

Contributions Toward Urinary Carbon Dioxide Monitoring: Sensor Development, Validation, And Utilization, James Gilbert Atherton

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

The measurement of urinary CO2 (U-CO2) may provide timely recognition of changes in the microcirculatory status of patients, which may correlate better with the prognosis of a patient in septic shock than traditional measures like mean arterial pressure (MAP). We describe the development of a U-CO2 measurement system with a miniature planar CO2 probe that could be used to evaluate the relationship between U-CO2, the microcirculation, and patient outcome. Features of the probe like gas permeable membrane material and thickness, as well as inner hydrogel bicarbonate concentration and volume, are optimized. Parameters of the system, including sample chamber size and …


Preservice And First-Year Teachers’ Intention To Use And Actual Use Of Technology-Enabled Learning: A Case Study, Jessica Herring Watson Jan 2022

Preservice And First-Year Teachers’ Intention To Use And Actual Use Of Technology-Enabled Learning: A Case Study, Jessica Herring Watson

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

The purpose of this qualitative, embedded single case study was to provide a rich description and explore the unique development and evolution of preservice teachers’ intention to use and actual use of technology-enabled learning (TEL) during student teaching and first-year teaching. The study followed four middle level education majors at a mid-size public teaching university in the southeastern United States over the course of the 2021 calendar year, during their student teaching experience (Spring 2021) and into their first semester as novice teachers (Fall 2021). Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) guided this qualitative inquiry. Interviews, observations, and analysis of …


David Dinkins And New York City, 1989-1993: Political Coalition Building And Governance At The Dawn Of The Age Of Identity Politics, James J. Barney Jan 2022

David Dinkins And New York City, 1989-1993: Political Coalition Building And Governance At The Dawn Of The Age Of Identity Politics, James J. Barney

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

Charting the rise and fall of New York City’s first African American mayor, David Dinkins, this study provides insight into the complexities of governing and coalition-building in New York City during the culture wars of the 1980s and 1990s. The rise of both identity and conservative politics shaped New York City during Dinkins’s 1989–1993 administration. Dinkins skillfully built a diverse and multiracial political coalition that first unseated three-term mayor Ed Koch in a Democratic primary and then beat Rudy Giuliani in the general election of 1989, only to see the coalition disintegrate in the following years. Dinkins’s rise and fall …


The Role Of Skeletal Muscle Intrinsic Clock On The Development And Progression Of Cancer Cachexia, Jason Lin Jan 2022

The Role Of Skeletal Muscle Intrinsic Clock On The Development And Progression Of Cancer Cachexia, Jason Lin

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

Cancer cachexia is a chronic wasting disorder characterized by severe loss of skeletal muscle that affects approximately 80% of cancer patients. Altered rest-activity is a hallmark of circadian disruption and is often seen in cachectic patients. It is unknown how skeletal muscle clock gene expression is altered with the progression of cachexia. We investigated skeletal muscle clock gene expression during cachexia. Tissue from ApcMin/+ mice (MIN) were harvested in the morning and evening and were analyzed for clock gene expression. Per 2 and Per 3 increased expression in the evening. Rev-ERBα showed decreased expression in BL – 6 mice in …


A New Look At Student Engagement Theory: Describing The Role Social Media Plays In Student Engagement, Mary Katherine Tyler Jan 2022

A New Look At Student Engagement Theory: Describing The Role Social Media Plays In Student Engagement, Mary Katherine Tyler

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

The problem that this research will address is that the current generation of college students, Gen Z, are using social media and digital technology to connect with their peers, create community and engage with their university like no generation before them. In addition to this, student affairs professionals fall largely into the Millennial Generation or Gen X, who did not grow up as digital natives (Prensky, 2001) and thus have a very different relationship with social media. The purpose of this qualitative multiple descriptive case study research design, using the framework designed by Yin (2014), is to describe student engagement …


The Synesthesia Suite: The Color Pieces Of Andy Akiho, Jessica Marie Williams Jan 2022

The Synesthesia Suite: The Color Pieces Of Andy Akiho, Jessica Marie Williams

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

The purpose of this dissertation is to discuss the contributions to steel pan literature by Andy Akiho, a biographical sketch of him, and to create a performance practice of his Synesthesia Suite. Information regarding the other types of steel pans—double seconds, double tenors, cellos/cello guitars, and basses—will be addressed briefly, such as the ease or difficulty performing the Synesthesia Suite on these instruments. Nonetheless, the C-lead tenor pan will be the primary instrument discussed in this document. This dissertation will also examine the experiences that Andy Akiho has with his form of synesthesia and how it has influenced his compositional …


Development And Characterization Of A Lateral Localization Post-Processing Algorithm Using Multiple Receive Apodizations, Omar Tariq Yunis Jan 2022

Development And Characterization Of A Lateral Localization Post-Processing Algorithm Using Multiple Receive Apodizations, Omar Tariq Yunis

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

Ultrasound localization microscopy (ULM) is a super-resolution vascular imaging technique that tracks the position of individual circulating microbubbles over time. Conventional ULM methods fit a gaussian distribution to a coarsely-pixelated brightness image of a microbubble, and assume the microbubble's position is the mean. In this work, we developed alternative algorithms to precisely and accurately estimate the location of a microbubble by considering multiple even and odd receive apodization profiles applied to channel RF data. These receive apodization profiles each yield a point spread function with a unique lateral character, enabling intra-beam determination of a scatterer's location. Algorithms were refined and …


(Re)Defining Our Stories: A Narrative Study Of Black Women’S Experiences Of Mental Health And Spiritual Healing, Chanda Michelle Lee Dunn Jan 2022

(Re)Defining Our Stories: A Narrative Study Of Black Women’S Experiences Of Mental Health And Spiritual Healing, Chanda Michelle Lee Dunn

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

The unique healing and coping perspectives of Black women that have been silenced and traditionally left out of education and mental health offer diverse, unique, and critical understanding of healing and mental health that has not been considered in the past. The purpose of this study was to describe the lived experiences of Black women’s mental health and methods of spiritual healing from intersecting oppressions. The research questions that guided this study were centered on identifying how Black women understand and narrate their experiences of mental health, the role of misrepresentations on Black women’s mental health, and the methods of …


Automatic Detection Of Shockable Rhythms In Aed From Imbalanced Ecg Dataset Using Ec-Wcgan, Kamana Dahal Jan 2022

Automatic Detection Of Shockable Rhythms In Aed From Imbalanced Ecg Dataset Using Ec-Wcgan, Kamana Dahal

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA) is one of the global health issues causing high mortality. Hence, timely and agile detection of such arrests and immediate defibrillation support to the victim is of the utmost importance. An Automated External Defibrillator (AED) is a medical device that provides defibrillation support to patients suffering from SCA. AED is typically used to restore a normal heart rhythm during cardiac arrest. AED implements the machine learning (ML) or deep learning (DL)-based approach to detect whether the patient needs an electric shock or not and then automates the electric shock to the SCA victims through the chest …


The Thin Blue Line Between Virtue And Vice: Confronting The Moral Harms Of Policing, G. Alex Sinha Jan 2022

The Thin Blue Line Between Virtue And Vice: Confronting The Moral Harms Of Policing, G. Alex Sinha

Hofstra Law Faculty Scholarship

Scholarship on policing has exploded in recent years as bystanders increasingly record and circulate videos of police brutality, much of it directed at civilians of color. These incidents have invited significant attention on the culture of police departments and police unions, generating widespread calls for the reform or even the abolition of police forces. The traditional considerations at the center of these debates include the practical challenges to enacting reforms, the expected efficacy of proposed changes for curtailing abuses, and the possible costs of these changes (whether measured in dollars or crime rates). The moral premises that are inherently embedded …