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2022

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Famaid: A Tool For Aiding People With Disability, Mohamad Maad, Ahmad Owaydate, Mohammad Kojok, Firas Aboudaher, Layal Abu Daher, May Itani Dec 2022

Famaid: A Tool For Aiding People With Disability, Mohamad Maad, Ahmad Owaydate, Mohammad Kojok, Firas Aboudaher, Layal Abu Daher, May Itani

BAU Journal - Science and Technology

People with disabilities suffer from discrimination and obstacles that restrict them from participating in society on an equal basis with others every day. They are deprived of their rights to be included in ordinary school systems and even in the work market. In the process of raising awareness, facilitating dailyroutines, and developing guidance, the idea of assisting such people with handy tools/software arose and was implemented in the FamAid tool. FamAid offers people with hearing disability the opportunity to be engaged in the society through many facilities. In this work, we implemented a web application that serves as a community …


Congenital Giant Juvenile Xanthogranuloma, Let It Be, Michael Carletti, Daniel A. Nguyen, Joseph S. Susa, Stephen E. Weis Dec 2022

Congenital Giant Juvenile Xanthogranuloma, Let It Be, Michael Carletti, Daniel A. Nguyen, Joseph S. Susa, Stephen E. Weis

HCA Healthcare Journal of Medicine

Juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG) is a rare type of non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis. JXGs are benign and have a self-limiting course generally lasting 6 months to 3 years, with some reported durations longer than 6 years. We present a rarer congenital giant variant, defined as lesions with a diameter larger than 2 cm. It is uncertain if the natural history of giant xanthogranulomas is similar to the usual JXG. We followed a 5-month-old patient with a 3.5 cm in diameter, histopathologically-confirmed, congenital, giant JXG located on the right side of her upper back. The patient was seen every 6 months for 2.5 …


The Made And The Made-Up, Steven L. Winter Walter S. Gibbs Distinguished Professor Of Constitutional Law Dec 2022

The Made And The Made-Up, Steven L. Winter Walter S. Gibbs Distinguished Professor Of Constitutional Law

Law Faculty Research Publications

Truth is an ethical relation. Facts, whether descriptions of the physical world or of historical events, are necessarily mediated by our frames of reference. This contingency opens a space for disagreement that cannot be adjudicated by an absolute standard of truth. For those seeking power or profit, the temptation to exploit this state of undecidability is strong. When many question the institutions that broker meaning – science, the professions, the media – rumors, misinformation, deliberate distortions and falsehoods all proliferate. In the digital age, the ‘made’ is swiftly supplanted by the made-up. The remedy for this predicament is not technological …


22 Days Left, Kelsi Otto Dec 2022

22 Days Left, Kelsi Otto

2022-23 Postcards

Postcard from Kelsi Otto during the Linfield University Semester Abroad Program, Fall 2022, at Hong Kong Baptist University.


Ham-Tmc Facts And Figures 2021-2022, Houston Academy Of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library, Houston Academy Of Medicine - Texas Medical Center Library Dec 2022

Ham-Tmc Facts And Figures 2021-2022, Houston Academy Of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library, Houston Academy Of Medicine - Texas Medical Center Library

Library Statistics

No abstract provided.


Historical Tsunami Observability For Izu–Bonin–Mariana Sources, Walter Szeliga, Rachelle Reisinger, Breanyn T. Macinnes Dec 2022

Historical Tsunami Observability For Izu–Bonin–Mariana Sources, Walter Szeliga, Rachelle Reisinger, Breanyn T. Macinnes

Geological Sciences Faculty Scholarship

The Izu–Bonin–Mariana Subduction System (IBM) is one of the longest subduction zones in the world with no instrumental history of shallow focus, great earthquakes (Mw > 8). Over the last 50 years, researchers have speculated on the reason for the absence of large magnitude, shallow seismicity on this plate interface, exploring factors from plate age to convergence rate. We approach the question from a different point of view: what if the IBM has hosted great earthquakes and no documentable evidence was left? To address the question of observability, we model expected tsunami wave heights from nine great earthquake scenarios on the …


Contents Dec 2022

Contents

Washington International Law Journal

No abstract provided.


Inclusion Of Visually Impaired And Deaf Students In Kenya: A Call For Action, Edwin O. Abuya, Jane W. Githinji Dec 2022

Inclusion Of Visually Impaired And Deaf Students In Kenya: A Call For Action, Edwin O. Abuya, Jane W. Githinji

Washington International Law Journal

Drawing on field data, this Article reviews the experiences of visually impaired and deaf students (VIDS) in select universities in Kenya. The paper argues that, unlike able bodied students, these learners face discrimination in these institutions. The Article focuses on three spaces where VIDS are excluded: the admission process, the learning, and the examination environments. To counter the unfair treatment, the paper proposes three solutions that VIDS and stakeholders should consider. These are consistent with legal requirements on access to education by VIDS. Firstly, course instructors should be robustly engaged with. Further, universities should provide adequate and timely information should …


The Mutual Legal Assistance Regime In Afghanistan: Assessing Compliance With International Law And Exposing Loopholes (2001-2021), Abdul M. Hazim Dec 2022

The Mutual Legal Assistance Regime In Afghanistan: Assessing Compliance With International Law And Exposing Loopholes (2001-2021), Abdul M. Hazim

Washington International Law Journal

To constrain transnational crime effectively and strengthen mutual legal assistance mechanisms among member states, the United Nations adopted four Suppression Conventions: the Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988, the 1999 UN International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, the 2003 UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, and the 2005 UN Convention against Corruption. Ratified globally, these conventions contain many similar or identical mutual legal assistance obligations and non-mandatory measures with which state parties either must or should comply. Afghanistan is a state party to all four UN Suppression Conventions.

This article …


Ethical Compatibility Of Socially Responsible Banking: Comparing The Japanese Main Bank System With The Usa, Kanji Kitamura Dec 2022

Ethical Compatibility Of Socially Responsible Banking: Comparing The Japanese Main Bank System With The Usa, Kanji Kitamura

School of Business: Faculty Publications and Other Works

Although the broad idea of socially responsible banking is widely accepted, no precise definition of ethical banking is available because of various ethical preferences. This paper develops the concept of ethical compatibility as a theoretical description of ethical banking. It offers a multi-level framework to illustrate the compatibility between the regional ethics and preferred forms of ethical banking prevalent in Japan and the USA. This paper first revisits the two paradigms of financial systems and examines the two types of business purposes as ethics. Drawing on the literature concepts, this study posits a conceptual framework demonstrating the compatibility between the …


Covidseq As Laboratory Developed Test (Ldt) For Diagnosis Of Sars-Cov-2 Variants Of Concern (Voc), Rob E. Carpenter, Vaibhav K. Tamrakar, Sadia Almas, Emily Brown, Rahul Sharma Dec 2022

Covidseq As Laboratory Developed Test (Ldt) For Diagnosis Of Sars-Cov-2 Variants Of Concern (Voc), Rob E. Carpenter, Vaibhav K. Tamrakar, Sadia Almas, Emily Brown, Rahul Sharma

Human Resource Development Faculty Publications and Presentations

Rapid classification and detection of SARS-CoV-2 variants have been critical in comprehending the virus's transmission dynamics. Clinical manifestation of the infection is influenced by comorbidities such as age, immune status, diabetes, and the infecting variant. Thus, clinical management may differ for new variants. For example, some monoclonal antibody treatments are variant-specific. Yet, a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved test for detecting the SARS-CoV-2 variant is unavailable. A laboratory-developed test (LDT) remains a viable option for reporting the infecting variant for clinical intervention or epidemiological purposes. Accordingly, we have validated the Illumina COVIDSeq assay as an LDT according to the …


Dangers Of Protectionism In Free Trade, Jacob Walker Dec 2022

Dangers Of Protectionism In Free Trade, Jacob Walker

Washington International Law Journal

The recent establishment of large mega-free trade agreements has led to the potential for the rapid economic development of nations through the inclusion of provisions that lower tariff rates on goods crossing borders. Some countries, such as India, have shied away from these agreements in favor of protectionist strategies, which has led to inconsistencies in treaty negotiations and economic decline. India used protectionist strategies as part of its domestic plan, which has led it to withdraw from free trade agreements and weakened its regional partnerships. This comment examines the Foreign Direct Investment flowing into India before and after its withdrawal …


The Potential Application Of Clitoria Ternatea For Cancer Treatment, Anita Purnamayanti, Krisyanti Budipramana, Marisca Evalina Gondokesumo Dec 2022

The Potential Application Of Clitoria Ternatea For Cancer Treatment, Anita Purnamayanti, Krisyanti Budipramana, Marisca Evalina Gondokesumo

Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

The Clitoria ternatea flower, known as bunga telang in Indonesia, is commonly mixed with food and beverages to provide a natural blue colour. Aside from its popular culinary use, it is a traditional medicine in Indonesia for diseases in the eyes, urinary tract and skin, as well as functioning as an anti-toxin. Furthermore, recent advances in science and technology have revealed that the C. ternatea flower contains a high level of polyphenol compounds that possess anticancer activity, including saponins, tannins, steroids, triterpenoids, kaempferol, and quercetin. This review aims to identify and analyse recent articles regarding the phytochemical activities of C. …


The Relationship Of Fixed Asset Revaluation To Perception Of Performance: Evaluation Of Tax Policy, Andi Darmawan, Andar Ramona Sinaga, Arie Wibowo Dec 2022

The Relationship Of Fixed Asset Revaluation To Perception Of Performance: Evaluation Of Tax Policy, Andi Darmawan, Andar Ramona Sinaga, Arie Wibowo

Jurnal Akuntansi dan Keuangan Indonesia

This study aimed to know the relationship between fixed asset revaluation and the perception of the company's performance in the future. This research can advise the government on the effect of fixed asset revaluation on company performance when the government repeats the policy of reducing fixed asset revaluation taxes during the economic recovery during the pandemic. The methodology used in this study was mixed methods research, which collected and analyzed qualitative and quantitative data. This research used primary data from focus group discussions (representatives of industrial entities, tax consulting practitioners, public accountants, regulators, and related authorities) and questionnaires distributed to …


Indonesian Halal Msme Open Innovation With Islamic Fintech Adoption, Muhammad Alfarizi, Ngatindriatun Ngatindriatun Dec 2022

Indonesian Halal Msme Open Innovation With Islamic Fintech Adoption, Muhammad Alfarizi, Ngatindriatun Ngatindriatun

Jurnal Akuntansi dan Keuangan Indonesia

The Fourth Industrial Revolution has led to the development of Islamic FinTech innovations to meet the needs of the Muslim community. This study analyzes the factors that determine the adoption of Sharia FinTech by halal MSME owners. The study utilized an exploratory method based on an online survey of halal MSME owners with 319 samples. The PLS-SEM analysis technique was chosen to prove the research hypothesis. This research finds that variables such as religiosity, Islamic financial literacy, and perception of risk affect the intention to adopt Islamic FinTech. The UTAUT2 variable has a positive effect on knowledge of Sharia FinTech …


Analysis Of Tourism Destinations Of Hok Lay Kiongtemple And The Impact For The Community, Aditya Noegroho, Budiman Mahmud Musthofa Dec 2022

Analysis Of Tourism Destinations Of Hok Lay Kiongtemple And The Impact For The Community, Aditya Noegroho, Budiman Mahmud Musthofa

Journal of Indonesian Tourism and Policy Studies

The existence of the tourism sector is closely related to the SDGs or Sustainable Development Goals (sustainable development). The number of tourist visits is one element that can ensure an increase in the economic contribution of tourism. Researchers are interested in knowing the analysis of Hok Lay Kiong temple tourist destinations in Bekasi City using the theory of attractions, accessibility, amenities and ancillary and their impact on local residents. The method applied in this research is a qualitative descriptive method. Research shows that accessibility to get to Hok Lay Kiong Temple can be reached easily by using the K02, K05, …


The Analysis Of Diabetes Self-Management Implementation On Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Protocol For Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis, Zhafirah Salsabila, Amal C. Sjaaf Dec 2022

The Analysis Of Diabetes Self-Management Implementation On Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Protocol For Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis, Zhafirah Salsabila, Amal C. Sjaaf

Jurnal Ekonomi Kesehatan Indonesia

Diabetes is the fourth leading cause of death in the world. Ninety percent of the world's DM cases are dominated by type 2. International Diabetes Federation predicted the incidence and mortality rate of diabetes are increasing by 2045. Diabetes causes macrovascular complications that contribute to cardiovascular death, and microvascular which a risk factor for blindness, lower-extremity amputation, kidney failure, and death. One of the efforts to control complications from diabetes is done through diabetes self-management consists of education, medical nutrition therapy, pharmacological therapy, and physical exercise. The main purpose of implementing DSM is that patients can prevent or slow the …


Indonesian Language Term Extraction Using Multi-Task Neural Network, Joan Santoso, Esther Irawati Setiawan, Fransiskus Xaverius Ferdinandus, Gunawan Gunawan, Leonel Hernandez Collantes Dec 2022

Indonesian Language Term Extraction Using Multi-Task Neural Network, Joan Santoso, Esther Irawati Setiawan, Fransiskus Xaverius Ferdinandus, Gunawan Gunawan, Leonel Hernandez Collantes

Knowledge Engineering and Data Science

The rapidly expanding size of data makes it difficult to extricate information and store it as computerized knowledge. Relation extraction and term extraction play a crucial role in resolving this issue. Automatically finding a concealed relationship between terms that appear in the text can help people build computer-based knowledge more quickly. Term extraction is required as one of the components because identifying terms that play a significant role in the text is the essential step before determining their relationship. We propose an end-to-end system capable of extracting terms from text to address this Indonesian language issue. Our method combines two …


Performance Of Ensemble Classification For Agricultural And Biological Science Journals With Scopus Index, Nastiti Susetyo Fanany Putri, Aji Prasetya Wibawa, Harits Ar Rosyid, Agung Bella Putra Utama, Wako Uriu Dec 2022

Performance Of Ensemble Classification For Agricultural And Biological Science Journals With Scopus Index, Nastiti Susetyo Fanany Putri, Aji Prasetya Wibawa, Harits Ar Rosyid, Agung Bella Putra Utama, Wako Uriu

Knowledge Engineering and Data Science

The ensemble method is considered an advanced method in both prediction and classification. The application of this method is estimated to have a more optimal output than the previous classification method. This article aims to determine the ensemble's performance to classify journal quartiles. The subject of agriculture was chosen because Indonesia is an agricultural country, and the interest of researchers in this field shows a positive response. The data is downloaded through the Scimago Journal and Country Rank with the accumulation in 2020. Labels have four classes: Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4. The ensemble applied is Boosting and Bagging with …


Associated Patterns In Open-Ended Concept Maps Within E-Learning, Didik Dwi Prasetya, Tsukasa Hirasama Dec 2022

Associated Patterns In Open-Ended Concept Maps Within E-Learning, Didik Dwi Prasetya, Tsukasa Hirasama

Knowledge Engineering and Data Science

A concept map is a diagram that visualizes the structure of individual cognitive knowledge. An approach to creating a concept map structure that allows users to contribute concepts and linkages that express their understanding freely is known as an "open-ended concept map." It has been demonstrated that an open-ended concept map accurately depicts student knowledge structures and reveals student differences. However, manually analyzing an open-ended map is difficult, time-consuming, and includes many propositions, especially in a big classroom. Educational data mining could be used to further process and analyze a collection of concept maps. However, many works attempted to employ …


Research Ethics And Institutional Review Boards In The Social Sciences Ador Revelar Torneo, Ador Revelar Torneo Dec 2022

Research Ethics And Institutional Review Boards In The Social Sciences Ador Revelar Torneo, Ador Revelar Torneo

Asia-Pacific Social Science Review

Many countries around the world are beset by the democratic recession, and Southeast Asia is no exception to that. Series of events show that Southeast Asian electoral democracies are receding back to full authoritarianism, and such a phenomenon requires academic attention to investigate its pattern. This paper explores the impact of Chinese patronage on Southeast Asian democracy and argues that its economic and normative support of autocrats enable the continuation of an authoritarian turn in Southeast Asia. Two cases of the Philippines and Cambodia unravel how Chinese patronage leads to autocrats’ disregard for liberal pressures. The logic is twofold. First, …


Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Intake, Abdominal Obesity, And Inflammation Among Us Adults Without And With Prediabetes—An Nhanes Study, Wei Ting Lin, Yu Hsiang Kao, Mirandy S. Li, Ting Luo, Hui Yi Lin, Chien Hung Lee, David W. Seal, Chih Yang Hu, Lei Shih Chen, Tung-Sung Tseng Dec 2022

Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Intake, Abdominal Obesity, And Inflammation Among Us Adults Without And With Prediabetes—An Nhanes Study, Wei Ting Lin, Yu Hsiang Kao, Mirandy S. Li, Ting Luo, Hui Yi Lin, Chien Hung Lee, David W. Seal, Chih Yang Hu, Lei Shih Chen, Tung-Sung Tseng

School of Public Health Faculty Publications

Excessive sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) consumption and abdominal obesity have been independently linked to numerous disorders, including diabetes and elevated C-reactive protein (CRP). This study aimed to explore the association between SSB intake, abdominal obesity, and inflammation in normal and prediabetic adults. Sugar intake from SSBs was calculated from 24-h dietary recalls and further classified into non-, medium-, and high-intake. The status of non- and prediabetes was identified based on hemoglobin A1c level. All analyses were performed under a survey module with appropriate sampling weights to control for the complex survey design. A total of 5250 eligible adults without diabetes were …


Main And Interactive Effects Of Mental Health, Parent Ethnic Socialization, Discrimination On Bipoc Teens' Ethnic Identity, Emily Takamasa, Ashley M. Fraser, Adam Rogers Dec 2022

Main And Interactive Effects Of Mental Health, Parent Ethnic Socialization, Discrimination On Bipoc Teens' Ethnic Identity, Emily Takamasa, Ashley M. Fraser, Adam Rogers

Undergraduate Honors Theses

Research would suggest that BIPOC (Black, Indigenous, People of Color) adolescents have the best developmental outcomes when strong, positive ethnic identity is acknowledged and embraced. This study investigated whether discrimination, internalizing symptomology, parent socialization, and/or interactions of these variables influenced adolescent ethnic identity, specifically in exploration, resolution, and affirmation to illuminate nuanced ways BIPOC youth can achieve positive ethnic identity. Recruited from third-party research panels, surveyed participants were adolescents (Mage = 15.28; 51.6% male) of diverse racial/ethnic groups and socioeconomic backgrounds from all regions of the U.S. Overall, the results showed that there were four significant main effects on ethnic …


Fruit And Vegetable Shopping Behavior And Intake Among Low-Income Minority Households With Elementary-Aged Children, Brittni N Metoyer, Ru-Jye Chuang, Minjae Lee, Christine Markham, Eric Brown, Maha Almohamad, Jayna M Dave, Shreela V Sharma Dec 2022

Fruit And Vegetable Shopping Behavior And Intake Among Low-Income Minority Households With Elementary-Aged Children, Brittni N Metoyer, Ru-Jye Chuang, Minjae Lee, Christine Markham, Eric Brown, Maha Almohamad, Jayna M Dave, Shreela V Sharma

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Low-income children and families do not meet the recommendations for fruit and vegetable (FV) intake. This study aimed to assess the association between FV shopping behavior and child FV intake through a cross-sectional study design analyzing self-reported surveys (n = 6074) from adult-child dyads of Hispanic/Latino and African American participants enrolled in the Brighter Bites co-op program. Through quantitative mixed effects linear regression models, accounting for school-level clustering and adjusting for covariates, child FV intake was positively associated with shopping for FV at large chain grocery stores (p < 0.001), natural/organic supermarkets (p < 0.001), warehouse club stores (p = 0.002), discount superstores (p < 0.001), small local stores/corner stores (p = 0.038), convenience stores (p = 0.022), ethnic markets (p = 0.002), farmers’ markets/co-op/school farm stands (p < 0.001), and gardens (p = 0.009) among Hispanic/Latinos participants. Among African American participants, there was significant positive association between child FV intake and shopping for FV at natural/organic supermarkets (p < 0.001), discount superstores (p = 0.005), and convenience stores (p = 0.031). The relationship between location and frequency of shopping for FV and child FV intake varied between races. Further research is needed to better understand the influence of cultural and physical environmental factors. Nutrition education programs are vital to encouraging families to make healthier food choices and purchases to improve child FV consumption.


Scoping Review: Patient Preference For Traditional Chinese Medicine (Tcm) In China, Min Wei, Mark Stephan Felix, Natthani Meemon Dec 2022

Scoping Review: Patient Preference For Traditional Chinese Medicine (Tcm) In China, Min Wei, Mark Stephan Felix, Natthani Meemon

Asia-Pacific Social Science Review

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is an important part of the medical and health system in China. However, an in-depth understanding of patients’ preferences and influencing factors for TCM services within China has yet to be explored in depth. Therefore, this scoping review aims to map out the relevant academic literature on the preferences and influencing factors of patients for TCM in China, identify relevant research gaps, and propose directions for future research in this area of knowledge. This scoping review adopted the protocol of the PRISMA-ScR. Searches in the PubMed, Science Direct, EMBASE, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases …


Domestic Terrorism Classification In The United States V. Canada And The United Kingdom, Michelle Hayek Dec 2022

Domestic Terrorism Classification In The United States V. Canada And The United Kingdom, Michelle Hayek

Brooklyn Journal of International Law

For the past two decades, discourse on terrorism (both global and domestic) has been commonplace throughout the international sphere. Following the attacks on September 11, 2001, many nations have followed suit in launching counterterrorism operations to identify and prevent attacks by both radical groups and lone actors. While the common narrative has focused on “why” terrorist actors commit heinous acts and “how” to best prevent future incidents from emerging, it is important to analyze the legal nuances between prosecuting domestic versus international terrorists. With the rise on “homegrown” domestic lone actors, nations have had to reevaluate and adapt counterterrorism statutes …


Influence Of Waist Circumference Measurement Site On Visceral Fat And Metabolic Risk In Youth, Sojung Lee, Yejin Kim, Minsub Han Dec 2022

Influence Of Waist Circumference Measurement Site On Visceral Fat And Metabolic Risk In Youth, Sojung Lee, Yejin Kim, Minsub Han

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

Although the rate of childhood obesity seems to have plateaued in recent years, the prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents remains high. Childhood obesity is a major public health concern as overweight and obese youth suffer from many co-morbid conditions once considered exclusive to adults. It is now well demonstrated that abdominal obesity as measured by waist circumference (WC) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and metabolic dysfunction in youth. Despite the strong associations between WC and cardiometabolic risk factors, there is no consensus regarding the optimal WC measurement sites to assess abdominal obesity and obesity-related health …


Introduction To Living In Languages: Volume 2, Andrew Brooks Dec 2022

Introduction To Living In Languages: Volume 2, Andrew Brooks

Living in Languages

No abstract provided.


Examining Early Elementary Computer Science Identity Repertoires Within A Curriculum: Implications For Epistemologically Pluralistic Identities, Eleanor Richard, Shakhnoza Kayumova Dec 2022

Examining Early Elementary Computer Science Identity Repertoires Within A Curriculum: Implications For Epistemologically Pluralistic Identities, Eleanor Richard, Shakhnoza Kayumova

Journal of Computer Science Integration

As computer science (CS) enters an increasing number of elementary classrooms, researchers must investigate the representations of what kinds of people are presented as doing computer science within CS curricula. In this paper, we explore a widely used, freely accessible, web-based, early elementary CS curriculum to examine the kinds of identity repertoires (behaviors, actions, skills, and socioemotional norms) that are promoted as representative of being/becoming a CS person. More specifically, we draw on identity studies and employ critical discourse analysis to examine how the kinds of norms and repertoires of CS practice made available in the curricular materials might construct …


The Bavarian Birthright: Dynasticism, Faith, And The Creation Of The Bavarian State In A Federated Empire, Nathan Ray Mauslein Dec 2022

The Bavarian Birthright: Dynasticism, Faith, And The Creation Of The Bavarian State In A Federated Empire, Nathan Ray Mauslein

History Theses, Dissertations, and Student Creative Activity

Over the course of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the Bavarian Wittelsbachs waged a war against their own estates, the encroachment of Protestantism, and checks on their own ducal and electoral power, at both the imperial and territorial levels. Through dynastic maneuvering the Wittelsbachs unified the whole of Bavaria under their banner and created an early modern bureaucratic state in order to aid in their rule. The creation of this system involved the creation of their own Counter Reformation system, state institutions, and an early modern bureaucracy to submit the territory to their will. The story of Bavaria’s state development …