Digital Commons Network^™

Understanding Gender Inequalities In Households: Anecdotal Encounters By Practitioners In Kenya And Tanzania, Nancy Njiraini, Amina N. Kamando

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

Women in developing countries face several challenges related to gender inequality through experiences in limited access to education, labour market, and finances. Deep rooted social and cultural practices often devalue the notion of being a woman, and create limitations for women’s life opportunities and personal empowerment. The overall objective of this paper is to reflect on ways of effectively engaging with informal settlement communities in Kenya and Tanzania, in a way that elicits information that is useful to the community and to research. The paper is part of a larger research project targeted at couples living in a household as …

Privacy, Confidentiality And Anonymity: Understandings From People Who Inject Drugs Enrolled In A Study Of Social Networks And Hiv Risk., Roberto Abadie, Celia Fisher, Kirk Dombrowski

Department of Sociology: Faculty Publications

No abstract provided.

Methods Of Educating Nursing Students On Proper Handwashing To Enhance Infection Control During The Covid Pandemic, Yulanda King

Doctor of Nursing Practice Projects

Background: Medical professionals have commonly been urged to use soap and water to sanitize their hands to prevent contamination and disease transmission. However, thorough handwashing requires a couple of minutes to clean hands thoroughly. Considering that health professionals must sanitize their hands' multiply times during a day, handwashing consumes a significant amount of time away from bedside care. Time spent away from patients may also result in a substantial decrease in the quality of healthcare services provided by the medical institution.

Purpose: This project evaluates the current policy and procedure for appropriate use of handwashing versus hand sanitizer in the …

Translation And Validation Of Training Needs Analysis Questionnaire Among Reproductive, Maternal And Newborn Health Workers In Tanzania, Tumbwene Mwansisya, Columba Mbekenga, Kahabi Isangula, Loveluck Mwasha, Eunice Pallangyo, Grace Edwards, James Orwa, Michaela Mantel, Micheal Mugerwa, Leonard Subi, Secilia Mrema, David Siso, Edna Selestine, Marleen Temmerman

School of Nursing & Midwifery, East Africa

Background: Continuous professional development (CPD) has been reported to enhance healthcare workers’ knowledge and skills, improve retention and recruitment, improve the quality of patient care, and reduce patient mortality. Therefore, validated training needs assessment tools are important to facilitate the design of effective CPD programs.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using self-administered questionnaires. Participants were healthcare workers in reproductive, maternal, and neonatal health (RMNH) from seven hospitals, 12 health centers, and 17 dispensaries in eight districts of Mwanza Region, Tanzania. The training needs analysis (TNA) tool that was used for data collection was adapted and translated into …

Knowledge And Practices Of Mothers About Diarrhea In Children Under Three Years Old In Heevi Pediatric Teaching Hospital In Duhok City, Omed S. Saadallah, Gulistan A. Saido

Polytechnic Journal

Background and Objectives: Diarrheal disease is the second important reason of death in children under 5 years old and is responsible for killing around 760,000 children every year. Diarrhea can last for several days and it can leave the body without the water and salts that are necessary for survival. Most people who die from diarrhea actually die from severe dehydration and fluid loss. The aim of this study is to assess the relationship between mother’s knowledge and their practice about diarrhea in children mother’s knowledge and their practice about diarrhea in children less than 3 years old in Heevi …

Overview: Politics And Technology Converge: Case Studies On The Effects Of Regulatory Reform On Vsat Adoption In Developing Countries, Emmanuel Adugu, Kwasi Boateng, D. Flournoy, Eric Gavua, Wencelous Kaswoswe, Miao Zhang

Online Journal of Space Communication

Developing countries are actively implementing satellite data networks, and have undertaken policy reforms to facilitate such networks. This research examines how regulatory changes have resulted in the removal of barriers relating to the deployment of access technologies and growth in connectivity, especially in VSAT installations for low cost Internet access. In addition, this research seeks to identify the socio-economic impact of emerging data network applications in government, business, health and education. In some cases, government offices have been the driver of change; in other cases, businesses have been the ones to initiate and press these developments forward.

Expired Carbon Dioxide During Newborn Resuscitation As Predictor Of Outcome, Kari Holte, Hege Ersdal, Claus Klingenberg, Joar Eilevstjønn, Hein Stigum, Samwel Jatosh, Hussein Kidanto, Ketil Størdal

Faculty of Health Sciences, East Africa

Aim:

To explore and compare expired CO2 (ECO2) and heart rate (HR), during newborn resuscitation with bag-mask ventilation, as predictors of 24-h outcome.

Methods:

Observational study from March 2013 to June 2017 in a rural Tanzanian hospital. Side-stream measures of ECO2, ventilation parameters, HR, clinical information, and 24-h outcome were recorded in live born bag-mask ventilated newborns with initial HR < 120 bpm. We analysed the data using logistic regression models and compared areas under the receiver operating curves (AUC) for ECO2 and HR within three selected time intervals after onset of ventilation (0-30 s, 30.1-60 s and 60.1-300 s).

Results:

Among 434 included newborns (median birth weight 3100 g), 378 were alive at 24 h, 56 had died. Both ECO2 and HR were independently significant predictors of 24-h outcome, with no differences in AUCs. In the first 60 s …

Spontaneous Fetal Reduction In Triplets And Prolongation Of Twin Pregnancy For 111 Days As An Outpatient: A Case Report, Davis Rubagumya,, Munawar Kaguta, Ernie Mdachi, Muzdalfat Abeid, Hussein Kidanto

Faculty of Health Sciences, East Africa

Background:

Multiple gestation has been on the rise because of advancement in assisted reproductive technology. Triplet pregnancy is associated with fetal loss and preterm birth as its major complications. Spontaneous triplet pregnancy is rare. In the case of fetal loss, delayed interval delivery has been used to achieve delivery of the retained fetuses. There is no common approach to delayed interval delivery. Case A 31-year-old East African lady with spontaneous triplet pregnancy presented to our institution at gestation age of 19 weeks with features of threatened miscarriage. One fetus was miscarried, and delayed interval delivery was done as an …

Strategic Capabilities And Success Of Food-Processing Firms In Tanzania, Esther Ishengoma, Goodluck Charles, Lettice Rutashobya

Business Management Review

This article identifies firms ' strategic capabilities in the food-processing industry and establishes the extent to which they influence firms ' success. Based on multinomial regression results drawn from the survey of 105 food-processing firms in Tanzania, it is evident that the leadership and vision of owner-managers was the most significant strategic capability irrespective of the firms ' degree of success. The results also indicate that applying superior technology, the owner-managers ' experience and level of education, engaging highly skilled and specialised employees, and the ability to access capital and sustain market growth were significant in distinguishing successful from poor …

User Participation Approach To Key Attributes Of E-Government Implementation In Developing Countries: A Case Of Tanzania, Sumaya M. Kagoya, Ulingeta O.L. Mbamba

Business Management Review

Many nations have adopted Information and Communication Technologies in a bid to involve citizens in electronic participation with its associated copious benefits mostly witnessed in developed countries. Despite the fact that innumerable scholars have explored numerous factors influencing e-government implementation, less have examined the influence of user-participation attributes and top management support in successful implementation of e-government in developing countries like Tanzania. Therefore, to bridge this knowledge gap, this study assessed key attributes for e-government implementation success in Tanzania from a user-participation perspective. Explicitly, it assessed e-government success using user-participation attributes, top management support, ICT infrastructure and IS attributes. Quantitative …

Adoption Of Cash Deposits Through Automated Teller Machines (Atms) By Banks In Tanzania: A Case Of Selected Commercial Banks In Dar Es Salaam, Filbert Mbogoro, Juma James Masele

Business Management Review

Cash deposits through Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) enable customers to ensure that the money they earn is kept safe without encountering any inconveniences. They also enable banks to increase income that can be used to generate credits to customers and generate profits to banks. This study was set to assess factors hindering commercial banks to adopt automatic cash deposit service using ATMs. Using the Transactions Cost Theory (TCT) and Technological, Organizational and Environmental (TOE) framework, three constructs were extracted and hypothesized as predictors for adoption of ATMs cash deposits. A multiple regression analysis was conducted to data gathered from 105 …

Situating Hiv/Aids Humanitarian Film In The National Cinema Culture Of Mozambique: Historical, Contemporary And Feminist Perspectives, Sebastián Andrés Suárez Hode

University Honors Theses

The HIV/AIDS epidemic in Mozambique has enabled a new wave of humanitarian cinema to develop as it seeks to educate and empower a population that has been adversely affected by the epidemic. Colonial-era patriarchal systems that persist have resulted in Mozambican women being disproportionately impacted by the virus, and humanitarian projects in turn use film as a vehicle for the exploration of Mozambican women’s subjectivities. Thus, these films have made for an especially feminist reconditioning of Mozambican national cinema culture. This essay will explore HIV/AIDS humanitarian cinema’s place within the larger discourse of Mozambican national cinema and will demonstrate how …

The Relationship Between Organizational Characteristics Variables And Management Accounting System Attributes In Manufacturing Firms, Geofrey Peter Kingazi, Henry Chalu, Ernest Kitindi

Business Management Review

This paper examines the relationship between organizational characteristics variable and Management Accounting System attributes in manufacturing firms. It basically focuses on how Management Accounting System (MAS) attributes help manufacturing firms in attaining their objectives by enhancing the scopes of decision making. The sample for this study was taken from five regions in Tanzania; Tanga, Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Morogoro and Dar es Salaam. These regions were selected because, compared to other regions in the country, they are thought to have a good network of manufacturing distribution. Besides, different MAS attributes of scope and integration information have been clarified to understand their impact …

Do Employees ' Perceptions On Interpersonal Trust And Work Engagement Differ Across Employee Groups?, Ismael Nkambwe, Theresia Dominic

Business Management Review

Employees who are emotionally connected to their work have a high level of interpersonal trust and are engaged in what they do. However, interpersonal trust and work engagement tend to vary with the employees ' years of work experience. This study seeks evidence on whether there is a significant difference in the level of interpersonal trust and work engagement basing on the years of experience an employee spends with an organization in developing countries like Uganda. To achieve this objective, the study uses two groups of employees; one with less than 6 years of work experience, and the other with …

Promoting Youth Employment Through Enterprise Development: Lessons From The Stryde Intervention, Lemayon L. Melyoki

Business Management Review

This paper presents insights drawn from the youth enterprise initiative called Strengthening Rural Youth Development through Enterprise (STRYDE). The intervention that took place in Mbeya region, Tanzania from 2015 to 2019 had targeted more than 10,000 youths. Its central assumption was that providing entrepreneurship training coupled with mentorship would empower the targeted youths to engage in entrepreneurship or secure paid jobs. This, paper, therefore, explores the outcomes of this intervention and the attendant process. Data was collected using focus group discussions involving 74 beneficiaries. Moreover, the study used semi-structured interviews conducted with project staff to collect additional data. Using an …

The Moderating Effect Of Professional Boards On The Influence Of External Audit Services On Ipsas Implementation In Tanzania: The Accountants ' Perspectives, Neema Kiura Mssusa, Henry Chalu, Sylvia Temu

Business Management Review

The study assessed accountants ' perspectives on the moderating effect of professional boards on the influence of external audit services on International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) implementation. IPSAS are standards used by Public Sector Entities (PSE) when preparing their financial statements. The objective of IPSAS is to improve the accountability of PSE. The objective of professional boards is to serve the public interest by ensuring competent practice within an occupation. The boards typically have substantial power, which enables them to impact knowledge to individual practitioners, members of the public, and the profession as a whole. Tanzania PSE started using …

Women’S Attitudes Towards Wife Beating And Its Connection With Intimate Partner Violence (Ipv): An Empirical Analysis Of A National Demographic And Health Survey Conducted In Pakistan, Muhammad Saud, Asia Ashfaq, Siti Mas'udah

Journal of International Women's Studies

Wife beating, a form of intimate partner violence that is used as a tool to correct wives’ behavior, is not acceptable in most parts of the world. Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a global health problem and is far more than a dilemma; it is a systemic form of abuse that is the third major cause of death around the world. Despite it being unacceptable in most parts of the world, in its different forms, wife beating is still a commonly practiced pattern of behavior that pervades all societies, patriarchal ones in particular. This is a problem in the patriarchal …

Intrahousehold Relationships And Decision-Making In Extended Households Of The Luguru Community, Kamille De Backer, Nathalie Holvoet, Mursali Milanzi

Journal of International Women's Studies

This article analyses intrahousehold decision-making in extended households of the matrilinear Luguru community in the Morogoro Region of Tanzania. Our research focuses on the participation of adult “extended” household members, mainly relatives such as in-laws, grandparents, and cousins, in household decision-making. It complements studies that conceptualise household decision-making as a bargaining process between two decision-makers. We explore whether factors such as age, education, life cycle and gender play a role in this process. As decision-making processes often vary depending on the decision-making area, we differentiate between seven broad decision-making fields which are relevant in their respective settings. Our study adopts …

Motherhood, Career Development And Modernization: Experiences Of Early Post-Colonial Tanzanian Women, Samwel Mhajida

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

This paper is about the evolution of early post-colonial women in Tanganyika and the dilemma they encountered in balancing between family obligations and growing up in professional career. To understand such contradicting options, the paper situates the discussion from the perspectives of women’s narratives gathered from the printed media of the early 1960s to mi-1960s. The paper uses interviews gathered during this time by media specialists, newspaper columnists, and fans of women’s life histories who wrote stories and narratives of young women of Tanganyika. Their target groups were middle-class women: teachers, secretaries, wives of renowned politicians, business women and social …

Awareness And Usage Of Online Journal Publishing Systems By University Academic Staff, Kelefa Mwantimwa, Evans Wema

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The extent to which academic staff and researchers are aware of and use online journal publishing systems to publish their work is not very well known. The present study examines awareness and use of online journal management and publishing systems by University of Dar es Salaam academic staff. A cross-sectional descriptive research design alongside a mixed research approach (i.e. quantitative and qualitative) was used to examine awareness and use of online journal publishing systems by the UDSM academic staff. Data gathered through questionnaires and interviews. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages helped to organise and summarise research data. The …

Professional Development Of Efl Teachers In Tanzania: Ubinafsi Or Ujamaa?, Ann E. Roemer

World Languages and Cultures Faculty Publications

This small descriptive study examined the professional development activities of English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers at a university in Tanzania, in particular their awareness of professional organizations such as the International Association of Teachers of English as a Foreign Language and TESOL International Association. Basing her inquiry on English language teaching as a community of practice, the researcher used a questionnaire, interviews, and personal observations. University lecturers were asked about their personal professional development practices, which represented the value of individualism (ubinafsi in Swahili), as well as their interest in becoming involved in professional organizations for EFL teachers, …

Clinical Presentations Associated With Adverse Outcomes Among Patients Admitted With Dengue At A Tertiary Hospital In Dar Es Salaam., Nakiganda John Mkasa

Master of Medicine in Family Medicine

Introduction Dengue is one of the most important mosquito viral borne infections caused by four viral serotypes (DENV 1-4). In 2019 WHO named dengue as among the top ten global threats due to an increase in the number of cases worldwide. Tanzania is among the countries in Africa with multiple outbreaks; 2010, 2013-2014, and 2019. Dengue has variable clinical presentations ranging from nonspecific such as fever, joint pain, and fatigue to more serious such as hemorrhage and shock. Dengue can result in adverse outcomes such as ICU admissions and prolonged hospital stays. Clinical presentations associated with adverse outcomes have been …

The Contribution Of Dysphagia To Acute Stroke Morbidity And Mortality In Nigeria: A Prospective Study, O O. Olajide, Philip Adebayo, F T. Taiwo, M O. Owolabi, A Ogunniyi

Faculty of Health Sciences, East Africa

Background:

The assessment of time-trend morbidity and mortality in acute stroke is critical to clinical policy decisions and resource allocation.

Objectives:

To determine the prevalence of dysphagia in acute stroke and the impact of dysphagia on short term stroke outcome (30 days post-stroke).

Methods:

This was a prospective longitudinal study. Bedside screening for dysphagia modified Rankin score (MRS) and Barthel Index (BI) were performed on acute stroke patients on day 1, day 7, day 14 and day 30 after stroke to determine the frequency of dysphagia. Patients with dysphagia were then compared with age- and gender-matched controls (stroke patients without …

Testicular Torsion Induced By Epididymo-Orchitis: A Case Report, Ali Akbar Zehri, Allyzain Ismail, Philip Adebayo, Authar Ali

Faculty of Health Sciences, East Africa

Introduction and importance:

Acute scrotum is considered a urological emergency requiring early intervention depending on the cause. There are multiple causes of acute scrotum with testicular torsion being the most feared as delayed treatment leads to testicular loss. However, differentiating between epididymo-orchitis and torsion can be very difficult.

Case presentation: We present a case of an 18-year old male patient with 2 separate episodes of acute scrotum. He had epididymo-orchitis as the first presentation followed by testicular torsion 5 days later. To our knowledge this is the first case of testicular torsion secondary to epididymo-orchitis.

Clinical discussion: Differentiating between epididymo-orchitis …

Using A Global Food Environment Framework To Understand Relationships With Food Choice In Diverse Low- And Middle-Income Countries, Shilpa V. Constantinides, Christopher Turner, Edward A. Frongillo Jr., Shiva Bhandari, Ligia I. Reyes, Christine E. Blake

Faculty Publications

This study aimed to determine if the Turner et al. (2018) framework allows researchers to identify and study relationships between food environments and individual food choice in diverse contexts and if updates to the framework are warranted. We mapped evidence from 15 drivers of food choice projects to the framework, using thematic analysis to identify common drivers within the food environment across countries and emergent characteristics not listed in the framework. The framework contained breadth and depth of content necessary to identify common drivers – prices and affordability, availability, and vendor and product properties. Insights regarding common drivers and emergent …

Predicting Range Shifts Of African Apes Under Global Change Scenarios, Joana S. Carvalho, Bruce Graham, Gaeelle Bocksberger, Fiona Maisels, Elizabeth A. Williamson, Serge Wich, Tenekwetche Sop, Bala Amarasekaran, Benjamin Barca, Abdulai Barrie, Richard A. Bergl, Christophe Boesch, Hedwige Boesch, Terry M. Brncic, Bartelijntje Buys, Rebecca Chancellor, Emmanuel Danquah, Osiris A. Doumbe, Stephane Y. Le-Duc, Anh Galat-Luong, Jessica Ganas, Sylvain Gatti, Andrea Ghiurghi, Annemarie Goedmakers, Nicolas Granier, Dismas Hakizimana, Barbara Haurez, Josephine Head, Ilka Herbinger, Annika Hillers, Sorrel Jones, Jessica Junker, Nakedi Maputla, Eno-Nku Manasseh, Maureen S. Mccarthy, Mary Molokwu-Odozi, Bethan J. Morgan, Yoshihiro Nakashima, Paul K. N'Goran, Stuart Nixon, Louis Nkembi, Emmanuelle Normand, Laurent D. Z. Nzooh, Sarah H. Olson, Leon Payne, Charles-Albert Petre, Alex K. Piel, Lilian Pintea, Andrew J. Plumptre, Aaron S. Rundus, Adeline Serckx, Fiona A. Stewart, Jacqueline Sunderland-Groves, Nikki Tagg, Angelique Todd, Ashley Vosper, Jose F. C. Wenceslau, Erin G. Wessling, Jacob Willie, Hjalmar S. Kuehl

Anthropology & Sociology Faculty Publications

Aim: Modelling African great ape distribution has until now focused on current or past conditions, while future scenarios remain scarcely explored. Using an ensemble forecasting approach, we predicted changes in taxon-specific distribution under future scenarios of climate, land use and human populations for (1) areas outside protected areas (PAs) only (assuming complete management effectiveness of PAs), (2) the entire study region and (3) interspecies range overlap. Location: Tropical Africa. Methods: We compiled occurrence data (n = 5,203) on African apes from the IUCN A.P.E.S. database and extracted relevant climate-, habitat- and human-related predictors representing current and future (2050) conditions to …

Patients’ Perceptions And Understanding Of Pre-Operative Informed Consent In Tertiary Care Setting- Dar-Es-Salaam, Steven Michael Esanju

Master of Medicine in General Surgery

Background: Informed consent under the ethical principle of autonomy demonstrates patient’s agreement to have procedure/intervention done to them. Considering its importance in safeguarding human rights and autonomy, it is now mandatory to take informed consent before any surgery/procedure. Many studies have questioned whether informed consent is being taken in tr ue spirit that ensures proper understanding of the disclosed information or it is just adhered to as a medico legal formality. Globally, studies have demonstrated that majority of patients do not fully understand even small matters regarding their health i ncluding diagnosis, treatment modalities and possible associated risks, because of …

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism And Its Clinical And Biochemical Associated Factors In Patients On Maintenance Hemodialysis In Dar Es Salaam, Doris Samwel

Master of Medicine in Internal Medicine

Background: Chronic kidney disease affects 13.6% of adult people in Tanzania. Secondary hyperparathyroidism is associated with an increase in disability-adjusted life years, cardiovascular mortality, and all-cause mortality worldwide especially in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Justification: In Tanzania, there is a lack of prevalence data of secondary hyperparathyroidism and the factors associated with it. Knowing the factors associated with it will help in the early screening of our patients and intervene early before its complications arise. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the magnitude of secondary hyperparathyroidism and its association with clinical and biochemical variables and further to measure the association …

Knowledge, Attitudes And Practice Of Venous Thromboembolism Risk Assessment Among Surgical Doctors In Tanzania, Biswalo Mugeta Yango

Master of Medicine in General Surgery

Introduction Surgical patients are at increased risk of venous thromboembolism due to the nature of their conditions and treatments. The incidence ranges from 61.3% to 64.9% in developed countries, compared to 43% in Africa. Although venous thromboembolism is fatal, it is potentially preventable. Physician-implemented risk assessment models reduce events by 70%. No country in sub-Sahara Africa has implemented a national venous thromboembolism risk assessment guideline. The subsequent burden is probably a reflection of low awareness and knowledge, negative attitudes, and substandard practice among physicians towards risk assessment. Justification In the current study, we assessed Tanzanian surgical doctors' knowledge, attitudes, and …

The Contribution Of Dysphagia To Acute Stroke Morbidity And Mortality In Nigeria: A Prospective Study, O O. Olajide, Philip Adebayo, F T. Taiwo, M O. Owolabi, A Ogunniyi

Internal Medicine, East Africa

Background: The assessment of time-trend morbidity and mortality in acute stroke is critical to clinical policy decisions and resource allocation.

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of dysphagia in acute stroke and the impact of dysphagia on short term stroke outcome (30 days post-stroke).

Methods: This was a prospective longitudinal study. Bedside screening for dysphagia modified Rankin score (MRS) and Barthel Index (BI) were performed on acute stroke patients on day 1, day 7, day 14 and day 30 after stroke to determine the frequency of dysphagia. Patients with dysphagia were then compared with age- and gender-matched controls (stroke patients without …