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2021

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The Effects Of Oxytocin On Fear-Related Behavior, Anxiety-Related Behavior, And Mesolimbic Dopamine Functioning, Mary Kathlyn Estes Jan 2021

The Effects Of Oxytocin On Fear-Related Behavior, Anxiety-Related Behavior, And Mesolimbic Dopamine Functioning, Mary Kathlyn Estes

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent psychological diagnoses in the U.S. Current pharmacological treatments for anxiety disorders have high non-response rates highlighting the necessity for novel therapeutic treatments. Oxytocin, a neuropeptide, is a potential candidate. The current study aimed to examine the effects of oxytocin on anxiety- and fear-related behaviors through (1) a battery of behavioral tests and (2) a fear extinction test in males and females from two strains of mice, C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (D2) which differ in the aforementioned behaviors and in dopaminergic circuitry. A second aim was to investigate the effects of oxytocin administration on mesolimbic …

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The Primacy Of Ethics: Kant, Deleuze, Levinas, William Andrew Britton Jan 2021

The Primacy Of Ethics: Kant, Deleuze, Levinas, William Andrew Britton

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

This dissertation is concerned with what it means to grant ethics primacy in a way that does not ultimately give way to the primacy of ontology. To this end, I draw on the work of Immanuel Kant, Gilles Deleuze, and Emmanuel Levinas. In Chapter I, I argue that Kants primacy of practical reason gives us a promising framework for understanding primacy, but one that ultimately fails insofar as Kant makes the relation between practical and theoretical reason a relation of equality rather than one of primacy. In Chapter II, I argue that although Deleuze recognizes the need to elevate a …

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The Comparative Effects Of Modified Augmentative And Alternative Communication Modalities On Requesting For A Child With Autism And Visual Impairments, Mallorie Hutton Caradine Jan 2021

The Comparative Effects Of Modified Augmentative And Alternative Communication Modalities On Requesting For A Child With Autism And Visual Impairments, Mallorie Hutton Caradine

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

The present study used a multiple probe across behaviors design, with an embedded alternating treatments design to compare the effects of two modified communication systems, the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) and a speech generating device, on requesting for a child with multiple disabilities, including autism and visual impairments. Both modalities were taught across the first three phases of PECS instruction (simple request, distance and persistence, and discrimination). During baseline the participant demonstrated little to no requesting across all three phases for either modality. During intervention requesting increased to proficient levels across all three phases for both modalities. Modified PECS, …

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Teaching In A Foreign Land: Portraits Of International Teaching Assistants In English Composition Classes And Students' Evaluations, Wei Chen Jan 2021

Teaching In A Foreign Land: Portraits Of International Teaching Assistants In English Composition Classes And Students' Evaluations, Wei Chen

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

As more and more international students came to the United States to further their education, the number of international teaching assistants (ITAs) has grown tremendously since 1980s. Among these ITAs, some have been assigned to teach English composition classes to American students. These ITAs form a unique group, and their experience is the focus of the current study. Four ITAs who were teaching English composition classes at the time when the study was conducted were recruited to participate in the current study. During the course of one semester, each participating ITA was observed once and interviewed twice (before and after …

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Exploratory Look Into The Impact Of Race On Response Dynamics While Categorizing Stereotypical Black Names And Stereotypical White Names Via Mouse Movements, Taylor Clark Jan 2021

Exploratory Look Into The Impact Of Race On Response Dynamics While Categorizing Stereotypical Black Names And Stereotypical White Names Via Mouse Movements, Taylor Clark

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

Racial bias (especially in the context of Black people) in society is as prevalent as ever. Because of this, scientists have developed various ways to measure racial bias against Black people. I propose that mouse tracking is a tool that can be used to predict racially biased behavior accurately. The overall purpose of this exploratory study was to use mouse tracking to investigate whether race impacts participants' mouse movements when categorizing stereotypically sounding Black and White names. As well as to see if participants consistently categorize Black and White names. This experiment showed a significant difference in the number of …

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Do Not Feed The Fetishizers: Boys Love Fans Resistance And Challenge Of Perceieved Reputation, Hailey Rose Coleman Jan 2021

Do Not Feed The Fetishizers: Boys Love Fans Resistance And Challenge Of Perceieved Reputation, Hailey Rose Coleman

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

Existing research on Boys Love (BL) fans has focused primarily on heterosexual womens consumption of the media. Queer audience members have rarely been included in BL studies. Drawing on autoethnographic materials and 36 in-depth interviews, this project documented the ways that individuals who self-identify as BL fans created, resisted, and challenged the perceived stigma that all BL fans are fetishizers of gay men. Respondents relied on Biographical Work to construct their identities and frame their experiences with BL media in relation to fetishizer exemplars. Some participants engaged in Identity Politics where they made claims about the wrong ways and right …

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Number Of Comorbidities, Psychosocial Factors, And Type 2 Diabetes-Related Outcomes: A Moderated Mediation Analysis, Emily Rose Nepacina San Diego Jan 2021

Number Of Comorbidities, Psychosocial Factors, And Type 2 Diabetes-Related Outcomes: A Moderated Mediation Analysis, Emily Rose Nepacina San Diego

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is an important public health concern that is associated with excess morbidity and mortality in the US. Understanding factors that influence T2D self-management and clinical outcomes is important for improving T2D-related outcomes. This dissertation used the Healthy Eating and Active Living in the Spirit (HEALS) study baseline data to examine the associations between number of comorbidities, psychosocial well-being (depressive symptoms, discrimination stress), fatalism, T2D-related health behaviors (diet, physical activity), and clinical outcomes (hemoglobin A1C [A1C], C-reactive protein [CRP], interleukin-6 [IL-6]), and the buffering effect of social support in these relationships in a sample of 106 African …

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The Function Of Connection: A Qualitative Examination Of Social-Ecological Supports In The Lives Of Parentally Bereaved Youth, Lauren Schaefer Jan 2021

The Function Of Connection: A Qualitative Examination Of Social-Ecological Supports In The Lives Of Parentally Bereaved Youth, Lauren Schaefer

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

Background: The present study qualitatively explored the roles of multiple social-ecological supports (i.e., spirituality, parent-child communication, therapist support via grief counseling) in the lives of parentally bereaved youth. The selected supports are theoretically grounded within the well-documented and highly cited Ecological Systems Theory and the buffering hypothesis of social support. Method: Reflexive thematic analysis was utilized to analyze 30 semi-structured interviews with parentally bereaved youth ages 8-17 (Mage=12.53, SD=2.8). Most participants identified as girls (63.33%) and the most frequently reported race was White (43.33%). Results: The reflexive thematic analysis resulted in 10 overarching themes or domains: (1) Positive and Active …

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Investigating The Co-Occurrence Of Parent And Child Prolonged Grief Symptoms: The Effect On Parent-Child Interactions, Laura Schwartz Jan 2021

Investigating The Co-Occurrence Of Parent And Child Prolonged Grief Symptoms: The Effect On Parent-Child Interactions, Laura Schwartz

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

Previous research highlights the importance of positive parenting and communication after the death of a loved one. Little is known, however, about how these constructs vary depending on the amount of prolonged grief symptoms children and their parents concurrently display. Using latent variable mixture modeling, the current study assessed patterns of parent and child grief in a sample of 107 parent-child dyads. Children averaged 12.6 years old and were majority female (55%). The most frequently reported race was Black or African American (48% of parents and 47% of children). Eighty percent of caregivers within the sample reported that they were …

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Taking Her At Her Work: Reconsidering The Legacy Of Alma Mahler, Rachel Elizabeth Scott Jan 2021

Taking Her At Her Work: Reconsidering The Legacy Of Alma Mahler, Rachel Elizabeth Scott

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

Alma Mahler (18791964) grew up surrounded by artists in late nineteenth-century Vienna. Despite her musical training, demonstrated passion for music, and publication of several Lieder, Mahlers identity as a composer has remained overshadowed by narratives surrounding her personal life and those of her husbands and lovers, not to mention the artistic work of her husbands and lovers. Increasingly, however, interest in Alma Mahler as a composer has been nurtured through creative engagement with that legacy, and frequently by women authors and artists. This dissertation explores the existing literature written by and related to Alma Mahler and identifies some approaches for …

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Multi-Modal Narrative Practices In Adult Esl: Fostering Investment In Language Learning And Negotiating Racism, Linguicism, & Identity, Mahmuda Sharmin Jan 2021

Multi-Modal Narrative Practices In Adult Esl: Fostering Investment In Language Learning And Negotiating Racism, Linguicism, & Identity, Mahmuda Sharmin

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

Language learners identity construction and language learning through narratives (Norton 2010; Johnson 2015) and multimodal technologies (Lam 2006; White 2007) have been found to be effective ways to facilitate ESL learning. Additionally, Multimodal pedagogies and narrative practices in the language classroom facilitate L2 learning, investment in language learning, and learners identity and agency construction (Crandall 2018; Johnson & Kendrick, 2017). Further, racism and linguicism are aspects of language learners lives that affect their language learning trajectories (Corona & Block, 2020; Dovchin, 2019). Few studies, however, examine how multimodal narrative practices in L2 classrooms can foster learners investment in language learning …

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Prompting Self-Explanations During The Learning Of Probability: Content-Specific Versus Generic Versus Generic With A Form Of Guidance, Genghu Shi Jan 2021

Prompting Self-Explanations During The Learning Of Probability: Content-Specific Versus Generic Versus Generic With A Form Of Guidance, Genghu Shi

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

Learners often cannot apply (transfer) the knowledge they learned from instructional settings into a new context. Therefore, their knowledge is likely inert. Research shows that learners must be actively involved in learning construction activities to enable knowledge transfer to occur. Self-explanation is one such constructive cognitive activity that involves explaining learning materials (expository texts, worked examples) to oneself with attempts to make sense of new information. It has been shown to support deep comprehension and knowledge transfer. However, self-explanations usually cannot be spontaneously generated by learners, but need to be elicited by prompts. The prompts can range from generic type …

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Exploring Self-Determination Theory-Based Motivational Profiles For Exercise Participation Among U. S. Line Dancers, Patrick L. Shipp Jan 2021

Exploring Self-Determination Theory-Based Motivational Profiles For Exercise Participation Among U. S. Line Dancers, Patrick L. Shipp

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

Physical activity (PA) has been important in reducing the number of chronic health conditions within the United States. To ensure that the effects of PA is transferred to ones life (Cerar et al., 2017), motivation has been considered a key factor that influences individuals initiation and maintenance of behavior (Molamourouzi et al., 2015). In order to address this issue, researchers have begun investigating PA by exploring peoples perceptions of their motivation for PA. One promising idea has been to focus on exercise participation motives (Markland & Hardy, 1993; Morris & Rogers, 2004) based on self-determination theory (SDT) of motivation (Deci …

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Environment, Brain, And Behavior: Neuroendocrine Mechanisms Underlying Seasonal Rhythms In Stress, Immunity, And The Gut Microbiota In Siberian Hamsters (Phodopus Sungorus), Elyan Shor Jan 2021

Environment, Brain, And Behavior: Neuroendocrine Mechanisms Underlying Seasonal Rhythms In Stress, Immunity, And The Gut Microbiota In Siberian Hamsters (Phodopus Sungorus), Elyan Shor

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

The daily axial rotation of the Earth and its annual orbit around the sun both result in recurring fluctuations in geophysical cycles, thus creating cyclic changes in environmental factors. Organisms that can anticipate these environmental changes and adapt appropriately may maximize their survival and fitness. Such adaptations manifest themselves as biological rhythms: rhythmic shifts in physiology and behavior that match rhythmic shifts in environmental conditions. Among the most predictable environmental cues in temperate regions is the annual progression of changes in day length, and the capacity to measure and respond to seasonal changes in the light cycle is termed photoperiodism. …

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Parametric And Non-Parametric Approaches To Factorial Data Analysis., Prabin Shrestha Jan 2021

Parametric And Non-Parametric Approaches To Factorial Data Analysis., Prabin Shrestha

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

Factorial design is one of the best ways to screen different factors in a system of study. It allows the study of the main effects and their interactions at the same time. We used the 2k-factorial design to screen different factors that affect the bacterial sensitivity to antibiotics. Through simulation studies, we examined the sensitivity and specificity of four different approaches to analyze the factorial data under different scenarios. The parametric ANOVA showed higher sensitivity and specificity for normally distributed data, but it failed largely for non-normal data. Rank-ANOVA had very high sensitivity and specificity for both normal and non-normal …

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Multi-Level Analysis Of Malware Using Machine Learning, Subash Poudyal Jan 2021

Multi-Level Analysis Of Malware Using Machine Learning, Subash Poudyal

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

Malware analysis and detection is a critical capability every business and organization needs to defend itself against a growing number of cyber threats. For example, ransomware, an advanced form of malware, makes hostage of user's data and asks ransom, usually in crypto-currencies, to remain anonymous. Significant efforts have been undertaken to combat these attacks, but the threat factors are dynamic, and there lacks intelligent approach to defeat them. Thus, my study is focused on designing a defensive solution against this advanced malware, i.e., ransomware. Many tools and techniques exist that claim to detect and respond to malware. However, such methods …

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Antecedents: Diminished Perceptions Of Po Fit, Pg Fit, Ps Fit, Pj Fit, Frances M. Preston Jan 2021

Antecedents: Diminished Perceptions Of Po Fit, Pg Fit, Ps Fit, Pj Fit, Frances M. Preston

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

This dissertation examines antecedents that negatively impact fit, specifically person-organization (PO) fit, person-group (PG) fit, person-supervisor (PS) fit, and person-job (PJ) fit. Organizational members who do not perceive fit with their environment may experience multiple negative outcomes including workplace stress and strain. However, antecedents that negatively impact fit have received scant attention. This dissertation contributes to the literature by assessing hostility from multiple levels of analysis as antecedents to the corresponding level of diminished perceptions of fit. This dissertation further introduces and defines the construct of organizational hostility, provides a measurement tool, and situates organizational hostility within a nomological network. …

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Principals' Perceptions Of The Need For Formal Novice Principal Mentorship: A Qualitative Case Study, Kimberly Nicole Quinn Jan 2021

Principals' Perceptions Of The Need For Formal Novice Principal Mentorship: A Qualitative Case Study, Kimberly Nicole Quinn

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

Although 21 states are currently designating a portion of their Every Student Succeeds Act funds specifically for novice principal induction and support, Tennessee is not currently one of these states. This dissertation uses a qualitative case study approach to interview Tennessee principals serving in years four to five, who did not have formal mentorship support during their novice years, to gather their experiences and support needs during this time. The researcher reviews the current literature on novice principal mentorship programs across the country through the lens of Krams Mentoring Model and Suchmans Program Theory before connecting the literature with the …

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An Exploration Of Voice Classification Criteria: A Survey Of Literature, Opera Architecture, And A Numerical Method Of Aria Analysis, Aaron R. Redburn Jan 2021

An Exploration Of Voice Classification Criteria: A Survey Of Literature, Opera Architecture, And A Numerical Method Of Aria Analysis, Aaron R. Redburn

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Archive

The concepts of voice categorization have existed for centuries, but a unified system for the singers of the world is a much more recent idea. This document aims to explore the unified systems proposed by Rudolf Kloiber and Richard Boldrey, carefully examine the various aspects that contribute to voice classification, survey the differences in opera architecture, and serve as a foundation for the idea of a new and expanded method. A review of modern and historical texts regarding voice classification is presented. The concepts of voice equality across performance venues are introduced using architectural and physical analysis of performance venues …

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From Overt Threat To Invisible Presence: Discursive Shifts In Representations Of Gender In Menstrual Product Advertising, Valerie Gannon, Olivia Freeman, Rachel Campbell Jan 2021

From Overt Threat To Invisible Presence: Discursive Shifts In Representations Of Gender In Menstrual Product Advertising, Valerie Gannon, Olivia Freeman, Rachel Campbell

Articles

The menstrual product brand ‘Always’ and its #LikeAGirl campaign has made headlines for being at the forefront of a menstrual liberation, championing female empowerment and gender equality. This paper utilises a visual discourse analysis approach (Rose, 2016) to explore the discursive shifts in ‘Always’ advertisements over the past four decades. Specifically, the question as to how the construction of menstruation has changed over time in the advertising discourse of the ‘Always’ brand is addressed. Three dominant discourses of menstruation are identified: overt threat, uncontrollable and invisible. These discourses function as strong claims to truth as they reach the everyday life …

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Modernizing U.S. Tax Code Section 280e: How An Outdated “War On Drugs” Tax Law Is Failing The United States Legal Cannabis Industry And What Congress Can Do To Fix It, David Butter Jan 2021

Modernizing U.S. Tax Code Section 280e: How An Outdated “War On Drugs” Tax Law Is Failing The United States Legal Cannabis Industry And What Congress Can Do To Fix It, David Butter

FIU Law Review

No abstract provided.

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The Legal Legacy Of The Special Court For Sierra Leone: The Relationship Between The Court And The Sierra Leone Truth And Reconciliation Commission, Joseph Rikhof Jan 2021

The Legal Legacy Of The Special Court For Sierra Leone: The Relationship Between The Court And The Sierra Leone Truth And Reconciliation Commission, Joseph Rikhof

FIU Law Review

No abstract provided.

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Em Estimation For Zero- And K-Inflated Poisson Regression Model, Monika Arora, N. Rao Chaganty Jan 2021

Em Estimation For Zero- And K-Inflated Poisson Regression Model, Monika Arora, N. Rao Chaganty

Mathematics & Statistics Faculty Publications

Count data with excessive zeros are ubiquitous in healthcare, medical, and scientific studies. There are numerous articles that show how to fit Poisson and other models which account for the excessive zeros. However, in many situations, besides zero, the frequency of another count k tends to be higher in the data. The zero- and k-inflated Poisson distribution model (ZkIP) is appropriate in such situations The ZkIP distribution essentially is a mixture distribution of Poisson and degenerate distributions at points zero and k. In this article, we study the fundamental properties of this mixture distribution. Using stochastic representation, we …

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Autobiographical Meaning Making Protects The Sense Of Self-Continuity Past Forced Migration, Christin Camia, Rida Zafar Jan 2021

Autobiographical Meaning Making Protects The Sense Of Self-Continuity Past Forced Migration, Christin Camia, Rida Zafar

All Works

Forced migration changes people’s lives and their sense of self-continuity fundamentally. One memory-based mechanism to protect the sense of self-continuity and psychological well-being is autobiographical meaning making, enabling individuals to explain change in personality and life by connecting personal experiences and other distant parts of life to the self and its development. Aiming to replicate and extend prior research, the current study investigated whether autobiographical meaning making has the potential to support the sense of self-continuity in refugees. We therefore collected life narratives from 31 refugees that were coded for autobiographical reasoning, selfevent connections, and global narrative coherence. In line …

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Are Happier Nations More Responsible? Examining The Link Between Happiness And Sustainability, Yomna M. Sameer, Suzanna Elmassah, Charilaos Mertzanis, Lujain El-Maghraby Jan 2021

Are Happier Nations More Responsible? Examining The Link Between Happiness And Sustainability, Yomna M. Sameer, Suzanna Elmassah, Charilaos Mertzanis, Lujain El-Maghraby

All Works

The paper uses aggregate data from 152 countries to analyze the association between happiness and sustainability. Our paper provides new evidence on happiness and sustainability. Taking a psychological approach, happiness is linked to hedonism and reflects individual perceptions of quality of life and life satisfaction. Sustainability reflects the extent of meeting the UN Sustainable Development Goals which includes responsible consumption. In order to elucidate the link, the analysis examines separately the association between happiness, consumption, sustainability and responsible behavior. The results document a positive and significant association between them, which remains broadly robust subject to various controls, sensitivity and endogeneity …

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Emotional Dimensions Of Teaching In Elementary Education Preparation, Kathleen M. Crawford, Juliann Sergi Mcbrayer, Katherine Fallon Jan 2021

Emotional Dimensions Of Teaching In Elementary Education Preparation, Kathleen M. Crawford, Juliann Sergi Mcbrayer, Katherine Fallon

Leadership, Technology & Human Development: Faculty Publications

Student teaching is a pivotal event in teacher education preparation programs, and there is a need to investigate emotions in teaching. This study examined how one elementary program navigated the emotional dimensions of teaching. Findings revealed that the emotional dimensions of student teachers were influenced by individualized factors unique to the teacher; certain emotions were perceived as more acceptable to express; and supervisors needed to support student teachers to manage and respond to the emotional dimensions of teaching. The recommendation is to go beyond the technical and academic aspects of teaching and address the emotional dimensions to best prepare the …

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School Counselors' Use Of A Multitier System Of Support To Foster Safe School Experiences And Respond To School Violence, George Padilla, Clarissa L. Salinas, Javier Cavazos Vela, James F. Whittenberg Jan 2021

School Counselors' Use Of A Multitier System Of Support To Foster Safe School Experiences And Respond To School Violence, George Padilla, Clarissa L. Salinas, Javier Cavazos Vela, James F. Whittenberg

Organization and School Leadership Faculty Publications

In this chapter, the authors introduce and identify current issues, controversies and problems that influence school safety and counselor preparedness. A brief overview of school violence in America, counselors' training to deal with school violence, and factors that influence school violence are provided. Following this, the authors present a multitier system of supports (MTSS) as a recommended model for counselors to (1) prevent, (2) prepare and plan, (3) respond, and (4) lead recovery efforts as related to school violence. Finally, a case study is presented in which the authors apply best practices within the American Counselor Association's national framework to …

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The Relationship Between Cardiovascular Fitness And Body Mass Index To Student Achievement In 5th Grade Hispanic Children Of The Lower Rio Grande Valley Of South Texas, Maricela Hernandez, Rosalinda Hernandez, Alejandro Garcia Jan 2021

The Relationship Between Cardiovascular Fitness And Body Mass Index To Student Achievement In 5th Grade Hispanic Children Of The Lower Rio Grande Valley Of South Texas, Maricela Hernandez, Rosalinda Hernandez, Alejandro Garcia

Organization and School Leadership Faculty Publications

The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine the relationship between cardiovascular fitness, body mass index and academic performance in 547 Hispanic children in 5th grade from a Rio Grande Valley school district. The dependent variable, academic performance, was measured by children’s gain score on the STAAR Progress Measure for Reading and Math assessments. The independent variables of physical fitness were measured by scores on cardiovascular fitness and body mass index from the FITNESSGRAM assessment. The statistical and data analysis method used by this study utilized multiple regression. The results revealed that body mass index was correlated with academic …

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The Impact Of Gsas, School Size, And Geographic Location On School Climate In South Texas, Heraclio Flores, Israel Aguilar, Jonathan Mcphetres, Frank Hernandez Jan 2021

The Impact Of Gsas, School Size, And Geographic Location On School Climate In South Texas, Heraclio Flores, Israel Aguilar, Jonathan Mcphetres, Frank Hernandez

Organization and School Leadership Faculty Publications

While gay-straight alliances (GSAs) play a role in improving the well-being and sense of safety for LGBTQ students, additional factors such as school size, geographical location, and the community climate at large may have more controlling implications for school diversity and acceptance. This survey research type, quantitative study, investigates the retrospective responses of subjects from two Hispanic-Serving Institutions to examine the impact of GSAs, school size, and geographic location on school climates in rural South Texas high schools. Results suggest that the effect of GSAs on school diversity and acceptance may be diminished in a conservative, rural setting. Other factors …

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Flipping A Virtual Efl Public Speaking Class Integrated With Moocs During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Zhuo Li, Xiaodi Zhou Jan 2021

Flipping A Virtual Efl Public Speaking Class Integrated With Moocs During The Covid-19 Pandemic, Zhuo Li, Xiaodi Zhou

Bilingual and Literacy Studies Faculty Publications

This case study explored Chinese undergraduate EFL students’ attitudes to and perceptions of an online English public speaking course, which employs a virtual flipped classroom model and MOOCs during the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. Since all classes were moved online, a previously flipped public speaking course integrated with MOOCs was converted into a virtual flipped classroom. All 25 participants of the study were undergraduate students in the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) field. Zoom, Blackboard, and QQ instant messenger were platforms utilized in instruction. There were weekly two-hour Zoom meetings with learning activities using MOOCs on Blackboard. The study collected …

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