Digital Commons Network^™

Investigation Of Durability And Performance Of High Friction Surface Treatment, Fulu Wei, Ce Wang, Xiangxi Tian, Shuo Li, Jie Shan

JTRP Technical Reports

The Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) completed a total of 25 high friction surface treatment (HFST) projects across the state in 2018. This research study attempted to investigate the durability and performance of HFST in terms of its HFST-pavement system integrity and surface friction performance. Laboratory tests were conducted to determine the physical and mechanical properties of epoxy-bauxite mortar. Field inspections were carried out to identify site conditions and common early HFST distresses. Cyclic loading test and finite element method (FEM) analysis were performed to evaluate the bonding strength between HFST and existing pavement, in particular chip seal with different …

Improved Live Load Distribution Factors For Use In Load Rating Of Older Slab And T-Beam Reinforced Concrete Bridges, Faezeh Ravazdezh, Julio A. Ramirez, Ghadir Haikal

JTRP Technical Reports

This report describes a methodology for demand estimate through the improvement of load distribution factors in reinforced concrete flat-slab and T-beam bridges. The proposed distribution factors are supported on three-dimensional (3D) Finite Element (FE) analysis tools. The Conventional Load Rating (CLR) method currently in use by INDOT relies on a two-dimensional (2D) analysis based on beam theory. This approach may overestimate bridge demand as the result of neglecting the presence of parapets and sidewalks present in these bridges. The 3D behavior of a bridge and its response could be better modeled through a 3D computational model by including the participation …

Develop And Deploy A Safe Truck Platoon Testing Protocol For The Purdue Arpa-E Project In Indiana, Greg Shaver, Miles Droege

JTRP Technical Reports

Hilly terrain poses challenges to truck platoons using fixed set speed cruise control. Driving the front truck efficiently on hilly terrain improves both trucks fuel economies and improves gap maintenance between the trucks. An experimentally-validated simulation model was used to show fuel savings for the platoon of 12.3% when the front truck uses long horizon predictive cruise control (LH-PCC), 8.7% when the front truck uses flexible set speed cruise control, and only 1.2% when the front truck uses fixed set speed cruise control. Purdue, Peloton, and Cummins have jointly configured two Peterbilt 579 trucks for relevant combinations of: (1) coordinated …

Repair And Strengthening Of Bridges In Indiana Using Fiber Reinforced Polymer Systems: Volume 1–Review Of Current Frp Repair Systems And Application Methodologies, Jon M. Pevey, William B. Rich, Christopher S. Williams, Robert J. Frosch

JTRP Technical Reports

For bridges that are experiencing deterioration, action is needed to ensure the structural performance is adequate for the demands imposed. Innovate repair and strengthening techniques can provide a cost-effective means to extend the service lives of bridges efficiently and safely. The use of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) systems for the repair and strengthening of concrete bridges is increasing in popularity. Recognizing the potential benefits of the widespread use of FRP, a research project was initiated to determine the most appropriate applications of FRP in Indiana and provide recommendations for the use of FRP in the state for the repair and …

Post-Fire Assessment Of Prestressed Concrete Bridges In Indiana, Amit H. Varma, Jan Olek, Christopher S. Williams, Tzu-Chun Tseng, Sijia Wang, Dan Huang, Tom Bradt

JTRP Technical Reports

This project focused on evaluating the effects of fire-induced damage on concrete bridge elements, including prestressed concrete bridge girders. A series of controlled heating experiments, pool fire tests, material tests, and structural loading tests were conducted. Experimental results indicate that the portion of concrete subjected to temperatures higher than 400°C loses significant amounts of calcium hydroxide (CH). Decomposition of CH increases porosity and causes significant cracking. The portion of concrete exposed to temperatures higher than 400°C should be repaired or replaced. When subjected to ISO-834 standard fire heating, approximately 0.25 in. and 0.75 in. of concrete from the exposed surface …

Using The Light Weight Deflectometer For Performance-Based Quality Assurance Testing Of Cement Modified Subgrades, Peter J. Becker

JTRP Technical Reports

This report documents the findings from SPR-4230 (Alternative Quality Assurance Methods for Compacted Subgrade). The main objective of SPR-4230 involved establishing performance-related quality assurance (QA) test methods for pavement subgrade construction. Because INDOT generally prefers specifying subgrade treatment type IBC (i.e., 14-in. cement modified subgrade), this study focused on performance-based QA test methods for constructing cement modified subgrade. Moreover, INDOT prefers using light weight deflectometer (LWD) for chemically modified subgrade construction acceptance, so this study aimed to use LWD deflection measurements as performance-related construction acceptance criteria. A laboratory study was performed to relate LWD deflections with resilient modulus that is …

Use Of Recycled Asphalt, Ayanda Thembeka Ncube, Antonio Bobet

JTRP Technical Reports

The term Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) is used to designate a material obtained from the removal of pavement materials. RAP is used across the US in multiple applications, largely on asphalt pavement layers. RAP can be described as a uniform granular non-plastic material, with a very low percentage of fines. It is formed by aggregate coated with a thin layer of asphalt. It is often used mixed with other granular materials. The addition of RAP to aggregates decreases the maximum dry unit weight of the mixture and decreases the optimum water content. It also increases the Resilient Modulus of the …

Evaluating Reserve Strength Of Girder Bridges Due To Bridge Rail Load Shedding, Yao Wang, Mirela D. Tumbeva, Ashley P. Thrall

JTRP Technical Reports

This research experimentally and numerically evaluated the reserve strength of girder bridges due to bridge rail load shedding. The investigation included: (1) performing non-destructive field testing on two steel girder bridges and one prestressed concrete girder bridge, (2) developing validated finite element numerical models, and (3) performing parametric numerical investigations using the validated numerical modeling approach. Measured data indicated that intact, integral, reinforced concrete rails participate in carrying live load. Research results culminated in recommendations to evaluate the reserve strength of girder bridges due to the participation of the rail, as well as recommendations for bridge inspectors for evaluating steel …

Repair And Strengthening Of Bridges In Indiana Using Fiber Reinforced Polymer Systems: Volume 2–Frp Flexural Strengthening And End Region Repair Experimental Programs, William B. Rich, Robert R. Jacobs, Christopher S. Williams, Robert J. Frosch

JTRP Technical Reports

For bridges that are experiencing deterioration, action is needed to ensure the structural performance is adequate for the demands imposed. Innovate repair and strengthening techniques can provide a cost-effective means to efficiently and safely extend the service lives of bridges. The use of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) systems for the repair and strengthening of concrete bridges is increasing in popularity. Recognizing the potential benefits of the widespread use of FRP, a research project was initiated to determine the most appropriate applications of FRP in Indiana and provide recommendations for the use of FRP in the state for the repair and …

Evaluation Of Current Technologies For Training, Web Apps, And New Technologies, Ananth V. Iyer, Steven R. Dunlop, Dutt J. Thakkar, Sayak Mishra, Apoorva Banerjee, Apurwa Gokhale, Karan Shah, Ali Faiz, Aman Arora, Preeti Awasthi, Matthew Gebbie

JTRP Technical Reports

This report details the activities conducted to assess the feasibility of using new technology tools for safety training. Utilizing established research studies, risk frameworks, and vendor quotations, we compared the different attributes of training methods such as Traditional Training (classroom/presentations), LMS (Learning Management System) based gamification, Computer Simulation, Virtual Reality (VR), and Augmented Reality (AR). The anticipated benefits include improved training program development, higher interactivity and long-term retention, and the chance to reduce work zone risk. The project was divided in three phases, and the following are our four key takeaways.

(1) Quality of Safety Training: Benchmarking training practices provided …

Assessment Of A Displaced Pedestrian Crossing For Multilane Arterials, Abdullah Jalal Nafakh, Yunchang Zhang, Sarah Hubbard, Jon D. Fricker

JTRP Technical Reports

This research explores the benefits of a pedestrian crosswalk that is physically displaced from the intersection, using simulation software to estimate the benefits in terms of delay and pedestrian travel time. In many cases, the displaced pedestrian crossing may provide benefits such as reduced vehicle delay, reduced crossing distance, increased opportunity for signal progression, and reduced conflicts with turning vehicles. The concurrent pedestrian service that is traditionally used presents potential conflicts between pedestrians and three vehicular movements: right turns, permissive left turns, and right turns on red. The findings of this research suggest that a displaced pedestrian crossing should be …

Structural Evaluation Of Full-Depth Flexible Pavement Using Apt, Tommy E. Nantung, Jusang Lee, John E. Haddock, M. Reza Pouranian, Dario Batioja Alvarez, Jongmyung Jeon, Boonam Shin, Peter J. Becker

JTRP Technical Reports

The fundamentals of rutting behavior for thin full-depth flexible pavements (i.e., asphalt thickness less than 12 inches) are investigated in this study. The scope incorporates an experimental study using full-scale Accelerated Pavement Tests (APTs) to monitor the evolution of each pavement structural layer's transverse profiles. The findings were then employed to verify the local rutting model coefficients used in the current pavement design method, the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG). Four APT sections were constructed using two thin typical pavement structures (seven-and ten-inches thick) and two types of surface course material (dense-graded and SMA). A mid-depth rut monitoring and automated …

Detection And Classification Of Concrete Patches By Integrating Gpr And Surface Imaging, Peng Cheng, James V. Krogmeier, Mark R. Bell, Kelvin Wang, Joshua Li, Guangwei Yang

JTRP Technical Reports

This research considers the detection, location, and classification of patches in concrete and asphalt-on-concrete pavements using data taken from ground penetrating radar (GPR) and the WayLink 3D Imaging System. In particular, the project seeks to develop a patching table for “inverted-T” patches. A number of deep neural net methods were investigated for patch detection from 3D elevation and image observation, but the success was inconclusive, partly because of a dearth of training data. Later, a method based on thresholding IRI values computed on a 12-foot window was used to localize pavement distress, particularly as seen by patch settling. This method …

Feasibility Study And Design Of In-Road Electric Vehicle Charging Technologies, Theodora Konstantinou, Diala Haddad, Akhil Prasad, Ethan Wright, Konstantina Gkritza, Dionysios Aliprantis, Steven Pekarek, John E. Haddock

JTRP Technical Reports

Electric Roadways (ERs) or Dynamic Wireless Charging (DWC) lanes offer an alternative dynamic and wireless charging method that has the potential of giving electric vehicles (EV) limitless range while they are moving. Heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) are expected to be early adopters of the DWC technology due to the higher benefits offered to these vehicles that are traveling on fixed routes. The goal of this project was to assess the feasibility of ERs in Indiana and design a test bed for in-road EV charging technologies. The most suitable locations for implementing DWC lanes were identified on interstates that are characterized by …

Synthesis Study Of Best Practices For Mapping And Coordinating Detours For Maintenance Of Traffic (Mot) And Risk Assessment For Duration Of Traffic Control Activities, Isaiah C. Mwamba, Mohamadali Morshedi, Suyash Padhye, Amir Davatgari, Soojin Yoon, Samuel Labi, Makarand Hastak

JTRP Technical Reports

Maintenance of traffic (MOT) during construction periods is critical to the success of project delivery and the overall mission of transportation agencies. MOT plans may include full road closures and coordination of detours near construction areas. Various state DOTs have designed their own manuals for detour mapping and coordination. However, very limited information is provided to select optimal detour routes. Moreover, closures or detours should provide not only measurable consequences, such as vehicle operating costs and added travel time, but also various unforeseen qualitative impacts, such as business impacts and inconvenience to local communities. Since the qualitative aspects are not …

Development Of An Intelligent Snowplow Truck That Integrates Telematics Technology, Roadway Sensors, And Connected Vehicle, Justin Mahlberg, Yaguang Zhang, Sneha Jha, Jijo K. Mathew, Howell Li, Jairaj Desai, Woosung Kim, Jeremy Mcguffey, Tim Wells, James V. Krogmeier, Darcy M. Bullock

JTRP Technical Reports

The Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) manages and maintains over 28,000 miles of roadways. Maintenance of the roadways includes pavement repair in the summer as well as snow removal and de-icing in the winter. The prioritization of assets during winter storm events is crucial and impacts travel and safety. The objective of this project was to identify and develop tools INDOT could provide its operators to effectively perform winter operation de-icing activities. This project examined application methods and data to provide analytics and make data-driven decisions for state-wide deployment and operations. Discovery of calibration metrics partnered with fleetwide telematics enabled …

Last Mile Delivery And Route Planning For Freight, Ananth V. Iyer, Konstantina Gkritza, Steven R. Dunlop, Dutt J. Thakkar, Raul Candanedo, Srinath Jayan, Pooja Gupta, Rishabh Jain, Sai Bhargav, Atharva Sabnis, Vrinda Chopra, Xinyue Chen

JTRP Technical Reports

This report analyzes anticipated list mile challenges in Indiana by using a scenario-based approach to develop forecasts of GDP growth and thus freight growth across industry clusters in Indiana counties; potential congestion implied by this growth; and a proactive plan to add capacity to alleviate the congestion. We use a quantitative approach to aggregate ramp level flows, industry cluster locations, county layout, and economic activity to develop our recommendations.

We develop forecasts through the year 2050 based on long-term planning approaches used by other states (California, Ohio, and Utah). We use data from global databases that consider different possible geo-political …

Safety, Mobility, And Cost Benefits Of Closing One Direction Of The Interstate In Rural Areas During Construction Work, Suyash Padhye, Isaiah Mwamba, Kyubyung Kang, Samuel Labi, Makarand Hastak

JTRP Technical Reports

With specific regard to interstates in the rural area, Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) has expressed a need for research that sheds light on this Maintenance of Traffic (MOT) issue so the agency [INDOT and the contractor] can make informed decisions regarding the crossover sections versus the closure in one direction with detour roads. A number of studies have investigated the advantages and disadvantages of various MOT strategies; however, there is no specific study that can help INDOT traffic engineers and design engineers make decisions by comparing direct and indirect benefits of crossovers and detours (full lane closures). This research …

Indot Research Program Benefit Cost Analysis—Return On Investment For Projects Completed In Fy 2020, Bob Mcculloch

JTRP Technical Reports

To demonstrate the value of research and its implementation, the Governor’s Office requested an annual financial analysis of the INDOT Research Program to determine the return on the research investment (ROI). The current financial analysis is for research projects that completed in FY 2020. Analyses on previous year’s projects is necessary primarily due to the time it takes some project outcomes to be implemented, extending into the following year. Therefore, the FY 2020 analysis is completed in calendar 2021. The ROI analysis will supplement the annual IMPACT report by adding a more rigorous quantitative benefit cost analysis (BCA) to the …

Evaluating The Impact Of Vehicle Digital Communication Alerts On Vehicles, Rahul Suryakant Sakhare, Jairaj Desai, Jijo K. Mathew, Woosung Kim, Justin Mahlberg, Howell Li, Darcy M. Bullock

JTRP Technical Reports

Traditional methods for communicating the presence of maintenance activities and work zones have been done with a variety of fixed signs. The increase of in-vehicle connectivity on our roads—either directly integrated into the vehicle or via an application running on a mobile phone–provides an opportunity for additional communication to motorists about the presence of emergency vehicles, maintenance activities, or work zones. Although the exact form of the in-vehicle communication is evolving and will continue to do so, a critical first step is to leverage the extensive telematics currently deployed on the Indiana Department of Transportation Vehicles. The objective of this …

Road Ditch Line Mapping With Mobile Lidar, Ayman Habib, Darcy M. Bullock, Yi-Chun Lin, Raja Manish

JTRP Technical Reports

Maintenance of roadside ditches is important to avoid localized flooding and premature failure of pavements. Scheduling effective preventative maintenance requires mapping of the ditch profile to identify areas requiring excavation of long-term sediment accumulation. High-resolution, high-quality point clouds collected by mobile LiDAR mapping systems (MLMS) provide an opportunity for effective monitoring of roadside ditches and performing hydrological analyses. This study evaluated the applicability of mobile LiDAR for mapping roadside ditches for slope and drainage analyses. The performance of alternative MLMS units was performed. These MLMS included an unmanned ground vehicle, an unmanned aerial vehicle, a portable backpack system along with …

Mechanical Properties Of Durable Pavement Marking Materials And Adhesion On Asphalt Surfaces, Hyungyung Jo, Hyeyoung Son, Mitchell Rencheck, Jared Gohl, Devin Madigan, Hugh Grennan, Matthew Giroux, Trevor Thiele-Sardina, Chelsea S. Davis, Kendra A. Erk

JTRP Technical Reports

Mechanical properties of commercially available temporary pavement marking (TPM) tapes and thermoplastic materials used as permanent pavement markings (PPM) were investigated using the non-destructive Tape Drape Test and conventional mechanical testing. The impact of temperature and aging on the adhesion of TPM tapes and thermoplastic PPM applied to asphalt core surfaces with various surface roughness and treatments was determined using a modular peel fixture and shear adhesion tests. The adhesion of TPM tapes to model smooth surfaces decreased as surface temperature was increased from 0 to 40°C (32 to 104°F). For some tapes, reduced adhesion and brittle broken fracture were …

Effective Design And Operation Of Pedestrian Crossings, Noshin S. Ahmad, Raul Pineda-Mendez, Fahad Alqahtani, Mario Romero, Jose Thomaz, Andrew P. Tarko

JTRP Technical Reports

Pedestrians are vulnerable road users since they are prone to more severe injuries in any vehicular collision. While innovative solutions promise improved pedestrian safety, a careful analysis of local conditions is required before selecting proper corrective measures. This research study had two focuses: (1) methodology to identify roads and areas in Indiana where the frequency and severity of pedestrian collisions are heightened above the acceptable level, and (2) selecting effective countermeasures to mitigate or eliminate safety-critical conditions. Two general methods of identifying specific pedestrian safety concerns were proposed: (1) area-wide analysis, and (2) road-focused analysis. A suitable tool, Safety Needs …

Alternate Interchange Signing Study For Indiana Highways, Stanley Chien, Yaobin Chen, Renran Tian, Lingxi Li, Donglin Liu, Jue Zhou, Dan Shen

JTRP Technical Reports

The main objectives of this research were to (1) understand signing issues from the perspective of drivers and (2) develop recommendations for improving interchange signing in Indiana to aid driver understanding and increase the safety and efficiency of highway traffic operations. An online survey with specific questions was designed and distributed through email, social media, online newspapers, and a survey company with the goal of better understanding driver thinking when approaching decision-making areas on the interstate. The analysis of the survey results revealed the following.

• Drivers usually do not know the interchange types as they approach an interchange on the …

Cpt-Based Geotechnical Design Manual, Volume 3: Cpt-Based Design Of Foundations—Example Problems, Venkata A. Sakleshpur, Monica Prezzi, Rodrigo Salgado, Mir Zaheer

JTRP Technical Reports

This manual provides guidance on how to use the cone penetration test (CPT) for site investigation and foundation design. The manual has been organized into three volumes. Volume 1 covers the execution of CPT-based site investigations and presents a comprehensive literature review of CPT-based soil behavior type (SBT) charts and estimation of soil variables from CPT results. Volume 2 covers the methods and equations needed for CPT data interpretation and foundation design in different soil types, while Volume 3 includes several example problems (based on instrumented case histories) with detailed, step-by-step calculations to demonstrate the application of the design methods. …

Cpt-Based Geotechnical Design Manual, Volume 2: Cpt-Based Design Of Foundations—Methods, Venkata A. Sakleshpur, Monica Prezzi, Rodrigo Salgado, Mir Zaheer

JTRP Technical Reports

This manual provides guidance on how to use the cone penetration test (CPT) for site investigation and foundation design. The manual has been organized into three volumes. Volume 1 covers the execution of CPT-based site investigations and presents a comprehensive literature review of CPT-based soil behavior type (SBT) charts and estimation of soil variables from CPT results. Volume 2 covers the methods and equations needed for CPT data interpretation and foundation design in different soil types, while Volume 3 includes several example problems (based on instrumented case histories) with detailed, step-by-step calculations to demonstrate the application of the design methods. …

Tscan–Stationary Lidar For Traffic And Safety Applications: Vehicle Interpretation And Tracking, Vamsi Krishna Bandaru, Mario A. Romero, Cristhian Lizarazo, Andrew P. Tarko

JTRP Technical Reports

To improve traffic performance and safety, the ability to measure traffic accurately and effectively, including motorists and other vulnerable road users, at road intersections is needed. A past study conducted by the Center for Road Safety has demonstrated that it is feasible to detect and track various types of road users using a LiDAR-based system called TScan. This project aimed to progress towards a real-world implementation of TScan by building two trailer-based prototypes with full end-user documentation. The previously developed detection and tracking algorithms have been modified and converted from the research code to its implementational version written in the …

An Integrated Critical Information Delivery Platform For Smart Segment Dissemination To Road Users, Lingxi Li, Yaobin Chen, Renren Tian, Feng Li, Howell Li, James R. Sturdevant

JTRP Technical Reports

An integrated critical information delivery platform for smart segment dissemination to road users was developed. A statewide baseline milepost geodatabase was created at 0.1-mile resolution with tools, protocols, and interfaces that allow other data sources to be efficiently utilized. A variety of data sources (e.g., INRIX, CARS, Doppler, camera images, connected vehicle data, automated vehicle location) were integrated into existing and new dashboards for stakeholders to monitor roadway conditions and after-action reviews. Additionally, based on these data sources, algorithms were developed and an API was created to identify hazardous road conditions when the location of the end-user mobile device was …

Self-Healing Cementitious Composites (Shcc) With Ultrahigh Ductility For Pavement And Bridge Construction, Cihang Huang, Yen-Fang Su, Na (Luna) Lu

JTRP Technical Reports

Cracks and their formations in concrete structures have been a common and long-lived problem, mainly due to the intrinsic brittleness of the concrete. Concrete structures, such as rigid pavement and bridge decks, are prone to deformations and deteriorations caused by shrinkage, temperature fluctuation, and traffic load, which can affect their service life. Rehabilitation of concrete structures is expensive and challenging—not only from maintenance viewpoints but also because they cannot be used for services during maintenance. It is critical to significantly improve the ductility of concrete to overcome such issues and to enable better infrastructure quality. To this end, the self-healing …

Use Of Lrfr Methodology For Load Rating Of Indot Steel Bridges, Prekshi Khanna, Mark D. Bowman

JTRP Technical Reports

Load rating of bridges before 1994 was primarily conducted by Load Factor Rating (LFR). In 1994, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) developed and encouraged the use of a probabilistic-based method titled Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) for carrying out bridge design. A new methodology consistent with LRFD was also developed and adopted for conducting load rating. Thus, a new Load and Resistance Factor Rating (LRFR) was adopted by AASHTO in 2001 for load rating. Today, the bridges that were designed by the old LFD methodology are rated by both LFR and LRFR. Continued development …