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Educate-Connect-Elevate Annual Report, Fiscal Year 2021, Illinois State University

Educate-Connect-Elevate (2018-2023)

This report highlights the many accomplishments of Illinois State University in fiscal year 2021, the third year in implementation of its strategic plan, Educate • Connect • Elevate: Illinois State - The Strategic Plan for Illinois’ First Public University. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on society and individual lives. Illinois State, along with colleges and universities around the globe, was faced with a great many challenges in carrying out its core mission. The University community rose to those challenges and with innovation and creativity it continued to successfully teach students, conduct research and creative scholarship, and serve …

Determination Of Level Of Serum Iron Among Routine Iron Supplemented Pregnant Women Attending Private Clinic In Sulaimani City, Kurdistan-Iraq, Sardar M. Weli, Osama H. Shareef, Syamand A. Qadir

Polytechnic Journal

Iron deficiency, with or without anemia, is common in pregnant women and more than half of the anemia’s in the world are due to the deficiency of iron in the serum. The aims of this study were to determine the percentage and level of serum iron among iron supplemented pregnant women in different trimesters and in different age groups among supplemented pregnant women in Sulaimani city. This study was carried out in the private clinic in the Sulaimani city-Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The pregnant women were participated and enrolled between the first of December 2018 and first of December 2019. …

Summer Camp Offers Educational Fun For Bessemer Children, Staff

Browse All News

No abstract provided.

Barbadin Potentiates Long-Term Effects Of Lorcaserin On Pomc Neurons And Weight Loss, Yang He, Hailan Liu, Na Yin, Yongjie Yang, Chunmei Wang, Meng Yu, Hesong Liu, Chen Liang, Julia Wang, Longlong Tu, Nan Zhang, Lina Wang, Yanlin He, Makoto Fukuda, Qi Wu, Zheng Sun, Qingchun Tong, Yong Xu

Division of Basic Science Faculty Publications

Obesity is a serious global health problem because of its increasing prevalence and comorbidities, but its treatments are limited. The serotonin 2C receptor (5-HT2CR), a G-protein-coupled receptor, activates proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons in the arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus (ARH) to reduce appetite and weight gain. However, several 5-HT analogs targeting this receptor, e.g., lorcaserin (Lor), suffer from diminished efficacy to reduce weight after prolonged administration. Here, we show that barbadin (Bar), a novel b-arrestin/b2-adaptin inhibitor, can prevent 5-HT2CR internalization in cells and potentiate long-term effects of Lor to reduce appetite and body weight in male mice. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that Bar …

Enriched Rice Husk Biochar Minimizes Ammonia Loss From Applied Urea Fertilizer Under Waterlogged Environment [Research Note], Gunavathy Selvarajh, Huck Ywich Ch'ng, Norhafizah Md Zain, Issariyaporn Damrongrak

The Philippine Agricultural Scientist

A laboratory-scale closed dynamic air flow system was carried out to assess the effect of enriched rice husk biochar on ammonia volatilization, soil exchangeable ammonium, and available nitrate from the applied urea in comparison to urea alone under waterlogged conditions. Treatments with enriched rice husk biochar (5, 10, 15, and 20 t ha^-1) significantly minimized ammonia volatilization, however, only biochar with rates of 5, 10, and 15 t ha^-1 had significantly retained more soil exchangeable ammonium by 14% – 43%. Additionally, soil available nitrate was lower in all treatments except in T1 (urea alone). This indicates that …

Effects Of Zeolite On Agronomic And Biochemical Traits And Yield Components Of Zea Mays L. Cv Simone Under Drought Stress Condition, Mehri Salehi, Mahdi Zare, Forood Bazrafshan, Ahmad Aien, Bahram Amiri

The Philippine Agricultural Scientist

One of the new strategies to increase the effectiveness of chemical fertilizers, prevent the waste of chemical fertilizers, and increase the yield of agricultural products, is the use of natural compound such as zeolite. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of zeolite (0, 5, 10, and 15 t ha^-1) on agronomic and biochemical responses as well as yield components of maize (cv. Simon) under normal (90% field capacity), moderate (75% FC), and severe (60% FC) drought stress conditions during 2017-2019. The results showed that moderate and severe drought stress significantly decreased plant height (10.9% and 19.7%, …

Grain Yield Variations In Rice Genotypes Under Different Growing Environments In The Philippines, Kim Nyka C. Perdiguerra, Shiro Mitsuya, Akira Yamauchi, Felino P. Lansigan, Maria Victoria O. Espaldon, Jose E. Hernandez, Pompe C. Sta. Cruz

The Philippine Agricultural Scientist

Grain yield variations in PSB Rc18, NSIC Rc222 (inbreds) and NSIC Rc202H (hybrid) were determined across growing environments as a function of cropping seasons and locations in rice producing areas in the Philippines. Contribution of location to variation in grain yield is 61.0%, while 12.7% for the season, and 6.1% for the genotype and this must be due location by season by genotype interactions. Dry season cropping in Nueva Ecija produced the highest mean grain yield. On the other hand, wet season cropping in Davao del Sur produced the least mean grain yield. The genotypes differed in their response to …

Foliar Applied Boron Not Only Enhances Seed Cotton Yield But Also Improves Fiber Strength And Fineness Of Cotton Cultivars, Muhammad Ashfaq Wahid, Muhammad Saleem, Shahbaz Khan, Sohail Irshad, Mumtaz Akhtar Cheema, Muhammad Farrukh Saleem, Haroon Zaman Khan, Madad Ali, Ali Bakhsh, Zuhair Hasnain, Sara T. Alrashood, Sulaiman Ali Alharbi

The Philippine Agricultural Scientist

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is as famous as “White Gold” due to its high quality fiber. Boron (B) is one of essential micronutrients involved directly or indirectly in many plant processes. Cotton growth, yield and quality are intensely influenced with B application. A 2 years field based study was conducted to explore the impact of foliar applied B (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 kg ha^-1) on productivity and quality of cotton cultivars (FH-113, MNH-786, and CIM-496). Outcomes of the experiment reflected that application of various levels of B significantly influences the growth and quality attributes …

Berat Badan Lahir Rendah (Bblr) Sebagai Determinan Terjadinya Ispa Pada Balita Analisis Data Sdki Tahun 2017, Desinta Ayu Lestari, Asri Adisasmita Prof

Jurnal Epidemiologi Kesehatan Indonesia

No abstract provided.

Studi Endemisitas Dan Epidemiologi Deskriptif Malaria Di Kabupaten Purbalingga Tahun 2010-2019, Ghea Efranandhita Sukendar, Dwi Sarwani Sri Rejeki

Jurnal Epidemiologi Kesehatan Indonesia

Salah satu permasalahan kesehatan di Jawa Tengah adalah kejadian malaria. Kondisi lingkungan dan perilaku mempunyai peran dalam penyebaran malaria. Gambaran endemisitas dan upaya pengendalian yang diperlukan sebagai dasar perencanaan tindakan pengendalian malaria. Belum ada data yang menyajikan endemisitas malaria dari tahun 2010-2019 di Kabupaten Purbalingga. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan endemisitas dan menggambarkan kejadian malaria berdasarkan variabel orang, tempat dan waktu dan upaya pengendalian yang sudah dilakukan periode tahun 2010-2019 di Kabupaten Purbalingga. Jenis penelitian yaitu deskriptif kuantitatif dengan populasi yaitu seluruh kasus malaria yang tercatat di dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Purbalingga periode Januari 2010 sampai Desember 2019. Sampel merupakan total …

Hubungan Tingkat Pengetahuan Tentang Alat Kb Dengan Pemakaian Kontrasepsi Modern Pada Wanita Remaja Kawin Di Pulau Jawa (Analisis Sdki 2017), Priskatindea Priskatindea, Sudarto Ronoatmodjo

Jurnal Epidemiologi Kesehatan Indonesia

Prevalensi pemakaian metode KB modern pada wanita kawin usia remaja di Pulau Jawa tahun 2017 tergolong masih rendah, yakni 27,8%. Terbatasnya tingkat pengetahuan remaja mengenai pilihan kontrasepsi adalah salah satu hambatan pemakaian kontrasepsi pada remaja. Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara tingkat pengetahuan tentang alat/cara KB dengan pemakaian kontrasepsi modern pada wanita kawin usia remaja di Pulau Jawa. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder dengan menganalisis hasil dari Survei Demografi dan Kesehatan Indonesia (SDKI) Tahun 2017. Sampel adalah 309 orang wanita berusia 15-19 tahun yang berdomisili di Pulau Jawa dengan status kawin. Pada hasil ditemukan sebanyak 62,4% responden memakai …

Human Health Threat And Economic Vulnerability: A Case Study On The Covid-19 Pandemic, Mirah Satria Alamsyah, Muhammad Faizal Alfian, Miftah Farid Darussalam

Global: Jurnal Politik Internasional

This paper frames the approach to determining policies in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, which either prioritise human health security protection or economic vulnerability. In this paper, the human security concept will be used to explain COVID-19 as a health security problem due to the existence of an existential threat. However, the same approach is not applicable in looking at COVID-19 as an economic security problem. Because the existential threat is less visible in human economic security aspects, it tends to be more appropriate to look at COVID-19 as the stressor that strengthens human vulnerabilities. This paper uses a qualitative …

Determinan Konsistensi Penggunaan Kondom Pada Laki-Laki Seks Dengan Laki-Laki (Lsl) Non-Pekerja Seks: Studi Potong Lintang, Arum Zulaikhah, Sudarto Ronoatmodjo

Jurnal Epidemiologi Kesehatan Indonesia

Kasus baru HIV di Indonesia cenderung terus mengalami peningkatan. Sedangkan, tren kasus baru di dunia sudah mengalami penurunan. Laki-laki Seks dengan laki-laki (LSL) merupakan kelompok risiko tinggi HIV. Upaya pencegahan penularan HIV erat kaitannya dengan perilaku seks. Studi ini menggunakan 1.161 sampel Survei Terpadu Biologi dan Perilaku (STBP) 2015 pada kelompok LSL yang termasuk bukan pekerja seks. Studi cross sectional ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis determinan perilaku seks konsistensi penggunaan kondom dengan analisis hingga bivariat dengan menggunakan chi-square dan prevalence ratio. Data didapatkan dengan metode respondent driven sampling (RDS) yang kemudian mengeksklusi LSL pekerja seks. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa faktor-faktor yang berhubungan …

Harnessing The Benefits Of Open Electronics In Science, Michael Oellermann, Jolle W. Jolles, Diego Ortiz, Rui Seabra, Tobias Wenzel, Hannah Wilson, Richelle Tanner

Biology, Chemistry, and Environmental Sciences Faculty Articles and Research

Freely and openly shared low-cost electronic applications, known as open electronics, have sparked a new open-source movement, with much un-tapped potential to advance scientific research. Initially designed to appeal to electronic hobbyists, open electronics have formed a global community of "makers" and inventors and are increasingly used in science and industry. Here, we review the current benefits of open electronics for scientific research and guide academics to enter this emerging field. We discuss how electronic applications, from the experimental to the theoretical sciences, can help (I) individual researchers by increasing the customization, efficiency, and scalability of experiments, while improving data …

Determinants Of School Enrolment In Indonesia: The Role Of Minimum Wage, Dyah Savitri Pritadrajati

Bulletin of Monetary Economics and Banking

This paper investigates the role of minimum wages in determining school enrolment (educational investment) in Indonesia using the National Socioeconomic Survey (Susenas). It finds that minimum wage legislation has a negative and significant substitution effect on educational investment. Individuals are more likely to drop out of senior secondary school as a result of a minimum wage legislation. Even though the response among low-income households is positive, this result may be generated by a fall in the probability of obtaining low-skilled employment, which offset the substitution effect.

Appetite Disorder In Hemodialysis Patients And Its Impact On Dietary Intake: A Cross-Sectional Study., Mohamed Elboraey, Ibrahim Ibtihal, Eltoraby Ehab, Tawfik Mona

Mansoura Medical Journal

Background: Lack of appetite (anorexia) is a relatively common symptom among hemodialysis patients and contributes to development of malnutrition; moreover, it is associated with unfavorable outcomes. The aim of this study was to explore the socio-demographic aspects of end- stage renal disease (ESRD) patients receiving hemodialysis, the clinical characteristics of such patients, and to assess their appetite and its impact on daily dietary intake. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that was carried out at Mansoura Nephrology and Dialysis Unit (MNDU), Mansoura University and Aga Hospital Dialysis Unit, Dakahlia, Egypt. The study was carried on patients with ESRD on hemodialysis. …

Dietary Exposure To Copper Sulphate Compared To A Copper Oxide Nanomaterial In Rainbow Trout: Bioaccumulation With Minimal Physiological Effects., David Boyle, Nathaniel J. Clark, Benjamin P. Eynon, Richard D. Handy

School of Health Professions

The dietary bioaccumulation potential of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) remains poorly understood. The aim of the current study was to assess the dietary bioaccumulation of copper from copper oxide (CuO) ENMs...

The Shape Of The Oral Glucose Tolerance Test-Glucose Response Curve In Islet Cell Antibody-Positive Vs -Negative Obese Youth Clinically Diagnosed With Type 2 Diabetes, Joon Young Kim, Hala Tfayli, Fida Bacha, Silva Arslanian

Children’s Nutrition Research Center Staff Publications

BACKGROUND: The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)-glucose response curves (GRCs; incessant increase, monophasic, and biphasic) reflect insulin sensitivity and β-cell function, being worse in the former and superior in the latter. Here, we examined if the OGTT-GRC pattern is worse in obese antibody (glutamic acid decarboxylase 65-kDa [GAD65] and insulinoma-associated protein-2 [IA-2])-positive (Ab

METHODS: Forty-seven obese youth, 15 Ab

RESULTS: Incessant increase OGTT-GRC is the most frequent curve type and is three-fold higher in Ab

CONCLUSION: Severe insulin deficiency, a characteristic of type 1 diabetes, seems to be related to higher prevalence of incessant increase in Ab

Barbadin Potentiates Long-Term Effects Of Lorcaserin On Pomc Neurons And Weight Loss, Yang He, Hailan Liu, Na Yin, Yongjie Yang, Chunmei Wang, Meng Yu, Hesong Liu, Chen Liang, Julia Wang, Longlong Tu, Nan Zhang, Lina Wang, Yanlin He, Makoto Fukuda, Qi Wu, Zheng Sun, Qingchun Tong, Yong Xu

Children’s Nutrition Research Center Staff Publications

Obesity is a serious global health problem because of its increasing prevalence and comorbidities, but its treatments are limited. The serotonin 2C receptor (5-HT_2CR), a G-protein-coupled receptor, activates proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons in the arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus (ARH) to reduce appetite and weight gain. However, several 5-HT analogs targeting this receptor, e.g., lorcaserin (Lor), suffer from diminished efficacy to reduce weight after prolonged administration. Here, we show that barbadin (Bar), a novel β-arrestin/β2-adaptin inhibitor, can prevent 5-HT_2CR internalization in cells and potentiate long-term effects of Lor to reduce appetite and body weight in male mice. Mechanistically, …

Needs Of Direct Support Professionals To Support People With Intellectual Disabilities In Leading A Healthy Lifestyle, Annelies Overwijk, Thessa I.M. Hilgenkamp, Cees P. Van Der Schans, Annette A.J. Van Der Putten, Aly Waninge

Physical Therapy Faculty Research

Background: For a healthy lifestyle, people with moderate, severe, and profound intellectual disabilities living in residential facilities and/or participating in day activity centers are dependent on their direct support professionals. However, it is unclear what knowledge and skills these direct support professionals require to support these individuals in living a healthy lifestyle. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the needs of direct support professionals for supporting these people with moderate to profound intellectual disabilities to achieve and maintain a healthy lifestyle. Method: Direct support professionals (n = 28) were interviewed with the use of a semi-structured protocol …

Study Of Microwave Technique In Hot Pepper Seed By Different Solvents With An Assessing Antioxidant And Antibacterial Properties, Holem H. Balaky, Yaseen Galali, Eyyüp Karaoğul, Ertuğrul Altuntaş, Nabil H. Rasol, Adnan Ali Mustafa

Polytechnic Journal

Chili pepper seed (CPS) is rich in nutrients and phytochemical particularly oil which could possess antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Using novel techniques such as microwave assisted extraction (MAE) with solvents could be useful to extract these materials. The objectives of this study are to develop and evaluate antioxidants (and antibacterial activities of the hot seed pepper oil extracts using both water and ethanol solvents with MAE as novel techniques in relation to its ability to extract antioxidant and antibacterial compounds. Chili pepper seed (CPS) was obtained from the Kahramanmaraş, Turkey. CPS was extracted with water and ethanol and assessed for …

Improving The Quality Of Ground Mutton By Garlic Oil, Marwa Emam, Mahmoud Mohammed, Samir Abd-Elghany, Hazem Ramadan

Mansoura Veterinary Medical Journal

Objective: The aim of this study is to examine the antimicrobial activity of garlic oil to extend the shelf life of ground mutton stored aerobically at 4 oC for 15 days through its effect on the aerobic plate count and Enterobacteriaceae count that contaminate the meat during its preparation. Design: Observational controlled study. Samples: 7200 g of fresh mutton Procedures:meat sampleswere divided into four equal groups (600 gm each), three, groups were treated with different concentrations of garlic oil (250, 360, and 600 mg/kg) and the last group (without any addition) as a control. The treated samples were thoroughly mixed …

Effect Of Moringa Olefiera On Neurotoxicity Induced By Sodium Fluoride In Rats, Abeer Shalan, Shimaa El- Sayed, Gehad El- Sayed, El-Said El-Said

Mansoura Veterinary Medical Journal

Objective: This study was carried out to evaluate the detoxifying effects of aqueous extract of Moringa Oleifera on sodium fluoride-induced neurotoxicity in male Wister rats. Design: Randomized controlled study. Animals: Forty rats Procedures: Rats were allocated into four equal groups (10 each). Basically, each group received the same basal diet for 30 days. The first group was not received additional treatment (negative control). However, the second group received 20 mg/kg b.wt sodium fluoride daily (positive control), the third group received sodium fluoride at a dose of 20 mg/kg b.wt and Moringa Oleifera at 300 mg/kg daily, and the fourth group …

Hubungan Obesitas Dengan Kejadian Hipertensi Pada Lansia Di Posyandu Lansia Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Pb Selayang Ii Kecamatan Medan Selayang, Medan, Hazella Rissa Valda Asari, Helda Helda

Jurnal Epidemiologi Kesehatan Indonesia

Populasi individu di seluruh dunia berusia 65 tahun dan lebih tua terus meningkat. Prevalensi hipertensi di Indonesia adalah 26,5%.Situasi hipertensi terus meningkat seiring dengan epidemiologinya yang meluas, yang berkontribusi terhadap meningkatnya beban global penyakit secara keseluruhan. Salah satu faktor hipertensi ialah obesitas. Studi Framingham menunjukkan bahwa baik pria maupun wanita mengalami peningkatan tekanan darah dengan peningkatan kelebihan berat badan. Mengetahui hubungan obesitas dengan hipertensi pada lansia. Desain potong lintang digunakan untuk penelitian yang dilaksanakan pada 9 posyandu lansia di wilayah kerja Puskesmas PB Selayang II pada bulan Agustus 2017. Populasi penelitian adalah lansia yang mengunjungi ke sembilan posyandu lansia di …

Physical And Chemical Properties Of Soil, Water And Air Around Ukawu Pb-Zn Mine, Southeastern Nigeria, Nwachukwu Arthur Nwachukwu, Sikakwe Gregory Udie, Eluwa Ndidiamaka Nchedo, Uwa Clementina Ukamaka, Oluwatoyin Oluwatosin Olaosebikan

Makara Journal of Science

In this study, analysis of water, and soil samples, air quality, and noise levels in Ukawu Pb-Zn mine were examined. The pH of the water samples, at 6.7, exceeded permissible levels for potable water established by the National Environmental Standard Regulatory Agency (NESREA), European Union, and World Health Organization (i.e., 7.0-8.5). The soil pH was 5.2, which indicates acidity due to acid mine drainage. Low soil pH is evidence of acid mine drainage. All cations detected in water and soil were below standard limits considered harmful by the NESREA. Measurements of precursor gases, such as O₃, NO_{2 …}

Prevalence Of Parafunctional Habits Among Preschool Children And Its Correlation To Parental Education Status, Huda R. Mahdi Alawsi, Bayan A. Hassan, Shaho Z. Jamil Al-Talabani

Polytechnic Journal

Background: Parafunctional habit has been associated in the literature with alterations of dental occlusion; it could be a predisposing factor for malocclusion. This cross-sectional study is aimed to assess the prevalence of parafunctional habits and its relation to parent’s education. Subjects and Methods: Convenience sample of 500 children aged between 4 and 6 years of both gender 262 boys and 238 girls receiving their medical care in primary health-care centers and in Raparin Pediatric Hospital of Erbil city to study parafunctional habits and its relation to parents education. Results: Mouth breathing and nail biting were more prevalent habits in the …

Partisipasi Ibu Balita Ke Posyandu Melati Di Desa Sungai Bertam, Kabupaten Muaro Jambi Tahun 2020, Winda Triana, Pahrur Razi, Solihin Sayuti

Perilaku dan Promosi Kesehatan: Indonesian Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior

Introduction. Monthly health services for children under five years at Posyandu include implementing health checks, weighing, monitoring nutrition, giving vitamin A, health consultations and immunizations. At the PIR II Bajubang Puskesmas in the Sungai Bertam Village area, there is a Melati Posyandu with a very low coverage of toddler visits. Every month only 50% of the target number of 70 toddlers (D/S) come to visit. Objective. This study aimed to determine the participation of mothers with children under five years in the Posyandu Melati in Sungai Bertam Village. Methods. This research used a descriptive analytic, the population in this study …

Hubungan Health Locus Of Control Dengan Kepatuhan Diet Pada Pasien Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2 Di Rsud Kota Depok Tahun 2020, Shania Adhanty, Dian Ayubi, Dien Anshari

Perilaku dan Promosi Kesehatan: Indonesian Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior

Background. Diabetes Mellitus (DM) caused 4.2 million deaths in 2019. In Indonesia, DM is an NCD that causes major deaths. Dietary adherence becomes a vital behavior and requires self-control. Objective. This study aimed to determine the relationship between health locus of control on internal, powerful-others, chance dimensions and other factors with dietary adherence among type 2 DM patients at Depok City Hospital in 2020. Method. This study used a cross-sectional design and data collection through convenience sampling on 52 type 2 DM patients who visited internist poly in Depok City Hospital. Results. This study indicates that patients have adequate dietary …

Knowledge And Practices Of Mothers About Diarrhea In Children Under Three Years Old In Heevi Pediatric Teaching Hospital In Duhok City, Omed S. Saadallah, Gulistan A. Saido

Polytechnic Journal

Background and Objectives: Diarrheal disease is the second important reason of death in children under 5 years old and is responsible for killing around 760,000 children every year. Diarrhea can last for several days and it can leave the body without the water and salts that are necessary for survival. Most people who die from diarrhea actually die from severe dehydration and fluid loss. The aim of this study is to assess the relationship between mother’s knowledge and their practice about diarrhea in children mother’s knowledge and their practice about diarrhea in children less than 3 years old in Heevi …

Negotiating Vegetarianism As A Complementary Therapy For Ncds In Myanmar Using Communication Accommodation Theory (Cat), Tun Zayar Min, Mark Stephan Felix, Francois Rene Lamy, Natthani Meemon

Asia-Pacific Social Science Review

The use of vegetarian/vegan diets as a complementary therapy for NCDs and the communication interaction between those who use these diets and their family members is the focus of this manuscript. Communication accommodation theory (CAT) forms the theoretical underpinning for the study of this subject, with qualitative research methods being the chosen methodology as it allows for the gleaning of in-depth personal experiences. In-depth interviews of 11 pairs of vegetarian/ vegan respondents who followed a vegetarian/vegan diet after being diagnosed with NCDs and their family members were conducted in Yangon. Interviews were analyzed using a content analysis matrix. Different CAT …