Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (9185)
- Arts and Humanities (5465)
- Education (4815)
- Law (4378)
- Medicine and Health Sciences (4177)
-
- Physical Sciences and Mathematics (2399)
- Life Sciences (2304)
- Business (2134)
- Communication (1895)
- Engineering (1888)
- Library and Information Science (1815)
- Higher Education (1521)
- Sociology (1380)
- Psychology (1271)
- Public Health (1074)
- History (1024)
- Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration (1007)
- Computer Sciences (826)
- Medical Specialties (719)
- Political Science (690)
- Art and Design (676)
- Journalism Studies (617)
- Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies (602)
- Religion (592)
- Curriculum and Instruction (543)
- Nursing (511)
- Film and Media Studies (510)
- English Language and Literature (490)
- Environmental Sciences (489)
- Teacher Education and Professional Development (488)
- Institution
-
- San Jose State University (1305)
- University of Memphis (1171)
- Universitas Indonesia (779)
- Brigham Young University (671)
- Georgia Southern University (649)
-
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln (649)
- City University of New York (CUNY) (632)
- Walden University (611)
- Chulalongkorn University (541)
- University of South Florida (532)
- University of Kentucky (483)
- University of Mississippi (466)
- University of Central Florida (459)
- University of South Carolina (412)
- Singapore Management University (409)
- University of New Hampshire (389)
- University of Arkansas, Fayetteville (387)
- University of Montana (386)
- Liberty University (372)
- Utah State University (356)
- Louisiana State University (355)
- Nova Southeastern University (341)
- Yale University (341)
- Purdue University (338)
- Portland State University (334)
- Grand Valley State University (330)
- University of Rhode Island (326)
- University of Plymouth (303)
- Washington University School of Medicine (281)
- Edith Cowan University (279)
- Keyword
-
- COVID-19 (1335)
- Georgia Southern University (405)
- Pandemic (405)
- Social media (396)
- Education (353)
-
- Syllabus, syllabi, journalism, communication, media, strategic media (296)
- Media (286)
- Humans (250)
- Gay community. (242)
- Gays -- Southern States -- Periodicals. (242)
- Newsletter (242)
- Technology (227)
- Mental health (222)
- Gender (215)
- Higher education (208)
- Communication (200)
- Covid-19 (199)
- Coronavirus (178)
- Race (178)
- EIU (175)
- Indiana State University (172)
- Student Media (171)
- Newspaper (170)
- English (168)
- The George-Anne Daily (158)
- History (156)
- Social Media (156)
- United States (153)
- Undergraduate (152)
- Women (150)
- Publication
-
- Theses and Dissertations (1377)
- Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal) (1010)
- Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies (553)
- Chulalongkorn University Theses and Dissertations (Chula ETD) (471)
- Faculty Publications (442)
-
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations (366)
- Honors Theses (341)
- Dissertations (322)
- Journalism and Strategic Media Syllabi Archive (296)
- Faculty Scholarship (286)
- Theses (231)
- Open Access Publications (226)
- Research outputs 2014 to 2021 (216)
- Masters Theses (208)
- Doctoral Dissertations and Projects (204)
- George-Anne Media Group: Newsletters & Magazines (196)
- Michigan Reading Journal (196)
- USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations (196)
- Publications and Research (191)
- Articles (186)
- Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan (181)
- Defensive Publications Series (175)
- Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects (174)
- Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023 (158)
- Master's Theses (150)
- University Announcements - ISU Today (143)
- Publications (140)
- Research Collection School Of Computing and Information Systems (139)
- Graduate Theses and Dissertations (138)
- Triangle Journal News, 1990-2006 (131)
- Publication Type
Articles 3001 - 3030 of 41023
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Constructing The Perfect Girlfriend: Gender, Class, Race, & Performativity Of Paid Intimacy In Nevada Brothels, Christina Parreira
Constructing The Perfect Girlfriend: Gender, Class, Race, & Performativity Of Paid Intimacy In Nevada Brothels, Christina Parreira
UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones
While most research on commodified intimacy, especially in the sex industry, has explored gender dynamics, sex work researchers are beginning to also explore intersectional dynamics in the industry. But little research has examined whether or how workers may navigate these dynamics differently through the ways in which they understand and perform service labor. Much research has explored commodified intimacy in different settings, but very little attention has been paid to the different ways that workers in the same setting perform intimacy. In this dissertation I ask how do different performances of intimate service in the brothels- the girlfriend experience (GFE) …
Factors Influencing Us Residents' Willingness To Engage In Domestic Medical Tourism, Hananeh Derakhshan
Factors Influencing Us Residents' Willingness To Engage In Domestic Medical Tourism, Hananeh Derakhshan
UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones
Domestic medical tourism is a niche market in the medical tourism industry. The purpose of this study was to determine the association of different attributes on U.S residents’ willingness to participate in domestic medical tourism. Based on the medical tourism index (MTI) components, a total of fourteen possible attributes that may impact US residents’ willingness to seek out-of-town care were created and participants were asked to rate the importance of each attribute on their willingness to seek out-of-town care on a 10-point Likert scale. Using principal component analysis, the attributes were grouped into three components: (1) quality-of-care, (2) destination attraction, …
Factors Associated With Medication Decision Making In African American Families Of Children With Adhd: A Mixed Methods Study, Amy Glasofer
Factors Associated With Medication Decision Making In African American Families Of Children With Adhd: A Mixed Methods Study, Amy Glasofer
UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurobehavioral pediatric disorder in the United States. Pharmacotherapy is a recommended component of treatment for ADHD. While medication treatment of ADHD is not optimized overall, minority groups experience medication treatment disparities. The persistently lower rates of medication treatment in minority groups may have culturally specific origins which cannot be generalized across minorities. The purpose of this dissertation was to assess and extend knowledge regarding medication decision making (MDM) in African American caregivers of children with ADHD. To assess the state of the science on ADHD disparities, a review of 41 descriptive studies exploring …
Party Central: Networks, Influence, And Party Change In The Us House Of Representatives, Sean M. Goff
Party Central: Networks, Influence, And Party Change In The Us House Of Representatives, Sean M. Goff
UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones
For decades, scholars have devoted considerable attention to the causes and processes of party change. In this dissertation, I offer a new theoretical framework that not only takes into account the behavior of Members of Congress, but also how that behavior is constrained and conditioned by the relationships they share with other Members. This web of relationships forms a party network, the structure of which changes as Member-to-Member relationships change over time. I also identify three mechanisms of party change: a Member of Congress shifting their position to align with another (assimilation); a Member being pushed to the periphery of …
The Experience Of Self-Coherence: Self-Coherence As The Hub Of All Needs, April Ursula Fox
The Experience Of Self-Coherence: Self-Coherence As The Hub Of All Needs, April Ursula Fox
UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones
Self-coherence as the hub of all needs is a novel proposition made by Carol Dweck (2017), and not yet further explored. While supporting self-coherence with a comprehensive review of its presence within behavioral sciences, Dweck does not dive deeper into it, and offers an invitation for further research of its workings. In this study I respond to that invitation. I design a continuation to her theory. I also expand her theory to include what I have found to be missing, but essential, additional components that cannot be ignored within the context of self-coherence as a master sensor of needs. Finally, …
How Can We Reduce Racism? A Mixed Method Study Of Factors That Influence Attitudes Towards Social Change, Kindy Insouvanh
How Can We Reduce Racism? A Mixed Method Study Of Factors That Influence Attitudes Towards Social Change, Kindy Insouvanh
UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones
The resurgence of social movements such as Black Lives Matter has provoked public discourse about racial inequality and efforts towards social change. The current study sought to better understand how young adults reason about racism reduction with a focus on racial allyship and collective action. The present study used mixed methods to identify strategies young adults believe different racial groups could do to reduce racism and investigate the influence that individual factors have on reasoning about social change. Here, I present emergent themes to describe racism reduction strategies from a large and racially diverse sample of undergraduate students (N= 428). …
The Role Of Working Memory In Fraction Arithmetic: Eye Movements During A Dual Task, Krystal Kamekona-Mendoza
The Role Of Working Memory In Fraction Arithmetic: Eye Movements During A Dual Task, Krystal Kamekona-Mendoza
UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones
Fractions are first introduced at the elementary school age, yet difficulty with fraction computation (i.e., adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing) continues to persist throughout adulthood. Research suggests that fraction knowledge is predictive of future math achievement and success in algebra. Given the early age at which this concept is introduced and the critical role that it plays in future mathematics success, it is important to better understand the cognitive mechanisms involved in fraction computation and why students continue to struggle with this concept. The role of executive function (e.g., attention, inhibition, working memory) in fraction arithmetic is complex. While working …
Computational Sodium Heat Pipe Simulation In Three Dimensions For Transient Nuclear Reactor Analysis With Variable Surface Heat Flux, Valerie Jean Lawdensky
Computational Sodium Heat Pipe Simulation In Three Dimensions For Transient Nuclear Reactor Analysis With Variable Surface Heat Flux, Valerie Jean Lawdensky
UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones
Heat pipes are used to transfer heat through phase change in a liquid/vapor contained in a metal tube. They are passive devices that require no pumps to circulate the fluid and can transfer heat far more efficiently than a solid copper rod of the same diameter. They are commonly used in laptop computers where copper heat pipes filled with water take heat away from the CPU and transfer the heat to air through a heat exchanger. Heat pipes were also used in the Kilopower nuclear reactor where higher temperatures required sodium as the working fluid with stainless steel tubes. Computer …
Leaders’ Strategies For Motivating The Millennial Generation To Sustain High Levels Of Performance, Juan Alvarez
Leaders’ Strategies For Motivating The Millennial Generation To Sustain High Levels Of Performance, Juan Alvarez
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Failure to identify and implement strategies to address the needs of the Millennial workforce can lead to a decrease in productivity in the organization. The increasing number of Millennials in the workforce creates a challenge for many business leaders in maintaining or surpassing the productivity levels found in organizations where the baby boomer employees are the majority. Grounded in transformational leadership theory, the purpose of this qualitative single case study was to explore the strategies that warehouse supervisors use to enable Millennial employees to maintain or surpass productivity levels in organizations. Interviews were conducted with six warehouse supervisors who had …
The Mystery Of Covid-19 Reinfections: A Global Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis, Rubaid Azhar Dhillon, Mohammad Aadil Qamar, Jaleed Ahmed Gilani, Omar Irfan, Usama Waqar, Mir Ibrahim Sajid, Syed Faisal Mahmood
The Mystery Of Covid-19 Reinfections: A Global Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis, Rubaid Azhar Dhillon, Mohammad Aadil Qamar, Jaleed Ahmed Gilani, Omar Irfan, Usama Waqar, Mir Ibrahim Sajid, Syed Faisal Mahmood
Department of Medicine
Background: As the COVID-19 pandemic rages on, reports on disparities in vaccine roll out alongside COVID-19 reinfection have been emerging. We conducted a systematic review to assess the determinants and disease spectrum of COVID-19 reinfection.
Materials and methods: A comprehensive search covering relevant databases was conducted for observational studies reporting Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) confirmed infection and reinfection cases. A quality assessment tool developed by the National Institute of Health (NIH) for the assessment of case series was utilized. Meta-analyses were performed using RevMan 5.3 for pooled proportions of findings in first infection and reinfection with a 95% confidence interval …
Inverse Steady Heat Conduction In A Two-Dimensional Composite Media., Mohammed Mosaad
Inverse Steady Heat Conduction In A Two-Dimensional Composite Media., Mohammed Mosaad
Mansoura Engineering Journal
In the present paper, an exact analytic approach is obtained for solving inverse problems of steady, two-dimensional, heat conduction in a composite, plane or cylindrical media, by developing analytic methods of solving inverse problems for single-wall geometric shapes : plane wall and hollow cylinder. The present method is further extended to treat the problem if the composite media involves internal heat generation. Solved examples are presented to demonstrate application of the proposed method as well prove its validity.
Nepalese Summer, Dikshya Upadhyay
Strategic Social Media For Small Congregations, Heather R. Sparkman
Strategic Social Media For Small Congregations, Heather R. Sparkman
Theses
Utilizing social media to draw and build a community of followers is the typical work of the modern Influencer and large organizations. But for a small church, using social media may seem like a wasteful or exasperating experience due to the sheer work that is involved in the enterprise and inconsistency brought on by a lack of strategic thought. The development of this assessment and philosophical metric focuses less on statistical metrics and more on stable principles that relate to values, context, and culture.
Qualitative Research On Pant Fit: To Improve Plus-Size Fit In The Plus-Size Market, Lenora Brown
Qualitative Research On Pant Fit: To Improve Plus-Size Fit In The Plus-Size Market, Lenora Brown
Theses
This study explored the plussize apparel fit and the satisfaction of the plussize women in the United States. According to researchers, there is a well-known gap for apparel grading when it comes to plus-size apparel. This study took a qualitative approach and used structured interviews and surveys with twenty plus-size women size 16 through 22 and ages ranging from 22 through 50 in the Midwest area. The results of the interviews and the survey indicate the plus-size woman is unsatisfied with the fit of their clothing, more specifically the fit of their pants. The results indicate there are many variants …
Creating A Responsibly Made Product For A Handcrafted Business, Jordan Khusnulgatin
Creating A Responsibly Made Product For A Handcrafted Business, Jordan Khusnulgatin
Theses
The purpose of this project is to build a small scale handcrafted product and business from scratch that incorporates sustainable practices. There are many factors that make up a business. For this project in particular, the main concern will be centered around all aspects of the product and customer experience, including finding a niche, the aesthetic, branding, packaging, pricing, sustainable practices, and creating a business plan. This project will follow the steps described above to discover a niche and the basis upon which this handmade business will be derived from, providing a physical example of what a thoroughly thought-out handcrafted …
Portraits: A Study In Objects, Family Relations, And Race, Julie Quintero
Portraits: A Study In Objects, Family Relations, And Race, Julie Quintero
Theses
My final project is a body of mixed-media portraits which were exhibited at SculptureWorks Ferguson in December, 2021. Each of the twenty works are visual representations of events, identities, or relationships, experienced in both the past and the present. The materials used to help push each narrative include fabric, yarn, coffee filters, embroidery, wood, stain, plaster, metal, concrete, inks, conte, paints, and/or found objects. Each piece demonstrates a unique combination of image, media, and technique in the field of contemporary art. Some of the works include objects made by the people being portrayed. Others include materials that were acquired via …
Cultural Connection: The Value Of Art History In Early Childhood Development And Education, Sara Ashley Turner
Cultural Connection: The Value Of Art History In Early Childhood Development And Education, Sara Ashley Turner
Theses
This thesis focuses on the utilization of art historical inquiry to improve the relationship and narrative of culture within appropriate settings. Although this thesis will prove the beneficial and important role that the subject matter of art history can have in early education, the subject matter will also show the specific possibilities of using such inquiries in art therapy, museum education, and in general education classrooms. The aim of the thesis is to present these practical and useful employments of art historical inquiry, within subject matter for young children, to be a tool for finding cultural identity and inclusivity in …
Further The Field: Revamping Collegiate Athletic Digital Marketing Efforts, Ryan Sells
Further The Field: Revamping Collegiate Athletic Digital Marketing Efforts, Ryan Sells
Theses
This paper closely analyzes digital marketing strategies and athletic communications campaigns in a more technologically and content-driven era. Recent scholarly research has indicated the shift from traditional marketing methods to more current applications. This thesis paper helps to guide potential sports marketing or communications professionals in the everchanging industry of collegiate athletics. Successful campaigns have been closely analyzed and serve as an indicator of potential future marketing plans that can be put in action. Scholarly articles were strong components in the research process and helped to explain the impact of two-way communication and personalization content ideas. To implement successful digital …
2d Motion Graphics Enhancement Of The User Experience On Web Applications, Lora Paro
2d Motion Graphics Enhancement Of The User Experience On Web Applications, Lora Paro
Theses
This project focuses on the creation and use of 2D motion graphics to enhance the user experience of applications on the web including but not limited to social media, educational and entertaining digital videos. The aim of this project is to enhance skills in the creation of 2D motion graphics using Adobe After Effects, Adobe Character Animator, and Adobe Illustrator while benefitting the user experience of visually delivered moving graphics to capture more of the audience’s attention rather than the traditional use of static imagery. Experience gained with research on 2D motions graphics and Adobe After Effects with then be …
A Prevalence Study Of Entamoeba Spp. In Basrah Province Using Different Detection Methods, Athraa Abdulameer Al-Hilfi, Maha Khalil Al-Malak, Muslim Abdulrahman Al-Tomah
A Prevalence Study Of Entamoeba Spp. In Basrah Province Using Different Detection Methods, Athraa Abdulameer Al-Hilfi, Maha Khalil Al-Malak, Muslim Abdulrahman Al-Tomah
Baghdad Science Journal
This study aims to determine the prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba dispar andEntamoeba moshkovskii by three methods of diagnosis (microscopic examination, cultivation and PCR) thatwere compared to obtain an accurate diagnosis of Entamoeba spp. during amoebiasis. Total (n=150) stoolsamples related to patients were (n = 100) and healthy controls (n= 50). Clinically diagnosed stool samples(n=100) were collected from patients attending the consultant clinics of different hospitals in Basrah duringthe period from January 2018 to January 2019. The results showed that 60% of collected samples werepositive in a direct microscopic examination. All samples were cultivated on different media; the Brain heartinfusion …
Using Fuzzy Clustering To Detect The Tumor Area In Stomach Medical Images, Ekhlas Falih Naser, Suhiar Mohammed Zeki
Using Fuzzy Clustering To Detect The Tumor Area In Stomach Medical Images, Ekhlas Falih Naser, Suhiar Mohammed Zeki
Baghdad Science Journal
Although the number of stomach tumor patients reduced obviously during last decades in western countries, but this illness is still one of the main causes of death in developing countries. The aim of this research is to detect the area of a tumor in a stomach images based on fuzzy clustering. The proposed methodology consists of three stages. The stomach images are divided into four quarters and then features elicited from each quarter in the first stage by utilizing seven moments invariant. Fuzzy C-Mean clustering (FCM) was employed in the second stage for each quarter to collect the features of …
Gaze, Volume 10, Number 2
Gaze, 1979-1990
Co-Editors: Allen Cook, John Stilwell. Staff Writers: Carole Taylor, Bob Dumais, Vincent Astor, Becky Caperton, John House. Typesetting and Layout: Allen Cook, Bob Dumais, Cecil McLeod, John Stilwell. Circulation: Cecil McLeod, John Stilwell, Bob Dumais. Advertising Manager: Bob Dumais.
Special thanks to Rhodes College and the Paul Barret Jr. Library for providing initial scanning of this collection.
Gaze, Volume 11, Number 3
Gaze, 1979-1990
Co-Editors: Allen Cook, John Stilwell. Staff Writers: Vincent Astor, Ken Horton, Becky Caperton. Typesetting and Layout: Allen Cook, John Stilwell, Vincent Astor. Circulation: Cecil McLeod, John Stilwell. Advertising: Vincent Astor.
Special thanks to Rhodes College and the Paul Barret Jr. Library for providing initial scanning of this collection.
Gaze, Volume 10, Number 8
Gaze, 1979-1990
Co-Editors: Allen Cook, John Stilwell. Staff Writers: Bob Dumais, Susan McKenzie, Vincent Astor, Ken Horton, Becky Caperton. Typesetting and Layout: Allen Cook, Bob Dumais, John Stilwell, Vincent Astor. Circulation: Cecil McLeod, John Stilwell, Bob Dumais. Advertising: Bob Dumais, Vincent Astor.
This is the first of two issues printed as volume 10, number 8.
This issue is noted as July and August.
Special thanks to Rhodes College and the Paul Barret Jr. Library for providing initial scanning of this collection.
The Bridwell Quill. Issues 39-40: The Mystic & The Muse, Anthony Elia
The Bridwell Quill. Issues 39-40: The Mystic & The Muse, Anthony Elia
Bridwell Library Publications
No abstract provided.
Achieving Excellence For California’S Freight System: Developing Competitiveness And Performance Metrics; Incorporating Sustainability, Resilience, And Workforce Development, Jian-Yu Ke, Fynnwin Prager, Jose Martinez, Chris Cagle
Achieving Excellence For California’S Freight System: Developing Competitiveness And Performance Metrics; Incorporating Sustainability, Resilience, And Workforce Development, Jian-Yu Ke, Fynnwin Prager, Jose Martinez, Chris Cagle
Mineta Transportation Institute
This study explores the question of whether California's freight system is staying competitive with other US regions. A novel analytical framework compares supply chain performance metrics across multiple US states and regions for seaports, airports, highways, freight rail service, and distribution centers by combining the Performance Evaluation Matrix (PEM), Competitive Position Matrix (CPM), and Business Process Management (BPM) approaches. Analysis of industry data and responses from structured interviews with 30 freight industry experts across 5 transportation sectors suggests that California's freight system is competitive for seaports, airports, and freight rail; however, highways and distribution centers have room for improvement with …
Pfoa Loaded Gac Fall 2021 Report, Ramiro Nava
Pfoa Loaded Gac Fall 2021 Report, Ramiro Nava
Water Resources Science and Technology Theses and Graduate Research Reports (Archived)
No abstract provided.
The Ejection Of Large Non-Oscillating Droplets From A Hydrophobic Wedge In Microgravity, Logan Torres, Mark M. Weislogel
The Ejection Of Large Non-Oscillating Droplets From A Hydrophobic Wedge In Microgravity, Logan Torres, Mark M. Weislogel
Mechanical and Materials Engineering Faculty Publications and Presentations
When confined within containers or conduits, drops and bubbles migrate to regions of minimum energy by the combined effects of surface tension, surface wetting, system geometry, and initial conditions. Such capillary phenomena are exploited for passive phase separation operations in micro-fluidic devices on earth and macro-fluidic devices aboard spacecraft. Our study focuses on the migration and ejection of large inertial-capillary drops confined between tilted planar hydrophobic substrates (a.k.a., wedges). In our experiments, the brief nearly weightless environment of a 2.1 s drop tower allows for the study of such capillary dominated behavior for up to 10 mL water drops with …
Identification Of Opportunity Barriers And Supports For Individuals Using Augmentative And Alternative Communication (Aac) And Stakeholders, Meredith K. Gohsman
Identification Of Opportunity Barriers And Supports For Individuals Using Augmentative And Alternative Communication (Aac) And Stakeholders, Meredith K. Gohsman
Rehabilitation Sciences Theses & Dissertations
Individuals using augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) are supported by many AAC stakeholders and communication partners. Clinical decision making and AAC assessment models consider the capabilities and access needs of the individual using AAC, as well as opportunity barriers and supports imposed by communication partners and environments. The purpose of this research was to investigate opportunity barriers and supports identified by two critical AAC stakeholders: speechlanguage pathologists and caregivers. The first study investigated characteristics of AAC service provision reported by post-professional speech-language pathologists. Speech-language pathologists reported lack of perceived knowledge related to AAC service delivery, inconsistent use of AAC modalities, …
An Analysis Of Class In Composition From 1970-2010, Holland R. Cutrell
An Analysis Of Class In Composition From 1970-2010, Holland R. Cutrell
All HCAS Student Capstones, Theses, and Dissertations
Class and socioeconomic status in composition and rhetoric remains a topic that is felt, yet not often discussed. The language students use is highly indicative of their class background, and everyone has a slightly altered form of discourse they prefer (Zebroski, 2006). My thesis examines the issues working-class students have faced with literacy acquisition and discourse assimilation from 1970s–mid 2000s. My analysis illustrates how composition and rhetoric has evolved from the error-centered and hyper-correct culture of the 1970s to the technologically dominated, media driven production powerhouse that affects every aspect of college and beyond. To most effectively address how working-class …