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2021

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Eagle Accountant - 2021, Georgia Southern University Jan 2021

Eagle Accountant - 2021, Georgia Southern University

Eagle Accountant

  • Note from the Director
  • SOA at a Glance & Advisory Council
  • Remembering Tim Pearson
  • Eagle Eye: Accounting at Southern
  • Accounting Day 2021
  • Scholarships
  • Parker Accounting Scholars
  • Special Thanks to Sponsors
  • Congratulations to Graduates
  • BBA Graduates
  • MAcc Graduates
  • Honors Graduates
  • Parker College of Business Scholars
  • Beta Alpha Psi
  • Accounting Association
  • NABA
  • ACFE
  • VITA
  • Faculty Awards
  • Promotion & Tenure
  • New Face in the SOA & Moving On
  • Faculty Research & Publications
  • Faculty Notes
  • Alumni Notes & Promotions
  • Diversity at the SOA
  • We want to hear from you
  • In Memoriam


Soil Carbon Stocks Vary Across Geomorphic Settings In Australian Temperate Tidal Marsh Ecosystems, Connor Gorham, Paul Lavery, Jeffrey J. Kelleway, Cristian Salinas, Oscar Serrano Jan 2021

Soil Carbon Stocks Vary Across Geomorphic Settings In Australian Temperate Tidal Marsh Ecosystems, Connor Gorham, Paul Lavery, Jeffrey J. Kelleway, Cristian Salinas, Oscar Serrano

Research outputs 2014 to 2021

Tidal marshes rank among the ecosystems with the highest capacity to sequester and store organic carbon (Corg) on earth. To inform conservation of coastal vegetated ecosystems for climate change mitigation, this study investigated the factors driving variability in carbon storage. We estimated soil Corg stocks in tidal marshes across temperate Western Australia and assessed differences among geomorphic settings (marine and fluvial deltas, and mid-estuary) and vegetation type (Sarcocornia quinqueflora and Juncus kraussii) linked to soil biogeochemistry. Soil Corg stocks within fluvial and mid-estuary settings were significantly higher (209 ± 14 and 211 ± 20 …


2021 Georgia Southern University Women's Soccer Media Guide, Georgia Southern University Jan 2021

2021 Georgia Southern University Women's Soccer Media Guide, Georgia Southern University

Women's Soccer Records

  • 2021 Women's Soccer Media Guide


2021 Georgia Southern University Softball Media Guide, Georgia Southern University Jan 2021

2021 Georgia Southern University Softball Media Guide, Georgia Southern University

Women's Softball Records

  • 2021 Georgia Southern Softball


A Deep Learning Model To Predict Traumatic Brain Injury Severity And Outcome From Mr Images, Dacosta Yeboah, Hung Nguyen, Daniel B. Hier, Gayla R. Olbricht, Tayo Obafemi-Ajayi Jan 2021

A Deep Learning Model To Predict Traumatic Brain Injury Severity And Outcome From Mr Images, Dacosta Yeboah, Hung Nguyen, Daniel B. Hier, Gayla R. Olbricht, Tayo Obafemi-Ajayi

Chemistry Faculty Research & Creative Works

For Many Neurological Disorders, Including Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), Neuroimaging Information Plays a Crucial Role Determining Diagnosis and Prognosis. TBI is a Heterogeneous Disorder that Can Result in Lasting Physical, Emotional and Cognitive Impairments. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a Non-Invasive Technique that Uses Radio Waves to Reveal Fine Details of Brain Anatomy and Pathology. Although MRIs Are Interpreted by Radiologists, Advances Are Being Made in the Use of Deep Learning for MRI Interpretation. This Work Evaluates a Deep Learning Model based on a Residual Learning Convolutional Neural Network that Predicts TBI Severity from MR Images. the Model Achieved a …


Subsumption Reduces Dataset Dimensionality Without Decreasing Performance Of A Machine Learning Classifier, Donald C. Wunsch, Daniel B. Hier Jan 2021

Subsumption Reduces Dataset Dimensionality Without Decreasing Performance Of A Machine Learning Classifier, Donald C. Wunsch, Daniel B. Hier

Chemistry Faculty Research & Creative Works

When Features in a High Dimension Dataset Are Organized Hierarchically, There is an Inherent Opportunity to Reduce Dimensionality. Since More Specific Concepts Are Subsumed by More General Concepts, Subsumption Can Be Applied Successively to Reduce Dimensionality. We Tested Whether Sub-Sumption Could Reduce the Dimensionality of a Disease Dataset Without Impairing Classification Accuracy. We Started with a Dataset that Had 168 Neurological Patients, 14 Diagnoses, and 293 Unique Features. We Applied Subsumption Repeatedly to Create Eight Successively Smaller Datasets, Ranging from 293 Dimensions in the Largest Dataset to 11 Dimensions in the Smallest Dataset. We Tested a MLP Classifier on All …


Estimating Primary Forest Attributes And Rare Community Characteristics Using Unmanned Aerial Systems (Uas): An Enrichment Of Conventional Forest Inventories, Benjamin T. Fraser, Russell G. Congalton Jan 2021

Estimating Primary Forest Attributes And Rare Community Characteristics Using Unmanned Aerial Systems (Uas): An Enrichment Of Conventional Forest Inventories, Benjamin T. Fraser, Russell G. Congalton

Faculty Publications

The techniques for conducting forest inventories have been established over centuries of land management and conservation. In recent decades, however, compelling new tools and methodologies in remote sensing, computer vision, and data science have offered innovative pathways for enhancing the effectiveness and comprehension of these sampling designs. Now with the aid of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) and advanced image processing techniques, we have never been closer to mapping forests at field-based inventory scales. Our research, conducted in New Hampshire on complex mixed-species forests, used natural color UAS imagery for estimating individual tree diameters (diameter at breast height (dbh)) as well …


Jiann-Ping Hsu College Of Public Health Magazine, Georgia Southern University Jan 2021

Jiann-Ping Hsu College Of Public Health Magazine, Georgia Southern University

College of Public Health: News & Publications

  • Message from the Dean: Stuart H. Tedders, PhD
  • One-On-One: Building a POD from the ground up!
  • Our Community: Making a Difference
  • The COVID-19 Pivot: Teaching, Outreach, Research
  • One Year Later: Reflections
  • Dr. James Stephens
  • Zoom made the world smaller
  • Creating space where everyone belongs
  • Center for Addiction Recovery Growth in a new normal—the pandemic year
  • Karl E. Peace Center for Biostatistics and Survey Research Working together: biostatistics collaborations
  • Center for Public Health Practice and Research Making real impacts with training, assessments and more
  • Faculty and Students
  • Office of Practice and Research
  • Research
  • College
  • Photos


Awareness Of Blockchain Usage, Structure, & Generation Of Platform’S Energy Consumption: Working Towards A Greener Blockchain, Loreen Marie Powell, Michalina Hendon, Andrew Mangle, Hayden Wimmer Jan 2021

Awareness Of Blockchain Usage, Structure, & Generation Of Platform’S Energy Consumption: Working Towards A Greener Blockchain, Loreen Marie Powell, Michalina Hendon, Andrew Mangle, Hayden Wimmer

Computing: Faculty Publications

Blockchain is a disruptive information technology innovation with energy consumption. As more organizations look to implement or embrace blockchain innovations, research must focus on making the blockchain greener. This research explores the current innovative blockchain usage, structure, generations, and energy consumption. An energy consumption comparison for consensus protocols is provided along with a list of recommendations for implementing green blockchains. This paper provides a significant impact upon previous literature and aids organizations considering implementing a green blockchain.


Resource Characterization And Utilization Of Lepironia Articulata (Retz.) Domin At Kg. Beris Tok Kuand Kg. Beting Lintang, Terengganu, Shoma Tani Jan 2021

Resource Characterization And Utilization Of Lepironia Articulata (Retz.) Domin At Kg. Beris Tok Kuand Kg. Beting Lintang, Terengganu, Shoma Tani

Student Works (2020-2029)

This research focused on how handicrafts could contribute to sustainable community development with natural resource management. This research aims to characterize Lepironia articulata as a resource by taxonomy and distribution patterns, examine its utilization through group and semi-structured interviews with ten local residents who got involved in handicraft productions at two selected villages in Setiu Wetlands of Terengganu state and identify their capacity development opportunities by following a guideline provided by United Nations Development Programme. This research clarified that the height of Lepironia articulata in Setiu Wetlands was shorter than the records of the other description and the other site …


Association Between Life Course Social Determinants Of Health And Metabolic Syndrome Among Female Secondary School Teachers In Johor, Mohammad Fadzly Marzuki Jan 2021

Association Between Life Course Social Determinants Of Health And Metabolic Syndrome Among Female Secondary School Teachers In Johor, Mohammad Fadzly Marzuki

Student Works (2020-2029)

Metabolic syndrome, a cluster of multiple risk factors, is known to increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and certain cancers. Poor health behaviours such as poor dietary intake and physical activities are known risk factors of metabolic syndrome. However, very little is known if the social determinants of health throughout the life�course are associated with metabolic syndrome. The study aimed to explore the association between life-course social determinants of health and metabolic syndrome. The cross-sectional study involved female secondary school teachers living in the state of Johor, Malaysia. The study used available data from the Clustering of Lifestyle risk …


Designing Transition Metal Chalcogenides Electrocatalyst Surfaces For High-Efficiency Water Oxidation, Umanga De Silva Jan 2021

Designing Transition Metal Chalcogenides Electrocatalyst Surfaces For High-Efficiency Water Oxidation, Umanga De Silva

Doctoral Dissertations

”The rising demand for energy security and reducing fossil fuel dependence has prompted researchers to search for a clean, sustainable, and efficient energy generation system with low environmental impact. Water electrolysis has been identified as one of the most important processes satisfying the above needs to generate hydrogen as a clean fuel. Two half-cell reactions of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at the anode and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at the cathode comprise the main process of water electrolysis. However, the oxygen evolution reaction is the most crucial step for efficient water splitting. Traditionally, metal oxides have been utilized as catalysts …


Fiber-Optic And Coaxial-Cable Extrinsic Fabry-Perot Interferometers For Sensing Applications, Chen Zhu Jan 2021

Fiber-Optic And Coaxial-Cable Extrinsic Fabry-Perot Interferometers For Sensing Applications, Chen Zhu

Doctoral Dissertations

”The fiber-optic extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer (EFPI) is one of the simplest sensing configurations and is widely used in various applications due to its prominent features, such as high sensitivity, immunity to electromagnetic interference, and remote operation capability. In this research, a novel one-dimensional wide-range displacement sensor and a three-dimensional displacement sensor based on fiber-optic EFPIs are demonstrated. These two robust and easy-to-manufacture sensors expand the application scope of the fiber-optic EFPI sensor devices, and have great potential in structural health monitoring, the construction industry, oil well monitoring, and geo-technology.

Furthermore, inspired by the fiber-optic EFPI, a novel and universal ultra-sensitive …


Secure Data Sharing In Cloud And Iot By Leveraging Attribute-Based Encryption And Blockchain, Md Azharul Islam Jan 2021

Secure Data Sharing In Cloud And Iot By Leveraging Attribute-Based Encryption And Blockchain, Md Azharul Islam

Doctoral Dissertations

“Data sharing is very important to enable different types of cloud and IoT-based services. For example, organizations migrate their data to the cloud and share it with employees and customers in order to enjoy better fault-tolerance, high-availability, and scalability offered by the cloud. Wearable devices such as smart watch share user’s activity, location, and health data (e.g., heart rate, ECG) with the service provider for smart analytic. However, data can be sensitive, and the cloud and IoT service providers cannot be fully trusted with maintaining the security, privacy, and confidentiality of the data. Hence, new schemes and protocols are required …


High Throughput Analysis To Study Emerging Pollutants And Nanoparticle Fate In Biological Systems, Xiaolong He Jan 2021

High Throughput Analysis To Study Emerging Pollutants And Nanoparticle Fate In Biological Systems, Xiaolong He

Doctoral Dissertations

”The increasing applications of emerging and fugitive contaminants (EFCs) and engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) attract significant research interest for their potential risks to human health and the environment. In order to assess the health risks of these emerging contaminants, rapid and reliable analytical methods to measure the concentrations and fates of these contaminants are imperative. This dissertation focuses on the developments of advanced analytical methods and their applications to study those emerging contaminants in crop plant and simulated gastric fluid (SGF). Three types of mass spectrometry based methodologies have been developed, one is freeze-thaw/centrifugation extraction followed by high performance liquid chromatography …


Advanced Control Techniques For Modern Inertia Based Inverters, Sepehr Saadatman Jan 2021

Advanced Control Techniques For Modern Inertia Based Inverters, Sepehr Saadatman

Doctoral Dissertations

”In this research three artificial intelligent (AI)-based techniques are proposed to regulate the voltage and frequency of a grid-connected inverter. The increase in the penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs) into the power grid has led to the increase in the penetration of fast-responding inertia-less power converters. The increase in the penetration of these power electronics converters changes the nature of the conventional grid, in which the existing kinetic inertia in the rotating parts of the enormous generators plays a vital role. The concept of virtual inertia control scheme is proposed to make the behavior of grid connected inverters more …


Prediction Of Deflection Of Helical Anchors Under Load, Andre Stephen Hawks Jan 2021

Prediction Of Deflection Of Helical Anchors Under Load, Andre Stephen Hawks

Doctoral Dissertations

”As the sophistication of modern structural design methods has improved over time, the ability to accurately predict and model foundation stiffness has become increasingly more important. In complicated structural systems with deep foundations, correct calculation of the distribution of load and serviceability requires proper modeling of axial load-deflection characteristics. To keep pace with advances in structural analysis, there is much need for more practical and scientific work on the load-deflection prediction of deep foundations including Helical Anchors.

The load-settlement mechanism of an axially loaded helical pile is a complex soil-structure interaction problem influenced by helical pile dimensions, installation method, and …


Development Of Intelligent Stimuli-Responsive Biomaterials And Nanodevices, Shuo Yang Jan 2021

Development Of Intelligent Stimuli-Responsive Biomaterials And Nanodevices, Shuo Yang

Doctoral Dissertations

"Structural DNA nanotechnology utilizes DNA molecules as building blocks to fabricate ordered artificial nanostructures at the molecular level. Among all DNA-based techniques, DNA origami has been considered as one of the most powerful tools for constructing artificial nanostructures with excellent programmability and addressability. Currently, most DNA origami nanostructures are static and do not have the ability to response to environmental stimulation. The development of environmental-responsive DNA origami nanostructures is a critical step towards the realization of intelligent dynamic DNA origami-based nanodevices. This research focuses on the design and fabrication process of both static and dynamic DNA origami nanostructures and their …


Additively Manufactured Metallic Cellular Structures, Okanmisope Aziel Fashanu Jan 2021

Additively Manufactured Metallic Cellular Structures, Okanmisope Aziel Fashanu

Doctoral Dissertations

"Cellular structures are lightweight structures with excellent mechanical, thermal, and acoustic properties. They offer promise in a series of applications, including lightweight applications, sandwich cores, mechanical damping, acoustic absorption, strain isolation, and thermal management. The manufacturing of these complex cellular structures is expensive and time-consuming, which hinders the adoption of these structures in many industries. Advancement in manufacturing technologies, such as additive manufacturing (AM), however, have changed this. AM allows for the rapid and less expensive manufacturing of complex cellular structures. This work aimed to investigate the performance of additively manufactured cellular structures for lightweight and sandwich core applications. In …


Advanced Battery Modeling For Interfacial Phenomena And Optimal Charging, Yaqi Zhu Jan 2021

Advanced Battery Modeling For Interfacial Phenomena And Optimal Charging, Yaqi Zhu

Doctoral Dissertations

"Lithium-ion batteries are one of the most promising energy storage systems for portable devices, transportation, and renewable grids. To meet the increasing requirements of these applications, higher energy density and areal capacity, long cycle life, fast charging rate and enhanced safety for lithium-ion battery (LIBs) are urgently needed. To solve these challenges, the relevant physics at different length scale need to be understood. However, experimental study is time consuming and limited in small scale’s study. Modeling techniques provide us powerful tools to get a deep understanding of the relevant physics and find optimal solutions. This work focuses on studying the …


Cyclic Sequential Adsorption Desorption/Thermal-Catalytic Oxidation Of Volatile Organic Compounds: Material Development, Process Advancement/Improvement, And Numerical Modeling, Simulation And Optimization, Busuyi Ojo Adebayo Jan 2021

Cyclic Sequential Adsorption Desorption/Thermal-Catalytic Oxidation Of Volatile Organic Compounds: Material Development, Process Advancement/Improvement, And Numerical Modeling, Simulation And Optimization, Busuyi Ojo Adebayo

Doctoral Dissertations

"Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a group of useful organic chemicals but when emitted have contributed to air pollution. They affect human health, cause environmental degradation and contaminate our waters and soils, so they need to be controlled. When they exist in dilute concentrations, abatement becomes challenging, thus requiring advanced abatement methods, e.g., sequential adsorption desorption/thermal-catalytic oxidation process. The overall goal of this research was to abate dilute streams of VOCs via the process. The specific objectives were to 1) develop novel adsorbent/catalyst dual-function materials (DFMs) for the process, 2) improve the operability of a one-bed-one-column reactor configuration for the …


Cosm Diversity & Inclusion Newsletter, Georgia Southern University Jan 2021

Cosm Diversity & Inclusion Newsletter, Georgia Southern University

College of Science & Mathematics: News & Publications (2012-2022)

  • This Month’s Theme: Being a Good Ally in STEM
  • COSM Diversity & Inclusion Webpage
  • Attention Men: How to Become an Ally to Women
  • Advice from the SafeSpace team at Georgia Southern
  • COSM Diversity & Inclusion Webpage


Computational Intelligent Impact Force Modeling And Monitoring In Hislo Conditions For Maximizing Surface Mining Efficiency, Safety, And Health, Danish Ali Jan 2021

Computational Intelligent Impact Force Modeling And Monitoring In Hislo Conditions For Maximizing Surface Mining Efficiency, Safety, And Health, Danish Ali

Doctoral Dissertations

"Shovel-truck systems are the most widely employed excavation and material handling systems for surface mining operations. During this process, a high-impact shovel loading operation (HISLO) produces large forces that cause extreme whole body vibrations (WBV) that can severely affect the safety and health of haul truck operators. Previously developed solutions have failed to produce satisfactory results as the vibrations at the truck operator seat still exceed the “Extremely Uncomfortable Limits”. This study was a novel effort in developing deep learning-based solution to the HISLO problem.

This research study developed a rigorous mathematical model and a 3D virtual simulation model to …


Exposure Assessment Of Emerging Contaminants: Rapid Screening And Modeling Of Plant Uptake, Majid Bagheri Jan 2021

Exposure Assessment Of Emerging Contaminants: Rapid Screening And Modeling Of Plant Uptake, Majid Bagheri

Doctoral Dissertations

"With the advent of new chemicals and their increasing uses in every aspect of our life, considerable number of emerging contaminants are introduced to environment yearly. Emerging contaminants in forms of pharmaceuticals, detergents, biosolids, and reclaimed wastewater can cross plant roots and translocate to various parts of the plants. Long-term human exposure to emerging contaminants through food consumption is assumed to be a pathway of interest. Thus, uptake and translocation of emerging contaminants in plants are important for the assessment of health risks associated with human exposure to emerging contaminants. To have a better understanding over fate of emerging contaminants …


Fabrication, Characterization And Environmental Monitoring Of Polymer-Based Materials For Biomedical And Structural Applications, Mousumi Bose Jan 2021

Fabrication, Characterization And Environmental Monitoring Of Polymer-Based Materials For Biomedical And Structural Applications, Mousumi Bose

Doctoral Dissertations

"Polymers are versatile materials utilized for variety of applications. In biomedical field, luminescence quenching based optical oxygen sensors encapsulated in polymeric substances are gaining attention for early detection of surface wounds associated with tissue oxygen. A simple and low-cost fabrication technique was developed to produce sensor arrays for continuous two-dimensional oxygen tension measurement. Sensor patch along with smart phone-based readout technique is being evaluated as a smart bandage.

The environmental concerns and limited petroleum supply demand for replacing petroleum-based polymers with renewable bio-based sources while maintaining comparable properties. A sustainable and green approach was adopted to synthesize soy polyol-derived rigid …


Neogene Dinoflagellate Cysts From The Tropical Americas, Damian Cardenas Jan 2021

Neogene Dinoflagellate Cysts From The Tropical Americas, Damian Cardenas

Doctoral Dissertations

"Marine palynomorphs, mainly dinoflagellate cysts and acritarchs, constitute excellent proxies for biostratigraphic and paleoceanographic studies in neritic sequences. Neogene marine palynological studies have mostly focused on the Northern Hemisphere, resulting in the scarcity of dinoflagellate cysts and acritarchs from tropical latitudes. Forty samples encompassing the late Chattian-late Burgidalian time interval (~24.1- 17.3 Ma) in the Southern Caribbean were analyzed for their marine palynological contents. A biostratigraphic scheme for the region is proposed and includes the upper Chattian-lower Aquitanian Minisphaeridium latirictum Interval Zone (~23.9-22.0 Ma), the upper Aquitanian Achomosphaera alcicornu Interval Zone (~22.0-20.3 Ma), and the Burdigalian Cribroperidinium tenuitabulatum Interval Zone …


Analysis Of Turbulence Model Uncertainty For Canonical Flow Problems Including Shock Wave Boundary Layer Interaction Simulations, Aaron James Erb Jan 2021

Analysis Of Turbulence Model Uncertainty For Canonical Flow Problems Including Shock Wave Boundary Layer Interaction Simulations, Aaron James Erb

Doctoral Dissertations

"The purpose of this research is to present results of an uncertainty and sensitivity analysis study of commonly used turbulence models in Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) codes due to the epistemic uncertainty in closure coefficients for a set of turbulence model validation cases that represent the structure of several canonical flow problems. The study focuses on the analysis of a 2D zero pressure gradient flat plate, a 2D wall mounted hump, and an axisymmetric shock wave boundary layer interaction, all of which are well documented on the NASA Langley Research Center Turbulence Modeling Resource website. The Spalart-Allmaras (SA), the Wilcox (2006) …


Thermomechanical Simulation And Process Optimization For Hot Rolling Of Steel, Shouvik Ganguly Jan 2021

Thermomechanical Simulation And Process Optimization For Hot Rolling Of Steel, Shouvik Ganguly

Doctoral Dissertations

"Hot rolling is a manufacturing process that involves large material deformation, complicated geometries, contact conditions and non-uniform temperature gradients. Steel industries are motivated to prevent hot rolled steel products to be defect free and with desired shape and size. In order to simulate the process accurately, it is essential that the material model for steel accounts for the viscoplasticity and changes in properties that occur in steel at elevated temperatures as grain growth and recrystallization.

The healing of existing voids during hot rolling was investigated using finite element simulations. Voids are highly undesirable as they not only degrade the product …


Investigating The Effect Of Operating Condition On Esd-Induced Soft-Failures, Omid Hoseini Izadi Jan 2021

Investigating The Effect Of Operating Condition On Esd-Induced Soft-Failures, Omid Hoseini Izadi

Doctoral Dissertations

"Conflicting observations have been found in the literature regarding the effect of operating conditions on ESD (electrostatic discharge) susceptibility. While some studies have suggested a strong correlation between the two, others observed little to no correlation. In this work, a systematic study has been carried out suggesting the existence of a strong correlation between the ESD susceptibility and operating conditions. It is found that the root cause of this conflict is random ESD noise injection. A measurement approach is proposed to synchronize the noise injection with the system activity such as high/low CPU load. In this approach, the current consumption …


Spatiotemporal Variations Of Upper Crustal Anisotropy Along The San Jacinto Fault Zone In Southern California And The Fairview Region In Central Oklahoma, Enyuan Jiang Jan 2021

Spatiotemporal Variations Of Upper Crustal Anisotropy Along The San Jacinto Fault Zone In Southern California And The Fairview Region In Central Oklahoma, Enyuan Jiang

Doctoral Dissertations

"To discern spatial and explore the possible existence of temporal variations of upper crustal anisotropy along an ~15 km section of the San Jacinto Fault Zone (SJFZ) in California, and in the Fairview, Oklahoma, region, we conduct systematic shear wave splitting (SWS) investigations using local S-wave data recorded by seismic stations. Strong spatial variations in crustal anisotropy are revealed by 1694 and 405 pairs of splitting parameters (including the fast polarization orientation and the splitting time), respectively. For both areas, for raypaths traveling through the fault zones, the fast orientations are parallel to the faults and may be attributed to …