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2020

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Evaluation Of Bond Strength And Dimensional Accuracy Of Soft Liner To Microwave Cured Denture Base Material, Shilan H. Fatah, Radhwan H. Hasan Dec 2020

Evaluation Of Bond Strength And Dimensional Accuracy Of Soft Liner To Microwave Cured Denture Base Material, Shilan H. Fatah, Radhwan H. Hasan

Polytechnic Journal

Today, soft liners are being widely used in dental practices by their application to the inner surfaces of the denture with hopes to evenly distribute any potential uneven forces, and to provide a cushion effect to the oral mucosa of the patient mouth. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of (a) polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) denture base material curing technique, (b) Molloplast B soft liner curing technique, and (c) PMMA surface treatment, on the “shear bond strength” (SBS) between the Molloplast B liner and PMMA. A total of 80 samples were used in this study to evaluate the …

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Geographic Information System For A Small Basin In Balakayety Watershade, Kurdistan Region Of Iraq, Jehan M. Fattah Sheikh Suleimany Dec 2020

Geographic Information System For A Small Basin In Balakayety Watershade, Kurdistan Region Of Iraq, Jehan M. Fattah Sheikh Suleimany

Polytechnic Journal

Runoff coefficient is an index for losses in rainfall required in most hydrological models and water resources projects. Generally, in the Balakayety water shade in Kurdistan region of Iraq, no runoff data are available as almost basins are ungagged. The Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques and available data for a small basin in Balakayety watershed within the Erbil governorate (Kurdistan Region of Iraq) were used to estimate the coefficient of potential runoff coefficient (PRC). The estimated PRC will be then used to calculate the depth of runoff. The Satellite Imagery (Landsat 7 ETM+) for 2015 was procured to create land …

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Effects Of Dam Gate Geometry On Pressure Variation Aided By Map Presentation, Sheeraz M. Ameen, Thamir M. Ahmed Dec 2020

Effects Of Dam Gate Geometry On Pressure Variation Aided By Map Presentation, Sheeraz M. Ameen, Thamir M. Ahmed

Polytechnic Journal

The dam vertical lift gate is one of the most important operational parts that regulate the high head water flow to power plants as well as satisfying the water needs for projects and areas downstream of the dam. Due to the high water levels in the dam reservoir, the gates are subjected to many hydrostatic and dynamic pressures that affect their performance and stability. Hence, it became necessary to study all parameters that may cause excessive pressures which may lead to reduce the gate performance efficiency or even cause failure. In the current study, the pressure distribution along the bottom …

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Biocompatibility Of Styrene-Butadiene Copolymer-Modified Calcium Phosphate And Mineral Trioxide Aggregate : A Comparative Histological Study, Hala B. Kaka., Raid F. Salman Dec 2020

Biocompatibility Of Styrene-Butadiene Copolymer-Modified Calcium Phosphate And Mineral Trioxide Aggregate : A Comparative Histological Study, Hala B. Kaka., Raid F. Salman

Polytechnic Journal

The biocompatibility of root canal filling material is one of the basic conditions for a successful endodontic treatment and healing of the periodontium. This study was aimed to evaluate the biocompatibility of calcium phosphate cement modified with the styrene-butadiene copolymer-modified calcium phosphate (mCPC) by its implantation in the subcutaneous tissue of rabbit. Fifteen female rabbits of comparable weight were used in this study, each one had received three different tubes; one containing mCPC, the other with mineral trioxide aggregate Fillapex, and an empty control tube on the subcutaneous tissue of thighs. After a definite time (3, 7,and 14 days), the …

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Association Between Smartphone Addiction And Physical Activity, Sleeping Hours Among Medical Science Students In Duhok City, Rebar Y. Abdullah, Kawther M. Galary, Robar A. Majid Dec 2020

Association Between Smartphone Addiction And Physical Activity, Sleeping Hours Among Medical Science Students In Duhok City, Rebar Y. Abdullah, Kawther M. Galary, Robar A. Majid

Polytechnic Journal

Background and Aim: Smartphones become a part of today’s life. In spite of the convenience, it contributes to our daily lives and activities, one of the most important problems is smartphone addiction. As known, smartphone addiction is a type of technological addiction or non-substance addiction. The present study is to investigate the association between smartphone addiction and physical activity, sleeping hours among medical science students in Duhok City.Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional study design carried out with 295 students in medical science colleges in the Duhok City of both gender. Self-reported data collected from December 15, 2019, to January 22, …

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Root Dentine Strain Generation During Root Canal Instrumentation With Rotation And Reciprocation Motions, Bnar O. Hamafaraj, Raed F. Salman Dec 2020

Root Dentine Strain Generation During Root Canal Instrumentation With Rotation And Reciprocation Motions, Bnar O. Hamafaraj, Raed F. Salman

Polytechnic Journal

The aim of the study is to measure and compare strain generated on root dentine surface by two different instrumentation motions. Thirty extracted single canal premolars were used in this study which randomly was divided into two groups, one group was prepared with ProTaper NEXT X2 file in rotation motion, and the second group was prepared by WaveOne GOLD primary file in reciprocation motion, the canals were irrigated during canal preparation by 2 ml of sodium hypochlorite and 17% EDTA gel was used. Strain measurement was performed by strain gauges and a digital strain output reader, data were recorded every …

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Association Of Lipid Profile With Body Mass Index In Public Employees In Halabja City, Kurdistan Region Of Iraq, Hardi R. Baqi, Tareq H. Abdullah, Salar H. Karim, Dashty A. Ghafor Dec 2020

Association Of Lipid Profile With Body Mass Index In Public Employees In Halabja City, Kurdistan Region Of Iraq, Hardi R. Baqi, Tareq H. Abdullah, Salar H. Karim, Dashty A. Ghafor

Polytechnic Journal

Obesity and overweight are extensive phenomena that reached epidemics extent worldwide, including the Kurdistan region of Iraq. The aim of this study is to evaluate the values of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), body mass index (BMI), and the state of physical activity in Halabja’s public employees. Overall 355 adults aged from 19 to 63 including 246 males and 109 females contributed to the study. The lipid profiles were tested in all subjects after over-night fasting. In addition, anthropometry measurements were taken; the mean height for males is 1.7129 m and 1.5732 …

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Prevalence And Distribution Of Oral Conditions Among Dental Out Patients Children Aged 0–13 Years Attending Khanzad Polyclinic Center In Erbil City, Banaz A. Abdullah, Shaheen A. Ahmed, Ali F. Mohammad Alzubaidee Dec 2020

Prevalence And Distribution Of Oral Conditions Among Dental Out Patients Children Aged 0–13 Years Attending Khanzad Polyclinic Center In Erbil City, Banaz A. Abdullah, Shaheen A. Ahmed, Ali F. Mohammad Alzubaidee

Polytechnic Journal

Prevalence studies on oral conditions affecting children are rare worldwide, and none of them was conducted in in Erbil/Kurdistan region/Iraq. The aims in the this study were to determine the prevalence and distribution of oral conditions which include both lesions and normal variations in group of patients referred to a main, public specialized poly clinics dental center.A prospective cross-sectional study was performed, the including data collected were age, gender, and site of a condition. The examination of the patients was performed under standardized conditions; using artificial light, disposable gloves, retractors, and mirror with sterile gauze to hold tip of the …

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Bolton Ratio Of Different Angle’S Classifications In A School Children Sample Of Erbil City: A Cross‑Sectional Study, Hasan S. Hasan, Amanj R. Ibrahim, Zana Q. Omer, Walaa M. Saleem Almola Dec 2020

Bolton Ratio Of Different Angle’S Classifications In A School Children Sample Of Erbil City: A Cross‑Sectional Study, Hasan S. Hasan, Amanj R. Ibrahim, Zana Q. Omer, Walaa M. Saleem Almola

Polytechnic Journal

Aims of this study were to determine both the Bolton anterior and overall ratios in a representative sample of Erbil schoolchildren of Normal occlusion and Cl I, Cl II div I, div II, and Cl III malocclusion, also to find if there are any gender differences. Numerical data were obtained, comprised of 320 samples study casts of students with a mean age of 13–15 years selected from different schools in Erbil City. The casts were divided into 5 groups according to the type of malocclusion: Normal (n = 64), Cl I (n = 64), Class II div I (n = …

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Prevalence And Phylogenetic Analysis Of Babesia Ovis Isolated From Sheep And Goats In Erbil Province, Kurdistan Region- Iraq, Zuber I. Hassan Dec 2020

Prevalence And Phylogenetic Analysis Of Babesia Ovis Isolated From Sheep And Goats In Erbil Province, Kurdistan Region- Iraq, Zuber I. Hassan

Polytechnic Journal

A total of 143 blood smears were obtained from sheep and goats (n = 98) and (n = 45), respectively, by jugular venipuncture between February 2019 and December 2019. Samples were examined for parasite occurrences. Results reveal that the prevalence of infection by the parasite was 12.24% and 11.11%, respectively (microscopically), while 20.41% sheep and 17.78% goats (molecular-based identification using 18S SSU rRNA sequence). Both methods revealed the specificity and sensitivity of the diagnostic assays. Phylogenetic analysis of Babesia ovis (MN309736-MN309745) displays that the pathogens identified in this study are clustered together, which indicating similar molecular characteristics. Overall, these results …

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Micro-Computed Tomographic Evaluation Of Sealing Ability Of Different Bioceramic Endodontic Sealers: An In Vitro Study, Saya H. Raouf, Dara H. Saeed Dec 2020

Micro-Computed Tomographic Evaluation Of Sealing Ability Of Different Bioceramic Endodontic Sealers: An In Vitro Study, Saya H. Raouf, Dara H. Saeed

Polytechnic Journal

The aim of the present study was to compare sealing ability of three bioceramic sealers, including Endosequence BC and BioRoot RCS, with bioceramic-coated gutta-percha cone (BCGP) or GP in comparison to a clinical reference standard AH Plus sealer using high-resolution micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) analysis. Fifty freshly extracted single canal premolars were included in the study. All the samples were prepared using 2 Shape rotary system TS1 (25/0.04), TS2 (25/0.06), and F35 (35/0.06) file. After completion of the instrumentation, the samples were randomly divided based on the sealer material used and GP into four experimental groups and one control group with …

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Three-Dimensional Surface Evaluation And Shear Bond Strength Of Three Pre-Treatment E-Max Surfaces For Metal And Ceramic Orthodontic Brackets (In Vitro Study), Huda A. Mohammed, Omar S. Ali Dec 2020

Three-Dimensional Surface Evaluation And Shear Bond Strength Of Three Pre-Treatment E-Max Surfaces For Metal And Ceramic Orthodontic Brackets (In Vitro Study), Huda A. Mohammed, Omar S. Ali

Polytechnic Journal

3D evaluation and shear bond strength (SBS) for metal and ceramic brackets after three pre-treatment surfaces of lithium disilicate (LD) crowns. Sixty lithium disilicate (LD) crowns were fabricated in laboratory according to manufacturer instruction and then divided into six groups (three groups for metal brackets and three groups for ceramic one). The 1st group for both was treated with round diamond bur, the 2nd one by hydrofluoric acid (HFA) 9.0%, and the 3rd group by laser (Er,Cr:YSGG). All treated surfaces were examined by laser profilometer and scan electron microscope. The Scotchbond Universal Adhesive and Transbond XT were used for bracketing …

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Molecular Identification And Antibacterial Activity Of Streptomyces Spp. Isolated From Sulaymaniyah Governorate Soil, Iraqi Kurdistan, Syamand A. Qadir, Osama H. Shareef, Othman A. Mohammed Dec 2020

Molecular Identification And Antibacterial Activity Of Streptomyces Spp. Isolated From Sulaymaniyah Governorate Soil, Iraqi Kurdistan, Syamand A. Qadir, Osama H. Shareef, Othman A. Mohammed

Polytechnic Journal

Soil is play an important role for reserve abundant groups of microorganisms, especially Streptomyces. Streptomyces are recognized as prokaryotes, aerobic and Gram-positive bacteria with high Guanine + Cytosine contents in their DNA. These groups of bacteria show filamentous growth from a single spore and they are normally found in all kinds of ecosystems, including water, soil, and plants. A total of three Streptomyces strains were isolated from soil of the sides of Darband Ranya in Sulaimani governorate. Different approaches were followed for the identification of the isolated stains. Morphological and cultural properties of these isolates have shown that the isolates …

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Influences Of Polymer Modifiers On Porous Hot Asphalt Mixture Property And Durability, Mohammed Q. Ali, Ganjeen J. Khoshnaw Dec 2020

Influences Of Polymer Modifiers On Porous Hot Asphalt Mixture Property And Durability, Mohammed Q. Ali, Ganjeen J. Khoshnaw

Polytechnic Journal

Fundamentally, sustainability and cost-effectiveness in infrastructure development have received widespread attention. Permeable pavement is such a concept that it is sustainable in the field of transportation and is being tested. Fully permeable pavement is a modern design method in which each layer is porous and can store water, avoiding the impact of stormwater on the pavement to avoid stormwater, skidding, floods, and water splash on the road and parking area which decrease safety rate. Porous asphalt (PA) is an asphalt mixture with a little or no fine aggregate. Due to open structures and advantages are used as a drainage layer …

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Effect Of Adding Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles On The Antimicrobial Activity Of A Denture Soft Liner, Hoshang Kh. Abdel-Rahman,, Salem A. Alem Al-Sammaraie Dec 2020

Effect Of Adding Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles On The Antimicrobial Activity Of A Denture Soft Liner, Hoshang Kh. Abdel-Rahman,, Salem A. Alem Al-Sammaraie

Polytechnic Journal

Microbial growth and colonization are one of the disadvantages after the long-term use of denture soft liners. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of the addition of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgONPs) on the antimicrobial activity of a denture soft liner. A total of 84 samples were prepared from a soft denture liner and divided into two groups, control group and test group to which 3% by weight of MgONPs were added, antimicrobial tests for Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus,and a mixture of the biofilm of both microorganisms were done, cell density count and adherence assay test was recorded before …

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Numerical Analysis Of Breast Cancer Cell With Gold Nanoparticles Necrosis By Laser Hyperthermia, Shna A. Karim, Yousif M. Hassan Dec 2020

Numerical Analysis Of Breast Cancer Cell With Gold Nanoparticles Necrosis By Laser Hyperthermia, Shna A. Karim, Yousif M. Hassan

Polytechnic Journal

Laser hyperthermia treatment of cancer tissue is widely used in cancer treatment to destroy cancer cells. This study focus on the mechanisms of heat transfer in biological tissues to minimize damage to the tissues resulting from extra heat applied. The important feature of this method is heating of specific region to raise its temperature to a threshold temperature and destroying cancer cells without to destroy surrounding tissue. In this study, we have used the combinations of laser light and gold nanoparticles to investigate the influence of nanoparticles on the spatial distribution of temperature in the tumor and healthy tissues. Accurate …

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Writers And Poetic Ideas Of American Realism In Xix Centure Literature, Muso Tadjibayev Dec 2020

Writers And Poetic Ideas Of American Realism In Xix Centure Literature, Muso Tadjibayev

Mental Enlightenment Scientific-Methodological Journal

Realism in literature was part of a wider movement in the arts to focus on ordinary people and events. In the spirit of general "realism," Realist authors opted for depictions of everyday and banal activities and experiences. instead of a romanticized or similarly stylized presentation. "Realism sets itself at work to consider characters and events which are apparently the most ordinary and uninteresting, in order to extract from these their full value and true meaning. In America realism was an early 20th century idea in art, music and literature that showed through these different types of work. Characteristic …

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Formation Of Teachers' Competence In Accordance With International Programs, Zukhra Yakhshieva, Shakhnoza Sidiqova Dec 2020

Formation Of Teachers' Competence In Accordance With International Programs, Zukhra Yakhshieva, Shakhnoza Sidiqova

Mental Enlightenment Scientific-Methodological Journal

Abstract. The article highlights the importance of the modern field of professional activity of the individual, which is changing dynamically, which is certainly a leading factor in the development of modern vocational education. The competent approach reflects the knowledge-oriented attitude of professionals towards the formation of their ability and readiness to solve professional problems effectively and independently in a variety of situations. The article highlights the importance of shaping the competencies (general cultural and professional) of future professionals as reflected in the educational standards of higher education. The results of the experiment are presented, where the knowledge of students was …

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Factors Of Speech Formation And Its Main Features, Abduvali Musaev Dec 2020

Factors Of Speech Formation And Its Main Features, Abduvali Musaev

Mental Enlightenment Scientific-Methodological Journal

Each of the features and characteristics listed in the oral speech system in this article has its place. Both linguistic factors and extralinguistic factors play an important role in the forms of oral speech cited. It is possible to communicate with the language tool under certain conditions. Accordingly, the speech will be of several types: everyday speech, business speech, ceremonial speech, public speech, colloquial speech, dialectal speech, stage speech, character speech, artistic speech, folklore speech, image speech, speaker speech, poetic speech, etc.

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Criteria For The Evaluation Of Progressive Foreign Pedagogical Experience In The Uk, Ulugbek Jabbarov Dec 2020

Criteria For The Evaluation Of Progressive Foreign Pedagogical Experience In The Uk, Ulugbek Jabbarov

Mental Enlightenment Scientific-Methodological Journal

The article gives a definition of the concept of "foreign pedagogical experience", on the basis of the approaches and principles of its study, the criteria for the degree of its progressiveness are highlighted, its significance for the system of pedagogical education in Uzbekistan is indicated. Knowledge about the methods and boundaries of pedagogical activity adopted in a particular culture performs a regulatory and normalizing function, and access to the completeness of foreign pedagogical experience makes it possible to consciously normalize actions in the mainstream of a certain (national, regional and other) culture. Understanding the meaning and cultural contexts of educational …

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The Role Of National Action And Movemant Games In The Physical Development Of Primary School-Age Children, Nodir Khanturaev Dec 2020

The Role Of National Action And Movemant Games In The Physical Development Of Primary School-Age Children, Nodir Khanturaev

Mental Enlightenment Scientific-Methodological Journal

This article covers the role of national action and movement games in the healthy upbringing of primary school-age children, the joint formation of knowledge, morals and delicacy in them, as well as the development of their physical conditioning parameters in greater detail. The physical activity of children, that is the basis of this process, has a positive effect on physical development, the formation of motor skills and physical conditioning parameters, strengthening health by increasing the functional activity of the body and enhancing feelings of emotional joy. During the movement and action games, the children focus on not only how to …

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Teaching Phraseology Conducting Theory And Practice, Rano Norbekova Dec 2020

Teaching Phraseology Conducting Theory And Practice, Rano Norbekova

Mental Enlightenment Scientific-Methodological Journal

This article illustrates the order of application of existing phraseological units in English, both theoretically and practically. In addition, brilliant teaching methods are also presented together in phraseology, which in turn contains important information on how to improve the ability of teachers and students to understand phraseology. The problem of understanding the meaning of phraseological unity is related to our ability to increase our knowledge of the world diachronically. Therefore, it is very useful and important for the readers to cover this topic in detail through different views of the phraseological units used with the help of real-life examples. The …

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Phraseologisms Expressing The Emotional State Of A Person (Face), Anora Jabborova Dec 2020

Phraseologisms Expressing The Emotional State Of A Person (Face), Anora Jabborova

Mental Enlightenment Scientific-Methodological Journal

This article is about phraseologisms expressing the emotional state of a person. It analyses general semantic feature of a group of phraseological units, various emotional states, linguistic and extralinguistic characteristics, human emotions and phraseological-semantic fields. It is noticeable that a special place in semantic studies of recent times is occupied by the problems of emotional semantics, closely related to the so-called emotional aspect of the human factor in the language . Human emotions are reflected in language. It is a person who is the creator and native speaker of the language, enters into various relationships with other people, and the …

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Developing Teachers` Professional Competence And Critical Thinking Is A Key Factor Of Increasing The Quality Of Education, Guljakhon Umrzokova, Shakhodat Pardaeva Dec 2020

Developing Teachers` Professional Competence And Critical Thinking Is A Key Factor Of Increasing The Quality Of Education, Guljakhon Umrzokova, Shakhodat Pardaeva

Mental Enlightenment Scientific-Methodological Journal

This article is about developing teachers` professional competence and critical thinking. It discusses the role of professional competence and critical thinking in the improvement of Education. Analysis of a wide range of scientific and methodological works on the problem under study helped the authors to reveal the concept and types of competence, as well as the main competencies of a modern teacher. A teacher's work is professionally competent, in which pedagogical activities are carried out at a high level, and in which good results of cadets' learning are achieved. The highest component of personality is professional competence.

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Methodological Basis Of Introducing Innovative Technologies To The Process Of Literary Education, Sevara Buronova, Iroda Abdunazarova Dec 2020

Methodological Basis Of Introducing Innovative Technologies To The Process Of Literary Education, Sevara Buronova, Iroda Abdunazarova

Mental Enlightenment Scientific-Methodological Journal

This article describes the methodological basis for the introduction of innovative technologies in the process of literary education. This article analyses methodological basis of introduction of innovative technologies to the process of literary education. . The effective and efficient use of the elements gives effective results. If the goal of literary education is to bring up a harmoniously developed person, the expected effect can be achieved only when different tasks are set at different stages of this process. For effective literary education, for the members of our society to acquire truly human qualities, it is necessary to develop new methods …

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The Problem Of Lexical Interference Of Languages In Speech, Muborak Turaeva Dec 2020

The Problem Of Lexical Interference Of Languages In Speech, Muborak Turaeva

Mental Enlightenment Scientific-Methodological Journal

The article deals with the problem of lexical interference that occurs in speech. Clarifies the notion of "interference", lexical interference; the types of lexical interference in the conditions of contact between the Uzbek and English languages are systematized. Lexical interference is defined as the borrowing of lexemes of a foreign language in bilingualism, which is expressed either in the transfer of a phonemic sequence from one language to another, or in shifts in the structure of the meaning of the lexeme of the native language, or in formations scalable according to the model of foreign words. In most of the …

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Transfer Of Referential Meanings In Literary Translation, Nigora Uralova, Mamasharif Pardayev Dec 2020

Transfer Of Referential Meanings In Literary Translation, Nigora Uralova, Mamasharif Pardayev

Mental Enlightenment Scientific-Methodological Journal

This article depicts the main problem that the translator encounters when transferring referential meanings expressed in the source text is the discrepancy between the range of meanings inherent in the FL (first language) and TL (target language) units. The author samples the semantic units - morphemes, stable phrases, that are completely coincide in the entire volume of their referential meanings. The article approves that expressed meanings (“concepts”) themselves are mostly the same, but the ways of expressing them - their grouping, division and unification, combination within one formal unit (several units), as a rule, in different languages diverge more or …

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Factors Of Successful Group Activities And Application Of Multimedia Technologies In Teaching Foreign Language, Tursunoy Ravshanova, Nazira Isanova Dec 2020

Factors Of Successful Group Activities And Application Of Multimedia Technologies In Teaching Foreign Language, Tursunoy Ravshanova, Nazira Isanova

Mental Enlightenment Scientific-Methodological Journal

This article is about using multimedia technologies and group activities in teaching foreign language. It discusses how students' learning styles influence on receiving and absorbing information, different factors of group activities and socio-psychological characteristics of a group. Students' learning styles influence how they receive and absorb information. Some students perceive, first of all, concrete facts and data; others are tuned in to prioritize theories of certain people. Some students respond better to visual forms of information presentation, such as slides, diagrams, diagrams; others learn better by ear - through explanation and discussion; still others perceive more knowledge through participation in …

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The Role Of Music Lessons In The Formation Of National And Intercultural Competence In Students, Navbakhor Khasanova Dec 2020

The Role Of Music Lessons In The Formation Of National And Intercultural Competence In Students, Navbakhor Khasanova

Mental Enlightenment Scientific-Methodological Journal

This article provides theoretical information on the formation of national and intercultural competence in students through music lessons. The process of teacher-student interaction in music lessons is based on personal contact. The music teacher directs and monitors the musical activities of all students in the classroom, without exception. It also supports student interaction and peer review. The teacher's work in the classroom allows all students to acquire the basics of knowledge, skills and competencies that are being studied in the classroom. This article analyses the aim of the music lessons at the comprehensive development of students in the field of …

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Creation Of Modern Literature In Higher Education, Liliya Yusufova Dec 2020

Creation Of Modern Literature In Higher Education, Liliya Yusufova

Mental Enlightenment Scientific-Methodological Journal

The article considers the problem of reflecting new requirements for the content and methodological apparatus of educational literature for universities. Various principles of presentation of educational material are considered. The methodological support of the textbook should contribute to the active formation of competencies by including cases, practice-oriented tasks, and tests. At the heart of the preparation of textbooks for bachelors in disciplines, formed mainly in the basic foundations of science, is the principle of objectivity. Their structure corresponds to the traditional structure of classical textbooks, in which the principles of progressive and cyclical presentation of the material are observed. The …

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