Digital Commons Network^™

Ujamaa Policies And Women Gender Issues Of Land Tenure In Tanzania, Nasa S. Edgar

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

History has shown us that women always have a part to play in society and that they have fought to receive equal opportunity with their male counterparts. In the United States in the late 1800s and early twentieth century, this movement by women became known as the women’s suffrage movement. It paved the way to women fighting for equal opportunity including for the right to vote and equal pay. In Tanzania, women fought and continue to fight against customary practices that are discriminatory against them. In this thesis I make three arguments: 1. I argue that the history of the …

Oceanic Groundings: Maritime Geographies And Black Internationalism In The Early Twentieth Century, Maegan A. Miller

Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects

This dissertation examines the shipboard writings, transnational solidarities and vernacular cultures, and spaces of social reproduction among Black and other subaltern seafarers and maritime travelers in the first decades of the twentieth century. I draw upon oral histories, literature, poetry, memoirs, and the archives of leftist political organizations and British colonial officials. Through a practice of close reading across textual genres and transnational spaces, my dissertation develops oceanic groundings as: (1) a constellation of iterative and intentional acts of political learning through the movements of ordinary people, (2) a pedagogical project of listening to and learning from the shifting grounds …

Rural Women In Kwara State (Nigeria) And Their Contributions To The Welfare Of Their Households, Abraham Falola, Segun B. Fakayode, Ajoke O. Kayode, Mujidat A. Amusa

Journal of International Women's Studies

The high incidence of poverty in the rural households calls for a concerted effort by all members of the household, including the women. Meanwhile, the discussion on the economic contribution of rural women in many developing countries has largely focused on national and regional levels with little or no concentration on their impact at their immediate household level. Therefore, this study examines the contribution of rural women to household welfare in Kwara State, Nigeria. Data were collected from 160 women in the rural area of the state using structured interview schedule. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, index ranking …

High Burden Of Self-Reported Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Key Populations In Mozambique: The Urgent Need For An Integrated Surveillance System, Makini A. S. Boothe, Charlotte Comé, Cynthia Semá Baltazar, Noela Chicuecue, Jessica Seleme, Denise Chitsondzo Langa, Isabel Sathane, Henry F. Raymond, Erika Fazito, Marleen Temmerman, Stanley Luchters

Obstetrics and Gynaecology, East Africa

Background: Key populations - men who have sex with men (MSM), female sex workers (FSW) and people who inject drugs (PWID) - are at high risk for sexually transmitted infections (STI) given their sexual risk behaviours along with social, legal and structural barriers to prevention, care and treatment services. The purpose of this secondary analysis is to assess the prevalence of self-reported STIs and to describe associated risk factors among participations of the first Biological Behavioural Surveillance (BBS) in Mozambique.

Methods: Responses from the first BBS surveys conducted in 2011-2014 were aggregated across survey-cities to produce pooled estimates …

Adherence To Hiv Antiretroviral Therapy Among Pregnant And Postpartum Women During The Option B+ Era: 12-Month Cohort Study In Urban South Africa And Rural Uganda, Lynn T. Matthews, Catherine Orrell, Mwebesa B. Bwana, Alexander C. Tsai, Christina A. Psaros, Stephen Asiimwe, Gideon Amanyire, Nicholas Musinguzi, Kathleen Bell, David Bangsberg, Jessica E. Haberer

OHSU-PSU School of Public Health Faculty Publications and Presentations

Introduction: We conducted a cohort study to understand patterns of anti-retroviral therapy (ART) adherence during pregnancy, postpartum and non-pregnancy follow-up among women initiating ART in public clinics offering Option B+ in rural Uganda and urban South Africa. Methods: We collected survey data, continuously monitored ART adherence (Wisepill), HIV-RNA and pregnancy tests at zero, six and twelve months from women initiating ART in Uganda and South Africa, 2015 to 2017. The primary predictor of interest was follow-up time categorized as pregnant (pregnancy diagnosis to pregnancy end), postpartum (pregnancy end to study exit) or non-pregnancy-related (neither pregnant nor postpartum). Fractional regression …

Effective Marketing Techniques For Promoting Library Services And Resources In Academic Libraries, Dauda Joshua, Daksiri Michael

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

This study is designed to investigate marketing techniques for promoting library services and resource in Mustapha Abba Library, Federal College of Education Yola. The study employed a descriptive survey research design. The population consisted of thirty-six librarians which were used for the study, but only twenty-nine librarians where readily available. The crux of the study was to discover the need to market Library services and resources, kinds of services and resources available for marketing, current marketing techniques employed by Mustapha Abba Library. The data were collected and analyzed by the use of frequency tables, percentages and mean score. The results …

What Factors Shape Doctors’ Trustworthiness? Patients’ Perspectives In The Context Of Hypertension Care In Rural Tanzania, Kahabi Isangula, Holly Seale, Rohan Jayasuriya, Tumaini M. Nyamhanga, Niamh Stephenson

School of Nursing & Midwifery, East Africa

Introduction: There is increasing evidence that improving patient trust in doctors can improve patients’ use of healthcare services, compliance and continuing engagement with care –particularly for chronic diseases. Consequently, much of the current literature on trust in therapeutic relationships focuses on factors shaping doctors’ trustworthiness. However, few studies on this issue have been conducted among rural populations in low-income Africa, where health service delivery, cultural norms and patient expectations differ from those in high-income countries. This study examined patients’ perspectives of factors that shape doctors’ trustworthiness in rural Tanzania in the context of hypertension care.

Methods: A qualitative inquiry using …

Information Literacy Skills And Attitude Towards Plagiarism By Students Of Three Theological Institutions In South-West, Nigeria, Oluwatosin Oladejo, Ayodele John Alonge Dr, Olawale Oyewole

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Attitude towards plagiarism of students of theological institutions is considered important as they are expected to be upholders of moral and spiritual values. However, some studies reveal that students of theological institutions have a positive attitude towards plagiarism. This could be a function of their level of information literacy skills. Thus, the main objective of this study is to examine the influence of information literacy skills on the attitude towards plagiarism by students in three theological institutions in South-west, Nigeria. The descriptive survey research design of the correlational type was adopted for this study. The population consisted of 1472 undergraduate …

Teaching Methods And The Utilization Of The Library Information Resources Among Lecturers In The University Of Medical Sciences In Ondo, Ondo State, Samuel Oke Ogunniyi, Aremu A. Omobolaji

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The paper surveyed teaching methods and utilisation of library information resources among lecturers in University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo State. The study employed descriptive survey research design. The research used simple random sampling technique to select fifty-four (54) respondents out of the total population of one hundred and fifty-four (154) respondents in which data was retrieved from 75% of the sampled respondents. Nine (9) research questions guided the study. Questionnaire was used to collect data. Data collected from the respondents was subjected to the use of frequency counts and arithmetic mean. The study revealed that lecture method was the …

Julius Nyerere’S Understanding Of African Socialism, Human Rights And Equality, Fr. Innocent Simon Sanga, Ron Pagnucco

The Journal of Social Encounters

Julius Kambarage Nyerere, African philosopher, anti-colonial leader, first president of the United Republic of Tanzania, and respected international statesman, served as president of the newly independent Tanzania from 1964 through 1985., after which he remained politically active in Tanzania and on the global stage. Trying to steer a post-colonial course of self-reliance, he developed and implemented African Socialism in Tanzania, articulated in the Arusha Declaration in 1967. As an anti-colonial leader, Nyerere referred to international human rights standards such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and maintained a commitment to human rights as president and afterwards. In this essay …

Midterm Evaluation Of Usaid Tulonge Afya Project, Catherine Kahabuka, Salum Mshamu, Nrupa Jani, Kamden Hoffmann

Sexual and Reproductive Health, Rights, and Choices

This report examines findings from a mid-term evaluation conducted by Breakthrough RESEARCH, a USAID-funded research and evaluation project. The purpose of this evaluation is to provide recommendations to enhance the effectiveness of USAID Tulonge Afya’s strategies and activities as the program enters year three. The evaluation identified successes, promising strategies, and interventions that can be sustained throughout the life of the project and scaled-up to other regions and districts. The evaluation also helps to identify facilitating and limiting factors for implementing a complex, integrated social and behavior change communication (SBCC) program, with applications for the future of this project as …

Out-Patient Neurological Disorders In Tanzania: Experience From A Private Institution In Dar Es Salaam, Philip Adebayo, Omar Aziz, Rose E. Mwakabatika, Mandela Makakala, Mugisha Clement, Shabbir Adamjee, Noureen Mushi, Ahmed Jusabani, Eric Aris

Internal Medicine, East Africa

Background and introduction: Low and middle-income countries (LMIC) have a considerable burden of neurological disorders. Available profile of neurological disorders in our environment is biased towards neurological admissions. There is a paucity of data on out-patient neurological conditions in sub-Saharan Africa.

Objective: To determine the frequency and demographic data of neurological illnesses being managed at the adult out-patient neurology clinic of the Aga Khan Hospital, Dar es Salaam (AKHD).

Materials and methods: The electronic medical records of all cases with neurological diseases who presented to the adult neurology clinic of the AKHD between January 2018, and December 2019 were retrospectively …

Trajectories Of Initiation For The Heroin-Based Drug Whoonga – Qualitative Evidence From South Africa, Griffin A. Tyree, Nzwakie Mosery, Elizabeth F. Closson, Zonke Mabude, Carol Du Toit, David Bangsberg, Steven A. Safren, Kenneth H. Mayer, Jennifer A. Smit, Matthew J. Mimiaga, David J. Grelotti

OHSU-PSU School of Public Health Faculty Publications and Presentations

Background: Whoonga is a smoked heroin-based street drug that first emerged in South Africa a decade ago. While previous scientific reports suggest that use is growing and youth are particularly vulnerable, trajectories of initiation are not well characterized. Methods: In 2015, 30 men undergoing residential addiction treatment for this smoked heroin drug in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa participated in semi-structured interviews about their experiences using the drug. Interview data were coded using qualitative content analysis. Results: Participant trajectories to initiating smoked heroin were “vertical” in the context of marijuana use or “horizontal” in the context of other hard drug use. Participants …

China Maritime Report No. 7: Gwadar: China's Potential Strategic Strongpoint In Pakistan, Isaac B. Kardon, Conor M. Kennedy, Peter A. Dutton

CMSI China Maritime Reports

This China Maritime Report on Gwadar is the second in a series of case studies on China’s Indian Ocean “strategic strongpoints” (战略支点). People’s Republic of China (PRC) officials, military officers, and civilian analysts use the strategic strongpoint concept to describe certain strategically valuable foreign ports with terminals and commercial zones owned and operated by Chinese firms.

Practicing Pan-Africanism: West Indians And Governance In Kwame Nkrumah's Ghana., Nicholas C. Mcleod

Electronic Theses and Dissertations

After gaining independence from England, Kwame Nkrumah, the first President of Ghana, was transparent in his embrace of the entire African diaspora and actively recruited a number of Pan-African West Indian intellectual-activists, who mentored and advised him as a student in London, to help build Ghana as a Pan-Africanist state. Among these West Indian intellectual-activists were George Padmore, W. Arthur Lewis, T. Ras Makonnen, and Jan Carew. For these West Indians the appeal of Ghana was neither symbolic nor ceremonial, but rather an opportunity to achieve the ultimate objective of the Pan-African movement, a free and self-governed African continent. In …

Qualitative Approach To Understanding Barriers To Delivering Difficult News In Sub Saharan Africa, Karishma Sharma, Jasmit Shah, Sayed Karar

Internal Medicine, East Africa

Communication, especially delivery of difficult news (DDN), remains a key part of clinical practice. Despite its importance, many medical providers lack the skill and ability to effectively DDN to their patients. Due to lack of data specific to sub-Saharan Africa and to help us develop an appropriate training tool for this geographical area, we sought to explore what challenges and barriers residents at our institution faced when they deliver difficult news to their patients.

حذف العاطف دون المعطوف والمعطوف عليه في الدرس النحوي, مأمون مباركه

Hebron University Research Journal-B (Humanities) - (مجلة جامعة الخليل للبحوث- ب (العلوم الانسانيه

Deleting the conjunction and keeping the two other elements, i.e. the conjunctive and the conjoined was a controversial issue for ancient grammarians and syntacticions. It was used mainly to interpret a set of grammatical evidences and rules in a way that changes the meaning of the Arabic sentence including Quranic verses when the conjunction is deleted and/or rejected. Grammarians had their own excuses for deleting it, and those who rejected it had their own justifications, too. Nowadays, this controversial issue has been moderately tackled; modern scholars have not provided an adequate and a thorough conceptualization of the topic. They have …

Magnitude Of Screening For Gestational Diabetes Mellitus In An Urban Setting In Tanzania; A Cross-Sectional Analytic Study, Akampa Mukuve, Mariam Noorani, Ibrahim Sendagire, Miriam Mgonja

Family Medicine, East Africa

Background: Medical screening detects risk factors for disease or presence of disease in otherwise well persons in order to intervene early and reduce morbidity and mortality. During antenatal care (ANC) it is important to detect conditions that complicate pregnancy, like gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Despite international and local guidelines recommending screening for GDM during ANC, there is evidence to suggest that the practice was not being carried out adequately. A major challenge may be lack of consensus on uniform GDM screening and diagnostic guidelines internationally and locally.

The primary objective was to determine the magnitude of screening for GDM among …

Introduction Of An Advanced Practice Nurse Program In Kenya: A New Era In Nursing Education, Sheila Shaibu, Eunice Ndirangu, Eunice Pallangyo, Gladys Mbuthia, Rachel Kimani, Isabel Kambo

School of Nursing & Midwifery, East Africa

Purpose: The purpose of this presentation is to share the intra and interprofessional collaborative process of developing an Advanced Practice Nursing (APN) program to be offered in 2020 in Kenya, a low middle-income country.

Methods: Engagement with stakeholders (students, clinicians, regulators and educators) affirmed the need for an APN program. Faculty from Schools of Nursing and Midwifery in three East African countries developed an APN curriculum with input from local and international agencies such as the Nursing Council of Kenya with linkages to the ICN, the Nursing Now Team and partner universities in the UK and USA. The …

The Impact Of Government Spending And Taxation On Economic Growth In Tanzania (1967 €“ 2017), Ngong'ho Sende, Wilhelm M. Ngasamiaku

Business Management Review

This study seeks to examine the effect of government spending and taxation on economic growth in Tanzania for the 1967-2017 period. To achieve this objective, the study utilized secondary data and analyzed it using Augmented Dickey Fuller Test (ADF) and Phillips-Perron test statistics for unit root test and ARDL model for assessing effects on economic growth. Augmented Dickey Fuller Test and Phillips-Perron Test revealed that development expenditure, recurrent expenditure and income tax were initially not stationary at level but they became stationary after first differencing while real GDP was initially stationary at level. ARDL approach to co-integration bound test revealed …

Effects Of Human Resources Management Practices On Supply Chain Flexibility: Evidence From Tourist Hotels In Tanzania, Gerald Bernard Magova, Severine S. Kessy

Business Management Review

The study was designed to examine the effects of human resource management practices on supply chain flexibility. Specifically, it sought to determine the influence of participation practices, selective hiring practices, compensation practices, job security practices and teamwork practices on supply chain flexibility of tourist hotels in Tanzania. The study adopted a cross-sectional survey approach, where 228 respondents were involved. Hypotheses linking human resources management practices and supply chain flexibility were developed and tested using a structural equation modelling technique. The findings indicate that selective hiring practices, job security practices and teamwork practices have a significant positive influence on supply chain …

Income Tax Law Simplification And Tax Compliance: A Case Of Medium Taxpayers In Zanzibar, Shuweikha S. Khalfan, Ernest Kitindi, Henry Chalu

Business Management Review

Tax law simplification was among tax reform strategies formulated to address tax law complexity and improve tax compliance. Although it is about two decades of implementation of the new tax laws, little is known on the effect of such simplification on tax compliance. This paper examined the influence of the Income Tax Law (ITL) simplification on tax compliance in Zanzibar. A survey was conducted among 367 medium taxpayers registered with TRA €“ Zanzibar. Descriptive and Structural Equation Model were used for data analysis. The findings reveal that tax compliance level of medium taxpayers is high and the ITL simplification positively …

Are Households In Kagera Region In Tanzania Vulnerable To Poverty?, Innocent Pantaleo

Business Management Review

This paper uses the six wave Kagera Health and Demographic Survey (KHDS) panel data to examine whether or not households in Kagera Region were vulnerable to poverty in the period 1991 - 2010. Using the Kagera poverty lines for 1991 and 2010, the paper examines the extent to which variability in households ' incomes and consumption engendered the risks (as a measure of vulnerability) to poverty. The results show that risk to poverty was relatively low for the 1991 poverty line and high for the 2010 poverty line. This difference indicates that the risk of households falling into poverty tends …

Human Resource Management Practices And Employees ' Engagement In Small And Medium Enterprises In Tanzania, Judith J. Msangi, Severine S. Kessy, Ernest Kitindi

Business Management Review

Employees ' engagement is a very important concept in business management. It plays a vital role in determining the performance of business organizations including small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Despite its importance in business management, there is limited knowledge on how human resource management (HRM) practices influence the two major categories of employees ' engagement: job engagement and organizational engagement. This study examined the influence of HRM practices on employees ' engagement in Tanzanian SMEs. Data were collected from 483 SMEs using survey method and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results revealed that employees ' communication had positive …

Determinants Of Soft Drink Customer Satisfaction And Purchase Intentions: Comparison Between Tanzania ' S And South Korea ' S Customers, Raina Marius, Robert Suphian, Dev Jani

Business Management Review

The purpose of the study was to determine the influence of quality, social value, price, and attitude towards soft drinks on customer satisfaction and purchase intention by comparing Tanzanian and South Korean customers to reflect different business contexts. Data were collected using self-administered structured questionnaire directed to university students in the two countries. The data was subjected to Structured Equation Modeling using SmartPLS3 with multi-group analysis performed to decipher country differences in the hypothesized relationships. In the overall, attitude, price, and quality had a significant direct effect on satisfaction and indirect effect on purchase intention. Comparatively, attitude, price, and quality …

Examining The Ability Of Tanzanian Small And Medium Enterprises (Smes) To Increase Their Penetration Into Export Markets, Beatrice Mkenda, John Rand

Business Management Review

Tanzanian Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) face a number of hurdles that constrain their ability to increase their penetration into export markets. This finding emanates from analysing a sample of Tanzanian exporting SMEs from the World Bank ' s Enterprise Survey Data for 2013. The analysis shows that only a few among the sampled exporting SMEs had internationally recognized quality certificates, used technology licensed from a foreign-owned company, spent on research and development (R&D) in the previous three years; and many were unable to enter export markets within three years of being established, that is, they are not born-global firms. …

Negative Appendectomy Rate In Urban Referral Hospitals In Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Analysis Of Associated Factors, Nyamuryekung’E Klint Masawa, Authar Ali, Miten Ramesh Patel, Aidan Njau, Omar Sherman, Ahmed Jusabani, Ali Akbar Zehri

Faculty of Health Sciences, East Africa

Background:

Acute appendicitis (AA) has a lifetime risk of 8.3% with a consequent 23% lifetime risk of emergency appendectomy. In atypical presentation, making a clinical diagnosis is difficult, leading to a high perforation rate (PR) or misdiagnoses and high negative appendectomy rates (NAR). This study aimed to establish NAR and explore the associated factors and possible attainable solutions to reduce it in urban referral hospitals in Tanzania.

Methods:

This was a crosssectional study with 91 consecutive patients, aged 10 years and older undergoing appendectomy for suspected AA with histological evaluation of specimens. The study was powered to detect the NAR …

Negative Appendectomy Rate In Urban Referral Hospitals In Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Analysis Of Associated Factors, Masawa Klint Nyamuryekung’E, Ali Syed Muhammad Akhtar, Miten Ramesh Patel, Aidan Njau, Omar Sherman, Ahmed Jusabani, Ali Akbar Zehri

General Surgery, East Africa

Background: Acute appendicitis (AA) has a lifetime risk of 8.3% with a consequent 23% lifetime risk of emergency appendectomy. In atypical presentation, making a clinical diagnosis is difficult, leading to a high perforation rate (PR) or misdiagnoses and high negative appendectomy rates (NAR). This study aimed to establish NAR and explore the associated factors and possible attainable solutions to reduce it in urban referral hospitals in Tanzania.

Methods: This was a crosssectional study with 91 consecutive patients, aged 10 years and older undergoing appendectomy for suspected AA with histological evaluation of specimens. The study was powered to detect the NAR …

Negative Appendectomy Rate In Urban Referral Hospitals In Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Analysis Of Associated Factors, Nyamuryekung'e Klint Masawa, Authar Ali, Miten Ramesh Pate, Aidan Njau, Omar Sherman, Ahmed Jusabani, Ali Akbar Zehri

General Surgery, East Africa

Background: Acute appendicitis (AA) has a lifetime risk of 8.3% with a consequent 23% lifetime risk of emergency appendectomy. In atypical presentation, making a clinical diagnosis is difficult, leading to a high perforation rate (PR) or misdiagnoses and high negative appendectomy rates (NAR). This study aimed to establish NAR and explore the associated factors and possible attainable solutions to reduce it in urban referral hospitals in Tanzania.

Methods: This was a crosssectional study with 91 consecutive patients, aged 10 years and older undergoing appendectomy for suspected AA with histological evaluation of specimens. The study was powered to detect the NAR …

Mercury Levels Of Seafood Commonly Consumed In Taiwan, Y.C. Chen, M.H. Chen

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis

In this study, the mercury level in 25 commonly consumed seafood species was identified and used to evaluate the mercury intake for Taiwan population. Total mercury concentrations were determined by using furnace-gold amalgation mercury analyzer. The results indicated that mercury concentrations of the 25 seafood species ranged from 0.002 to 0.198 mg/kg wet wt. and varied significantly across species (p < 0.05). All mercury concentrations of the 25 seafood species were below the safety standards, 0.5 mg/kg, set by TWDOH, EC and FAO/WHO. Mercury intake from seafood consumption for female and male adults in Taiwan was estimated to be 21 and 30 μg/week, respectively, which was well below the PTWI. Among the seafood items tested, fish was the major source of total mercury intake for Taiwan population (74-83%). The marine fish contributed the most, followed by shellfish and freshwater fish. The highest mercury level was found in tuna. The mercury intake could be within the PTWI if general population weighted 65 kg consumed daily 90 g of seafood with mercury concentration as 0.17 mg/kg.