Digital Commons Network^™

Effects Of Pre-Defined Homoeopathic Medicines To Mitigate Adverse Dermatological Effects Of Radiotherapy And Vomiting Of Chemotherapy In Breast Carcinoma: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Pilot Trial In The Context Of Usual Care, Purnima Shukla, Chaturbhuja Nayak, Mirza Baig, Purak Misra

Indian Journal of Research in Homoeopathy

Background: Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are used in breast cancer, but they cause an array of adverse effects including dermatological changes and vomiting. Objective: The objective of the study was to examine whether Usual Care (UC) plus pre-defined homoeopathic remedies can produce different effect beyond UC plus placebo in dermatological adverse effects of radiotherapy and vomiting of chemotherapy in breast carcinoma. Methods: In this double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel-arm trial, 88 females suffering from dermatological adverse effects due to radiotherapy (n = 41) or vomiting due to chemotherapy (n = 47) were randomised to receive either UC + Homoeopathy (verum; n = …

Pollen-Mediated Gene Flow And Transfer Of Resistance Alleles From Herbicide-Resistant Broadleaf Weeds, Amit J. Jhala, Jason K. Norsworthy, Zahoor A. Ganie, Lynn M. Sosnoskie, Hugh J. Beckie, Carol A. Mallory-Smith, Jun Liu, Wei Wei, Junming Wang, David E. Stoltenberg

Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences Faculty Publications and Presentations

Pollen-mediated gene flow (PMGF) refers to the transfer of genetic information (alleles) from one plant to another compatible plant. With the evolution of herbicide-resistant (HR) weeds, PMGF plays an important role in the transfer of resistance alleles from HR to susceptible weeds; however, little attention is given to this topic. The objective of this work was to review reproductive biology, PMGF studies, and interspecific hybridization, as well as potential for herbicide resistance alleles to transfer in the economically important broadleaf weeds including common lambsquarters, giant ragweed, horseweed, kochia, Palmer amaranth, and waterhemp. The PMGF studies involving these species reveal that …

Biomineralization, Strength And Cytocompatibility Improvement Of Bredigite Scaffolds Through Doping/Coating, R. Keihan, A. R. Ghorbani, E. Salahinejad, E. Sharifi, Lobat Tayebi

School of Dentistry Faculty Research and Publications

Coprecipitation-derived, sacrificial polymeric (urethane) foam-fabricated bredigite (Ca₇MgSi₄O₁₆) scaffolds were processed by individual and combined treatments of fluoride doping and poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) coating and then studied in terms of structure, mechanical strength, bioactivity and cell biocompatibility in vitro. According to scanning electron microscopy and Archimedes porosimetry, the geometrical characteristics of pores for all the scaffolds are in the appropriate range for hard tissue regeneration applications. The apatite-formation ability of the samples immersed in a simulated body fluid is improved by doping for both the bare and coated conditions, based on …

Preparation Of Swine Isg15 Polyclonal Antibody And Its Application In Classical Swine Fever Virus, Xin-Bin Cai, Hua-Lin Hou, Li-Yuan Zhang, Rong-Ze Tang, Shan Yin, Xiao-Quan Li, Ke Zhang, Qian-Nan Zhao, Xue Ying, Li-Juan Su, Shi-Kai Sun, Xiao-Ning Li, Ting Rong Luo

The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine

Interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) is known to participate in innate and adaptive immune responses against viral infections. Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) causes a global, economically important and highly contagious disease in pigs. To explore theinteraction between ISG15 and CSFV, the ISG15gene was amplified, cloned and expressed in E. coliBL21 cells. The expressed ISG15 protein was purified by Ni-NTA agarose column and used to prepare a polyclonal mouse antibody. The anti-ISG15 antibody produced in mice could react with ISG15 expressed in the prokaryotic BL-21 cells as well as natural swine ISG15 expressed in PK-15 cells. This polyclonal antibody against swine …

Eliciting Information During A Standardized Patient History, Sydney E Greene, Laura Weingartner, Emily Noonan

Undergraduate Research Events

ELICITING INFORMATION DURING A STANDARDIZED PATIENT HISTORY

AUTHORS

Sydney Greene, BA Candidate; Emily J Noonan, PhD, MA; Laura A. Weingartner, PhD, MS

BACKGROUND

Learning how to take a detailed patient history is a fundamental skill that is essential for all medical students to master. Understanding the amount of information elicited in various categories of a patient history may reveal areas where many students struggle to engage the patient, gaps in medical education that could be addressed, or possible predictors of patient satisfaction.

METHODS

I coded videos of rising third year medical students as they took a patient history and counted …

The Impact Of Herbal Infusion Consumption On Oxidative Stress And Cancer: The Good, The Bad, The Misunderstood, Wamidh H. Talib, Israa A. Al-Ataby, Asma Ismail Mahmod, Sajidah Jawarneh, Lina T. Al Kury, Intisar Hadi Al-Yasari

All Works

© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. The release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress is associated with the development of many ailments, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and cancer. The causal link between oxidative stress and cancer is well established and antioxidants are suggested as a protective mechanism against cancer development. Recently, an increase in the consumption of antioxidant supplements was observed globally. The main sources of these antioxidants include fruits, vegetables, and beverage. Herbal infusions are highly popular beverages consumed daily for different reasons. Studies showed the potent antioxidant effects of plants used in the …

Employability Under The Fourth Industrial Revolution, Alexandrina Maria Pauceanu, Nada Rabie, Ayman Moustafa

All Works

It is expected that the fourth industrial revolution will have a massive impact on individual career future experience by changing the basis of work, employment, and business in the upcoming future. Moreover, one-third of today's jobs will disappear by 2025 due to technology's intelligence development. Thus, students' employability skills are considered an effective tool to sustain employment at the future labour market. However, there are discrepancies in employability skills vision between higher education students' perspectives and those of employers. This study aims to recognize higher education students' perspectives about employability skills and to compare them with the labour market employability …

Occurrence Of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Gram-Negative Bacteria From Non-Clinical Sources In Dubai, United Arab Emirates, Munawwar A. Khan, Nicola E. Thurgood, Sultan M. Faheem, Naushad Rais, Mohammad Z. Ansari, Sultan M. Kaleem, Shams T. Khan

All Works

© 2020 by the authors. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family are a significant threat to public health, posing a challenge for health authorities worldwide. In the UAE, very little information is available about ESBL producing bacteria from non-clinical sources. In this study, 206 pure cultures belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family were isolated from food and wastewater sources in Dubai, UAE. All the isolates were tested against third-generation cephalosporin antibiotics by the disc diffusion method and screened on ESBL chromogenic agar. Among all isolates (n = 86), 41.7% were potential ESBL producers belonging to E. coli, Klebsiella, …

Regulation Of Microrna-497-Targeting Akt2 Influences Tumor Growth And Chemoresistance To Cisplatin In Lung Cancer., Lin Wang, Xiang-Bo Ji, Li-Hong Wang, Jian-Ge Qiu, Feng-Mei Zhou, Wen-Jing Liu, Di-Di Wan, Marie Chai-Mi Lin, Ling-Zhi Liu, Jian-Ying Zhang, Bing-Hua Jiang

Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology Faculty Papers

Background: MicroRNA-497 (miR-497) has been implicated in several cancers. Increasing studies demonstrate the role of AKT2 in cancers as an oncogene which is closely associated with tumor aggressiveness by enhancing cancer cell survival, migration and invasion However, miR-497/AKT2 axis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains unclear.

Methods: Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to quantify the expression of miR-497 and its target gene. The function of miR-497 in lung cancer was investigated through in vitro and in vivo assays (cell proliferation assay, cell migration assay, colony formation assay, flow cytometry assay, immunoblotting and tumorigenesis assay). Luciferase reporter assay was …

Quantification Of Lactoyl-Coa (Lactyl-Coa) By Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry In Mammalian Cells And Tissues., Erika L Varner, Sophie Trefely, David Bartee, Eliana Von Krusenstiern, Luke Izzo, Carmen Bekeova, Roddy S O'Connor, Erin L Seifert, Kathryn E Wellen, Jordan L Meier, Nathaniel W Snyder

Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology Faculty Papers

Lysine lactoylation is a recently described protein post-translational modification (PTM). However, the biochemical pathways responsible for this acylation remain unclear. Two metabolite-dependent mechanisms have been proposed: enzymatic histone lysine lactoylation derived from lactoyl-coenzyme A (lactoyl-CoA, also termed lactyl-CoA), and non-enzymatic lysine lactoylation resulting from acyl-transfer via lactoyl-glutathione. While the former has precedent in the form of enzyme-catalysed lysine acylation, the lactoyl-CoA metabolite has not been previously quantified in mammalian systems. Here, we use liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) together with a synthetic standard to detect and validate the presence of lactoyl-CoA in cell and tissue samples. Conducting a retrospective analysis …

Protective Effect Of Nannochloropsis Oculata Against Mercuric-Induced Histopathological Alterations In The Kidney Of Nile Tilapia., Alzahraa Mamdouh, Eman Zahran, Fatma Mohamed, Viola Zaki

Mansoura Veterinary Medical Journal

Objective: The present study was designed to evaluate the toxic effect of sublethal concentration of mercuric chloride (0.3 mg/L HgCl2) on histopathological lesions in the kidney of Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) and the protective effect of microalgae, Nannochloropsis oculata (N. oculata) against the induced tissue alterations for 3 weeks. Design: Randomized controlled study Animals: Nile tilapia Procedures: Fish were randomly assigned to 4 groups, group1: control (basal diet), group 2 (Hg/ exposed to HgCl2 at a dose of 0.3 mg/L (1/4 of LC50), and fed basal diet), group 3: (Hg+N5, similar to group2, but fed diet supplemented with N. oculata …

Effect Of Dietary Probiotic, Antibiotic Or Combination On Broiler Performance, Cecum Microbial Population And Ileal Development, Ahmed Elbaz, Said El-Sheikh

Mansoura Veterinary Medical Journal

Objective: To investigate the effect of antibiotics and/or probiotics on performance, some serum metabolites, cecum microflora composition, and ileum histomorphology in broilers under the Egyptian conditions. Design: Randomized controlled experimental study. Animals: Two hundred forty 1-day-old Ross (308) chicks were reared till 35 days of age. Procedures: The birds were randomly allocated into four main groups: a control diet without additives (CON); probiotic (Lactobacillus acidophilus) supplemented diet (PRO); antibiotic (Avilamycin) supplemented diet (ANT) and a mix group (AP) that received antibiotic in the diet form 1 to 4 days of age and treated during the rest of the experimental period …

Postnatal Toxicity Of Copper Oxychloride In Lactating Female Albino Rats, Mohamed Abomosallam, Mahmoud Elalfy, Fathy Sleem

Mansoura Veterinary Medical Journal

Objective:To evaluate the postnatal toxicity of copper oxychloride (COC) in lactating female albino rats. Design:Randomized controlled experimental study. Animals: Eighteen pregnant female albino rats weight 150±10 g and 6-7 week old. Procedures: Eighteen pregnant female albino rats were divided into 3 groups treated orally with copper oxychloride 0, 73.5, 147 mg/kg (equivalent 1/20 and 1/10 of LD50) daily from first day of parturition for 21 days. Female rats and its offspring were euthanized at 21 days of treatment. The postnatal toxic effect in the neonates and dams were estimated through biochemical biomarkers as metabolic and oxidative stress biomarkers, histopathological and …

Ameliorative Effects Of Pergamum Harmala Seed Extract On Obese Diabetic Rats, Neveen Magdy, Mohamed Salama, Youssef Alsaedy, Gehad El-Sayed

Mansoura Veterinary Medical Journal

Objective:To explore the potential antidiabetic activity of methanolic extract of Harmal seeds in obese-diabetic rats. Design: Randomized controlled experimental study. Animals: Forty male Sprague Dawley rats. Procedures: The P. harmala seeds methanolic extract was prepared and orally administered at two doses of 150 and 250 mg/kg to two groups of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Two additional control groups were used as healthy control and obese-diabetic control groups. Animals were euthanized after 8 weeks of experimental period, blood and tissue samples were collected. Liver tissue samples were used to determine antioxidant and oxidative stress markers; while those from adipose tissue were used …

Ucc Minutes, September 15, 2020, University Curriculum Council

UCC Agendas/Minutes

No abstract provided.

Conditional Loss Of Engrailed 1/2 In Rhombic Lip-Derived Neurons Increases Intrinsic Rhythmicity And Decreases Overall Variability Of Eupneic Respiration, Angela P. Taylor

Theses and Dissertations (ETD)

Evidence for a cerebellar role during cardiopulmonary challenges has long been established, but investigation into cerebellar involvement in eupneic breathing has been inconclusive. Given the view of the cerebellum (CRB) as a temporally coordinating structure, any investigation into the CRB during respiration must evaluate rhythm and variability of the respiratory sequence. In this study, we chose an elegant model of cerebellar neuropathology, Atoh1-En1/2 CKO, where mutant animals have conditional loss of the developmental patterning gene Engrailed 1/2 in rhombic lip-lineage neurons and exhibit a proportional scaling-down of neuron number in hypoplastic lobules of the CRB. We utilized whole-body unrestrained plethysmography …

The Characterization Of Hematopoiesis In Murine Fetal Bone Marrow, Trent Daniel Hall

Theses and Dissertations (ETD)

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and their downstream progenitors are a heterogeneous population of cells that are indispensable for lifelong hematopoiesis and are often utilized in the clinic for the treatment of hematologic maladies via hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Over several decades, it has been discovered that HSCs arise in the dorsal aorta of the developing embryo, migrate to the fetal liver (FL), and undergo a large expansion before reaching their final resting place in the bone marrow (BM). Many resources have been invested in understanding the roles of the different niches HSCs encounter along their journey. A greater understanding …

Genomic Instability And The Oncohistone H3k27m Drive Gliomagenesis In A Murine Model, Lee J. Pribyl

Theses and Dissertations (ETD)

Maintaining genome stability is crucial for human health and it is of particular importance in neural cells during early brain development. Genome maintenance occurs at two broad stages; surveillance during DNA replication and DNA damage repair in differentiating and mature cells. Neural cells are particularly sensitive to DNA strand breaks and defective DNA damage responses can result in detrimental effects on the nervous system, including cancer. Multiple DNA repair pathways play critical roles in preventing DNA damage accumulation in stem and neural progenitor cells. The mechanisms that protect progenitor genomes also suppress DNA mutations that can result in cancer. A …

The Application Of Drones In Healthcare And Health-Related Services In North America: A Scoping Review, Bradley Hiebert, Elysée Nouvet, Vyshnave Jeyabalan, Lorie Donelle Phd, Rn, Fcan

Publications

Using drone aircraft to deliver healthcare and other health-related services is a relatively new application of this technology in North America. For health service providers, drones represent a feasible means to increase their efficiency and ability to provide services to individuals, especially those in difficult to reach locations. This paper presents the results of a scoping review of the research literature to determine how drones are used for healthcare and health-related services in North America, and how such applications account for human operating and machine design factors. Data were collected from PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, and IEEE Xplore …

Context-Specific Challenges, Opportunities, And Ethics Of Drones For Healthcare Delivery In The Eyes Of Program Managers And Field Staff: A Multi-Site Qualitative Study, Vyshnave Jeyabalan, Elysée Nouvet, Patrick Meier, Lorie Donelle Phd, Rn, Fcan

Publications

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), also known as drones, have significant potential in the healthcare field. Ethical and practical concerns, challenges, and complexities of using drones for specific and diverse healthcare purposes have been minimally explored to date. This paper aims to document and advance awareness of diverse context-specific concerns, challenges, and complexities encountered by individuals working on the front lines of drones for health. It draws on original qualitative research and data from semi-structured interviews (N = 16) with drones for health program managers and field staff in nine countries. Directed thematic analysis was used to analyze interviews and identify …

Personality Affects Dynamics Of An Experimental Pathogen In Little Brown Bats, Quinn M.R. Webber, Craig K.R. Willis

KIP Articles

Host behaviour can affect host–pathogen dynamics and theory predicts that certain individuals disproportionately infect conspecifics during an epidemic. Consistent individual differences in behaviour, or personality, could influence this variation with the most exploratory or sociable individuals most likely to spread pathogens. We quantified exploration and sociability in little brown bats ( Myotis lucifugus ) and then experimentally manipulated exposure to a proxy pathogen (i.e. ultraviolet (UV) fluorescent powder) to test two related hypotheses: (i) more sociable and more exploratory individuals would be more likely to transmit infections to other individuals, and (ii) more sociable and more exploratory individuals uninfected with …

Structural Investigation Of Bacilliredoxins: Enzymes Involved In Bacillithiol Redox Metabolism, Colin Mchugh, Paul Cook

Student Summer Scholars Manuscripts

Bacillithiol is an important compound involved in intracellular redox homeostasis and fosfomycin resistance mechanisms of some Gram-positive bacterial pathogens. Cellular regeneration of active bacillithiol (BSH) from a disulfide (BSSB) or mixed disulfide state (BSS-Protein) involves the bacilliredoxin enzymes BrxA/B. An X-ray crystallographic structure of apo BrxA from Bacillus subtilis has been previously characterized, but no BrxB or BSSB-bound Brx structure currently exists. Here we present an X-ray crystallographic structure of BrxA from the pathogen Staphylococcus aureus with a bacillithiol disulfide (BSSB) bound in the active site. Elucidation of this structure will help researchers to understand how BSSB binds in bacilliredoxins, …

Differential Diagnosis Of Apraxia Of Speech In Children And Adults: A Scoping Review, Kristen M. Allison, Claire Cordella, Jenya Iuzzini-Seigel, Jordan R. Green

Speech Pathology and Audiology Faculty Research and Publications

Purpose: Despite having distinct etiologies, acquired apraxia of speech (AOS) and childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) share the same central diagnostic challenge (i.e., isolating markers specific to an impairment in speech motor planning/ programming). The purpose of this review was to evaluate and compare the state of the evidence on approaches to differential diagnosis for AOS and CAS and to identify gaps in each literature that could provide directions for future research aimed to improve clinical diagnosis of these disorders. Method: We conducted a scoping review of literature published between 1997 and 2019, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic …

Contributions Of Optical Remote Sensing To Permafrost Mapping In Donnelly Training Area, Alaska, Kiran Thapa

Theses

AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OFKiran Thapa, for the Master of Science degree in Geography and Environmental Resources, presented on April 8, 2020, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale.TITLE: CONTRIBUTIONS OF OPTICAL REMOTE SENSING TO PERMAFROST MAPPING IN DONNELLY TRAINING AREA, ALASKA MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Guangxing Wang Permafrost occupies about a quarter of the northern hemisphere land with 25.5 million ha. Global warming and anthropogenic activities affect the dynamics of permafrost. Snow and permafrost, in turn, serve as an indicator of climate change and human activity disturbance. The dynamics of permafrost are often estimated using interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) methods. …

Modified Weighted Pareto Distribution Type I (Mwpdti), Mahmood A. Shamran

Baghdad Science Journal

In this paper, the Azzallini’s method used to find a weighted distribution derived from the standard Pareto distribution of type I (SPDTI) by inserting the shape parameter (θ) resulting from the above method to cover the period (0, 1] which was neglected by the standard distribution. Thus, the proposed distribution is a modification to the Pareto distribution of the first type, where the probability of the random variable lies within the period The properties of the modified weighted Pareto distribution of the type I (MWPDTI) as the probability density function ,cumulative distribution function, Reliability function , Moment and the hazard …

Identification Of Acinetobacter Baumannii And Determination Of Mdr And Xdr Strains, Noor Hussein Ahmad, Ghada A. Mohammad

Baghdad Science Journal

The current study focuses on the bacterium Acinetobacter baumannii due to its importance as a nosocomial infections source in addition to its increased resistance against antibiotics. Different clinical and hospital environment samples were collected, and cultured on A. baumannii selective media: Leed Acinetobacter agar and Herellea agar. A. baumannii have been identified by traditional methods, followed by confirmation using molecular identification to detect blaoxa-51 like gene which is considered a diagnostic gene since it is present in genome of all A. baumannii strains. The result was, nineteen bacterial isolates of A.baumannii were obtained, from twenty-seven suspected isolates, detection of local …

Decolorization Of Phenol Red Dye By Immobilized Laccase In Chitosan Beads Using Laccase - Mediator - System Model, Ali A. Taha, Nahida J. Hameed, Farah H. Rashid

Baghdad Science Journal

This work describes the enhancement of phenol red decolorization through immobilizing of laccase in chitosan and enzyme recycling. Commercial laccase from white rot fungus, Trametesversicolor (Tvlac), was immobilizedin to freshly prepared chitosan beads by using glutaraldehyde as a cross linker. Characterization of prepared chitosan was confirmed by FTIR and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Tvlac (46.2 U/mL) immobilized into chitosan beads at 0.8 % glutaraldehyde (v/v) within 24 hrs. Synthetic (HBT) and natural (vanillin) mediators were used to enhance dye decolorizoation. It was found that 89 % of phenol red was decolorized by chitosan beads within 180 min. in the absence …

Long Noncoding Rna H19x Is A Key Mediator Of Tgf-Β-Driven Fibrosi, Elena Pachera, Shervin Assassi, Gloria A Salazar, Mara Stellato, Florian Renoux, Adam Wunderlin, Przemyslaw Blyszczuk, Robert Lafyatis, Fina Kurreeman, Jeska De Vries-Bouwstra, Tobias Messemaker, Carol A Feghali-Bostwick, Gerhard Rogler, Wouter T Van Haaften, Gerard Dijkstra, Fiona Oakley, Maurizio Calcagni, Janine Schniering, Britta Maurer, Jörg Hw Distler, Gabriela Kania, Mojca Frank-Bertoncelj, Oliver Distler

Faculty, Staff and Student Publications

TGF-β is a master regulator of fibrosis, driving the differentiation of fibroblasts into apoptosis-resistant myofibroblasts and sustaining the production of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Here, we identified the nuclear long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) H19X as a master regulator of TGF-β-driven tissue fibrosis. H19X was consistently upregulated in a wide variety of human fibrotic tissues and diseases and was strongly induced by TGF-β, particularly in fibroblasts and fibroblast-related cells. Functional experiments following H19X silencing revealed that H19X was an obligatory factor for TGF-β-induced ECM synthesis as well as differentiation and survival of ECM-producing myofibroblasts. We showed that H19X regulates DDIT4L gene …

Correlations Between Soil Redness And Soil Properties That Affect Non-Native Annual Plant Distribution In Chaparral And California Sage Scrub, Madeline Blua

Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations

Non-native annual plant species have degraded California Sage Scrub and chaparral and present obstacles to shrubland restoration. Red soil patches in chaparral and California Sage Scrub of San Bernardino and Riverside counties appear to support fewer non-native annual plants than non-red soils. The purpose of this study was to confirm differences in vegetation cover between red and non-red soils in shrublands and to use soil analyses to determine possible causes. During vegetation surveys conducted in April of 2018, it was confirmed that red soil sites had lower cover of non-native plants and higher cover of native plant species than the …

Tile Based Self-Assembly Of The Rook's Graph, Ernesto Gonzalez

Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations

The properties of DNA make it a useful tool for designing self-assembling nanostructures. Branched junction molecules provide the molecular building blocks for creating target complexes. We model the underlying structure of a DNA complex with a graph and we use tools from linear algebra to optimize the self-assembling process. Some standard classes of graphs have been studied in the context of DNA self-assembly, but there are many open questions about other families of graphs. In this work, we study the rook's graph and its related design strategies.