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2020

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Use Of Lc-Qtof-Ms For Determining The Presence Of Illicit Substances In Urine, Rebecca Howell Jan 2020

Use Of Lc-Qtof-Ms For Determining The Presence Of Illicit Substances In Urine, Rebecca Howell

All ETDs from UAB

Confirmation testing for drug screens has most commonly been conducted using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), but the use of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods has been gaining popularity in recent years. This can be attributed to several advantages that LC-MS has over GC-MS including the ability to detect non-volatile, thermolabile and polar compounds. Additionally, most compounds can be analyzed without any previous derivatization steps, meaning that sample prepara-tion is simpler, cheaper and faster. The method used for this study consisted of using a nano-LC-electrospray ionization (ESI) system in conjunction with a hybrid Quadrupole OrthogonalTime-of-Flight mass spectrometer (QTOF-MS), which yields high …


Effect Of Cement Selection On Retention Of Zirconia And Lithium Disilicate Crowns, Chan-Te Huang Jan 2020

Effect Of Cement Selection On Retention Of Zirconia And Lithium Disilicate Crowns, Chan-Te Huang

All ETDs from UAB

Background: Ceramic crowns (lithium disilicate and zirconia) have become the most prescribed material for the restoration of anterior and posterior teeth due to the esthetic concerns of patients and the high cost of noble alloys. Different types of cements are used for luting crowns such as zinc phosphate, glass ionomer, resin modified glass ionomer (RMGI), resin cements and bioactive cements. Selection of different cements and bonding protocols for zirconia or lithium disilicate crowns to increase their bonding strength remains a clinical challenge for dentists. Objectives: To measure the retention strength of lithium disilicate and zirconia crowns cemented with different cements. …


In Vitro Evaluation Of Candida Albicans Adherence And Disinfection Techniques On Cad/Cam Milled, 3d Printed, And Heat-Cured Pmma, Mohammad Amir Koujan Jan 2020

In Vitro Evaluation Of Candida Albicans Adherence And Disinfection Techniques On Cad/Cam Milled, 3d Printed, And Heat-Cured Pmma, Mohammad Amir Koujan

All ETDs from UAB

INTRODUCTION: Candida albicans has been regarded as the most predominant oral fungal pathogen and the main causative of denture stomatitis. Modern denture are fabricated from various types of polymers commonly: CAD/CAM or heat-cured. C. albicans adherence rate to these polymers and disinfection efficacy of adherent fungal biofilms are multifactorial processes and differ depending on the physical characteristics of the targeted surface. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate Candida albicans adherence to specimens from three types of polymers namely: heat-cured PMMA, CAD/CAM milled and 3D printed. The second part compares the efficacy of four common disinfection techniques on …


Exploring Diet Quality In Early Care And Education Centers: Measures, Policies, And Center Characteristics, Elizabeth Kroeger Jan 2020

Exploring Diet Quality In Early Care And Education Centers: Measures, Policies, And Center Characteristics, Elizabeth Kroeger

All ETDs from UAB

Over 65% of children ages 2-5 years attend Early Care and Education (ECE) centers where they consume most of their daily caloric intake; however, children at these centers are not meeting the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA). This could suggest poor diet quality, which is a risk factor for diet-related diseases. Currently, diet quality in ECE centers is measured through the assessment of either the food/beverages listed on the lunch menu (menu), served to the children during lunch (served), or consumed by the children during lunch (consumed). However, the lunch meal may be better viewed as a process, rather than …


Facial Recognition With Image Signaling: Efficacy Of Two Factor Authentication Utilizing A Single Image Input Mechanism On A Smartphone, Jaret Langston Jan 2020

Facial Recognition With Image Signaling: Efficacy Of Two Factor Authentication Utilizing A Single Image Input Mechanism On A Smartphone, Jaret Langston

All ETDs from UAB

Society generates 2.8 quintillion bytes of new data every day. Much of this data is sensitive information that should be protected from unauthorized access. Sensitive information is defined as information that, if compromised or misused, could adversely affect the privacy of the individual or organization. There are many types of information that fit this definition and places it is found, but for this discussion we will focus on: • Personally Identifiable Information (PII) (e.g., birth date, social security number, driver’s license number, passport number). • Medical information (e.g., insurance policy numbers, prescriptions, history). • Consumer information (e.g., credit card, banking, …


Psychosocial And Physiological Correlates Of Chronic Pain In Persons Living With Hiv, Michael Owens Jan 2020

Psychosocial And Physiological Correlates Of Chronic Pain In Persons Living With Hiv, Michael Owens

All ETDs from UAB

Due to recent advancements in antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with HIV (PLWH) who respond well and remain adherent to their medication regimens are achieving “near normal” life expectancies. As a result, HIV is no longer considered a death sentence, but rather a chronic health condition to be managed. However, the longer a person lives with the virus, the more prone to HIV-associated chronic diseases he or she becomes. One particularly important health condition with the potential to significantly and negatively impact quality of life is chronic pain. The prevalence rates of chronic pain in PLWH are estimated to be …


When It Breaks Us, Tabitha Palmer Jan 2020

When It Breaks Us, Tabitha Palmer

All ETDs from UAB

Twins, Evie and Mel, lost their mother before their senior year of high school. The girls’ father deploys overseas to escape his grief, leaving them with an aunt they barely know to go through this painful grieving process alone in a new town. They are in constant conflict with each other due to how they cope with this unexpected upturn of their lives. Evie choses to remain optimistic, believing she will get through this and things will turn out for the better. While Mel choses to close herself off from her family, turning instead to a pen pal to maintain …


Neural Networks For Threshold Dynamics Reconstruction, Elisa Negrini, Almanzo Jiahe Gao, Abigail Bowering, Wei Zhu, Luca Capogna Jan 2020

Neural Networks For Threshold Dynamics Reconstruction, Elisa Negrini, Almanzo Jiahe Gao, Abigail Bowering, Wei Zhu, Luca Capogna

Mathematics Sciences: Faculty Publications

We introduce two convolutional neural network (CNN) architec- tures, inspired by the Merriman-Bence-Osher (MBO) algorithm and by cellular automatons, to model and learn threshold dynamics for front evolution from video data. The first model, termed the (single-dynamics) MBO network, learns a specific kernel and threshold for each input video without adapting to new dynamics, while the second, a meta-learning MBO network, generalizes across diverse threshold dynamics by adapting its parameters per input. Both models are evaluated on synthetic and real-world videos (ice melting and fire front propagation), with performance metrics indicating effective reconstruction and extrapolation of evolving boundaries, even under …


Clinical Evaluation Of The Temporomandibular Joint Function Using 4d Jaw Tracking Following Total Joint Replacement, Farhana Rahman Jan 2020

Clinical Evaluation Of The Temporomandibular Joint Function Using 4d Jaw Tracking Following Total Joint Replacement, Farhana Rahman

All ETDs from UAB

The degenerative temporomandibular joint diseases such as osteoarthritis, rheumatic arthritis, TMJ ankylosis, condylar resorption is successfully treated by total joint replacement. The aim of this study was to examine the function of Temporomandibular joint after total joint replacement. 15 patients with unilateral or bilateral TMJ total joint replacements and 15 healthy controls were evaluated via SICAT JMT+ device. This non-invasive system measures 3D position and rotation in all degrees of freedom and allows undisturbed functional mandibular movements to provide a quantitative evaluation. In addition, a TMJ questionnaire consisting the subjective symptoms was also obtained. Mandibular movements after total joint replacements …


The Hunter And The Hunted: Kipling's Challenge To Human Exceptionalism In "The White Seal" And "Quiquern", Jessica Marie Robbins Jan 2020

The Hunter And The Hunted: Kipling's Challenge To Human Exceptionalism In "The White Seal" And "Quiquern", Jessica Marie Robbins

All ETDs from UAB

Rudyard Kipling’s The Jungle Books are some of the most well-known stories about nonhuman animals from the Victorian period, but rarely have scholars discussed this text without privileging the Mowgli stories or Kipling’s well-known colonialist alignments. In this thesis, I have challenged this scholarly tendency, showing how Kipling has paid careful attention to his nonhuman characters and given them characteristics that model the most current scientific information available at the time. My thesis argues that two of Kipling’s stories in particular, “The White Seal” and “Quiquern,” challenge the notion of human exceptionalism and force readers to confront the unsettling parallels …


Analyzing Spinach Growth Using Vertical Garden Techniques And Local Water Sources For Urban Gardens, Julia Ashlyn Manzella Jan 2020

Analyzing Spinach Growth Using Vertical Garden Techniques And Local Water Sources For Urban Gardens, Julia Ashlyn Manzella

All ETDs from UAB

The University of Alabama at Birmingham undergraduate and graduate programs’ continued involvement in the Birmingham-Jefferson County community have identified food insecure areas, known as food deserts, and associated health issues negatively impacting the community due to poor diets and lack of access to healthy foods. Farm stands and community gardens around the Birmingham-metropolitan area have increased healthy food availability during the past several years to encourage healthier eating habits. To combat food insecurity, sustainable alternative growing techniques for urban agriculture need to be implemented and incorporated into local community gardens. Alternative gardening techniques such as vertical gardens maximize yield in …


Counter Narratives Of Black Female Educators In Exurban Schools, Monisha Douglas Moore Jan 2020

Counter Narratives Of Black Female Educators In Exurban Schools, Monisha Douglas Moore

All ETDs from UAB

This study explored how three Black female educators characterized their personal narratives regarding their teaching experiences. Guided by a social justice framework, this study attempted to show how Black women’s identities have been co-created, how their perceptions of success have been formulated, and how perceptions of academic success have helped them frame their pedagogy for diverse students. Because limited research has examined how Black female educators in exurban areas situated their perceptions and pedagogy to facilitate the needs of diverse students, this study added to the limited knowledge. Purposeful sampling was conducted at the site and participant level. The research …


Crystalline Structure And Phase Development In Tio2-Zro2 Ceramic Nanofibers From Electrospun Precursors, Lindsey Elizabeth Motlow Jan 2020

Crystalline Structure And Phase Development In Tio2-Zro2 Ceramic Nanofibers From Electrospun Precursors, Lindsey Elizabeth Motlow

All ETDs from UAB

This study focuses on crystallization and phase relations for various molar ratios of the free-surface alternating current electrospun nanofibrous composite material, Zirconium Titanate. Both ZrO2 and TiO2 based ceramic nanomaterials have been of increasing interest in recent years for applications in pollutants abatement, water splitting, optical and memory devices, humidity sensors, high temperature pigments, and biomaterials. The mixed TiO2-ZrO2 system is a semiconducting oxide and photoactive system that has shown very promising properties in these applications, depending on structure and phase composition. Molar ratios of TiO2/ZrO2 from 0.1:0.9 to 0.8:0.2 were tested in this study. The precursor based fibrous materials …


Properties Of Centrifugally Cast Concrete, Matt Laurence Blackstone Jan 2020

Properties Of Centrifugally Cast Concrete, Matt Laurence Blackstone

All ETDs from UAB

Centrifugal casting (spinning) produces concrete which is denser and of higher strength than that produced by traditional static-casting due to the reduced water/cement ratio and lower void content. High-strength concrete is now used commonly in the production of spun prestressed poles due to the resulting increased durability and resistance to weathering, reduction in cross-sectional area, reduced weight (ease of transport), and economic benefits. Correlation factors relating the increased compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of spun high-strength concrete to that of static-cast concrete have primarily been restricted to a cure time of 28 days in existing studies. The primary objective …


The Evolution Of Racism Through The Lens Of Lynching Rhetoric And Memory, Tammy Blue Jan 2020

The Evolution Of Racism Through The Lens Of Lynching Rhetoric And Memory, Tammy Blue

All ETDs from UAB

The Evolution of Racism Through the Lens of Lynching Rhetoric and Memory, examines the use of ‘lynching’ in its definition, legislation and politics. Rhetoric has the power to influence and persuade, therefore when public figures manipulate lynching rhetoric, the meaning of lynching becomes distorted. In part, this thesis explores the difficulty of defining lynching. Among others, key players in this process included Walter White of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), Monroe Work of the Tuskegee Institute, and Jessie Daniel Ames of the Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching (ASWPL). Their battle to …


Assessment Of Emergency Department High Utilizer Program In Public Health System Setting, Michael Malaise Jan 2020

Assessment Of Emergency Department High Utilizer Program In Public Health System Setting, Michael Malaise

All ETDs from UAB

is study examined whether a case management model designed to reduce emergency department utilization among patients described as super-utilizers in a public health system could also reduce the per patient cost of those super-utilizers. The setting for this study was a large public health system in a major metropolitan area. The study focused on a low-income, urban population. Given the program’s stated desire to improve the self-efficacy of patients over time so that they could take more ownership of their own health status, this study reviewed the program within the framework of self-efficacy theory. This research predicted that the case …


Effects Of Acculturation On Stigma And Knowledge In Relation To Autism Spectrum Disorder Amongst Latino Populations, Monica M. Abdul-Chani Jan 2020

Effects Of Acculturation On Stigma And Knowledge In Relation To Autism Spectrum Disorder Amongst Latino Populations, Monica M. Abdul-Chani

All ETDs from UAB

In the United States, Latino children receive autism diagnoses at a later age compared to non-Latino Black and non-Latino White children (Jo et al., 2015), have the highest rate of misdiagnosis (Magaña, Lopez, Aguinaga, & Morton, 2013), and are more likely to be under-identified (Pedersen et al., 2012). This study examines the presentation of ASD stigma and potentially influencing factors in Latino populations. Through an online survey, 97 Latino and 115 non-Latino White participants were randomly assigned to read one of two vignettes depicting characteristics and symptoms of ASD in lay terms for either their own child (self) or a …


Impact Of Registered Nurse Staffing Ratio On Nursing Home Operating Margins And Quality Measure Star Ratings, Douglas R. Whitman Jan 2020

Impact Of Registered Nurse Staffing Ratio On Nursing Home Operating Margins And Quality Measure Star Ratings, Douglas R. Whitman

All ETDs from UAB

Today’s nursing homes are under immense pressure from government regulators to improve quality while the government simultaneously tightens reimbursement rates. These two forces squeeze operating margins. The question facing nursing home operators is how to improve quality without breaking the bank. This study looks at the association of more registered nurses (RN) with quality and margins in U.S. nursing homes. This research project fills literature gaps which previously found improved nursing home quality correlates with more RNs. However, prior studies used self-reported data and typically considered only two or three quality measures. This study uses recently released electronic payroll data …


Examining The Impact Of Baldrige On Hospital Performance, Jennifer O. Strahan Jan 2020

Examining The Impact Of Baldrige On Hospital Performance, Jennifer O. Strahan

All ETDs from UAB

The national Baldrige program has supported performance excellence within healthcare for over twenty years, yet it has seen recent declines in the number of applications despite Baldrige award recipients claiming noteworthy improvements across operational, clinical, and financial outcomes. Previous studies have compared Baldrige hospital recipients to non-recipients, but no studies have empirically investigated the value of pursuing the Baldrige award, regardless of award recognition or not. Furthermore, it is unclear if specific categories of the Baldrige Excellence Framework (BEF) are associated with standardized industry performance outcomes. This study used propensity score matching with linear and quantile regression techniques to understand …


Mislead: An Investigation Of Neuropsychological Mechanisms Underlying Deception Detection In Autism Spectrum Disorder, Julie A. Trapani Jan 2020

Mislead: An Investigation Of Neuropsychological Mechanisms Underlying Deception Detection In Autism Spectrum Disorder, Julie A. Trapani

All ETDs from UAB

Despite extensive research on social cognition in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), investigations focused on the vulnerability of this population to deception have received rather limited attention. The role of executive function (EF) skills in detecting deception is even less understood in both typically developing (TD) and ASD populations. The dearth of current research on deception in ASD and the social implications of poor deception detection exemplify the need to understand the mechanisms that underlie this nuanced form of social interaction. The current study aims to investigate the neuropsychological mechanisms of detecting deception and the extent to which autism symptomatology impacts …


The Impact Of Time-To-Collision Estimates On Transportation Safety For Young Drivers With Developmental Disabilities, Austin M. Svancara Jan 2020

The Impact Of Time-To-Collision Estimates On Transportation Safety For Young Drivers With Developmental Disabilities, Austin M. Svancara

All ETDs from UAB

Motor vehicle collisions (MVC) are the leading cause of death for young drivers. MVC risk is higher among drivers with developmental disabilities, particularly individuals with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Difficulties in time perception may negatively impact driving, such as with time-to-collision (TTC) estimations (i.e., an estimation of how long it will take to collide with another vehicle). The goal of this study was to determine whether individuals with ADHD and ASD displayed decrements in TTC estimations and whether perception of time in a general context was related to TTC estimations in a driving-specific context. A total …


The Relationship Between Government Grants And Nonprofit Revenue Diversification, Samantha Jeanne Arceneaux Jan 2020

The Relationship Between Government Grants And Nonprofit Revenue Diversification, Samantha Jeanne Arceneaux

All ETDs from UAB

The financial health of nonprofits has been of interest to researchers for decades and continues to be of concern as the size United States nonprofit sector continues to grow both in the number of registered nonprofits and in finances, and third-party government increasingly uses partnerships with nonprofits to deliver services to the public. Empirical studies of revenue diversification and concentration indicate that they can both contribute to nonprofit financial health by assisting in developing a strategy of financial sustainability or financial capacity. However, empirical studies on the relationship between government funding and the nonprofit sector have been limited. This analysis …


A Cephalometric Study Of The Effects Of Class Ii Malocclusion Correction Utilizing The Carriere® Motion 3d Appliance And Essix Retainer, Julie Dean Jan 2020

A Cephalometric Study Of The Effects Of Class Ii Malocclusion Correction Utilizing The Carriere® Motion 3d Appliance And Essix Retainer, Julie Dean

All ETDs from UAB

Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the dental and skeletal effects of Class II malocclusion correction with a Carriere® Motion 3D appliance and lower Essix retainer for anchorage, as compared to best-matched controls. Methods: This is a retrospective case-control cephalometric study uses pre- and post-distalization lateral cephalometric images from 44 (32 female, 12 male, average age 13y 7m) class II patients treated with a Carriere® Motion 3D appliance and lower Essix retainer. These films were analyzed to determine treatment effects and compared with 35 (17 female, 18 male, average age 13y 3m) untreated controls from a historical …


Locus Coeruleus Degeneration In Alzheimer’S Disease And Its Effect On Beta-Adrenergic Signaling In The Hippocampus, Bethany Langner Jan 2020

Locus Coeruleus Degeneration In Alzheimer’S Disease And Its Effect On Beta-Adrenergic Signaling In The Hippocampus, Bethany Langner

All ETDs from UAB

Locus coeruleus (LC) degeneration in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and loss of noradrenergic (NA) innervation in hippocampus contributes to learning and memory deficits. Recently, a novel rat model (TgF344-AD) has been created that allows for a more thorough investigation into these mechanisms due to its similarity to human AD pathology. The McMahon lab has recently demonstrated heightened long-term potentiation (LTP) and a ‘supersensitivity’ of -adrenergic receptors (-ARs) at excitatory synapses in the dentate gyrus (DG) in TgF344-AD rats. These mechanisms could be responsible for maintaining learning and memory during buildup of AD pathology. The first goal of this Master’s thesis was …


Impact Of Different Human Coronaviruses (Hcovs) On Pediatric Patients At A Tertiary Pediatric Hospital – Retrospective Study, Abdulsalam Alsulami Jan 2020

Impact Of Different Human Coronaviruses (Hcovs) On Pediatric Patients At A Tertiary Pediatric Hospital – Retrospective Study, Abdulsalam Alsulami

All ETDs from UAB

Background: Human Coronaviruses (HCoV) are important pathogens associated with respiratory disease in humans and animals. The majority of HCoVs are emerging human pathogens with 7 known types causing human disease and 5 being identified in the last 2 decades. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of all encounters with known HCoV at a tertiary pediatric hospital from January 2015 until January 2018. Electronic medical records (EMRs) were reviewed for demographic data, HCoV type, viral copathogens, time to testing, admission, need for increased intensity of care (HLC), requirement for supplemental oxygen, radiographic findings suggestive lower respiratory tract disease (LRT) when available …


Molecular Regulation Of Glioblastoma Spatial Heterogeneity And Therapeutic Resistance, Soniya Bastola Jan 2020

Molecular Regulation Of Glioblastoma Spatial Heterogeneity And Therapeutic Resistance, Soniya Bastola

All ETDs from UAB

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly invasive, highly vascularized, and heterogeneous malignant tumor of the brain. Due to the highly infiltrative phenotype of GBM, surgery often leaves behind residual tumor cells. In many cases, recurrence occurs close to the surgical margin suggesting the role of these remaining cells in promoting tumor aggressiveness. Rapidly growing tumor creates subsequent hypoxic, and hypovascular core due to limited nutrients, whereas tumor cells in the leading edge have access to nutrients from vasculature enriched microenvironment. Studies have identified the cellular and molecular heterogeneity between the tumors in core and edge. Still, their mechanisms of intercellular …


Gene–Environment Interaction In Parkinson Disease: The Gut Microbiome, Zachary D. Wallen Jan 2020

Gene–Environment Interaction In Parkinson Disease: The Gut Microbiome, Zachary D. Wallen

All ETDs from UAB

GENE–ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION IN PARKINSON DISEASE: THE GUT MICROBIOME ZACHARY D. WALLEN GENETICS, GENOMICS, AND BIOINFORMATICS ABSTRACTParkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with no cure. Majority of cases are idiopathic, and the cause is unknown. Studies have been conducted in human and animals to identify PD risk factors, resulting in a list of genetic and environmental factors that modestly increases risk of PD. Still, no individual risk factor fully explains the cause of PD, and neither has the combination of these factors. Additional avenues of research are being investigated to find potential triggers of PD, and factors that might …


The Mir-23a Cluster Controls An Epigenetic Axis In Osteoblast Development During Bone Formation, Benjamin J. Wildman Jan 2020

The Mir-23a Cluster Controls An Epigenetic Axis In Osteoblast Development During Bone Formation, Benjamin J. Wildman

All ETDs from UAB

Differentiation of pre-osteoblasts is critical to controlling in-vivo development and growth of bone. Recent studies highlight the importance of epigenetic regulation in directing osteoblast commitment and function. Here we show that the microRNA-23a cluster (miR-23a, 27a, and 24-2) controls bone mass in-vivo through a previously unknown epigenetic mechanism. MiR-23a cluster knockdown increased the intensity of Alkaline Phosphatase staining in MC3T3-E1 cells. Additionally, it upregulated mRNA expression of osteogenic marker genes such as Runx2 and Osteocalcin. Micro-CT analysis of 2-month and 6-month femurs showed that trabecular bone volume and trabecular number significantly increased in miR-23aClZIP mice as compared to controls. Histological …


A Multiple Case Study On The Experiences And Perspectives Of Instructional Coaches Supporting Teachers With The Literacy Instruction Of Historically Marginalized Populations, Kristie Basila Williams Jan 2020

A Multiple Case Study On The Experiences And Perspectives Of Instructional Coaches Supporting Teachers With The Literacy Instruction Of Historically Marginalized Populations, Kristie Basila Williams

All ETDs from UAB

This qualitative multiple case study explored the experiences and perspectives of instructional coaches that support teachers with the literacy instruction of students from historically marginalized populations through the lens of the following three theoretical frameworks: the partnership approach, critical literacy, and culturally relevant pedagogy. The three participants involved in the study all came from the same district but different schools and were recruited based on the criteria of being an instructional coach in a middle school that has more than 51% of students from historically marginalized populations, as identified by the state’s department of education website. The data collected included …


Network-Based Analytics For Discovering Gene Modules And Biomarkers In Complex Diseases, Zongliang Yue Jan 2020

Network-Based Analytics For Discovering Gene Modules And Biomarkers In Complex Diseases, Zongliang Yue

All ETDs from UAB

With rapidly increasing novel discoveries of associations between genomic data and complex disease phenotypes, the translation of those associations into knowledge and the identification of critical molecular mechanisms are essential to guild clinical decisions such as the diagnosis of symptomatic individuals, the prediction of disease risk, reproductive genetic counseling, and determining pharmacogenetic profiles for treatment. To decipher the genome of complex diseases, gene-centric analyses focus on detecting molecular mechanisms lead by driver genetics variants, abnormally expressed genes and high-abundance proteins through gene module construction. Additionally, the gene module construction approaches implement systems biology analysis to reveal the causative co-expressed gene …