Digital Commons Network^™

Plant Diet Selectivity And Some Environmental Parameters At Foraging Sites Of Wattled Crane (Bugeranuscarunculatus) In Malagarasi Wetlands, Tanzania, Jasson R.M. John

Tanzania Journal of Science

Wattled Crane Bugeranuscarunculatusis a threatened wetland-dependent bird species of sub-Saharan Africa with a declining population throughout its range due to habitat degradation. Ecological studies on this species have come from large populations in Botswana and Zambia. Little is known of the isolated small populations, especially those in Tanzania where about 200individuals survive. This study reports observations made on vegetation height, water depth and consumption of plant tubers at foraging locations of the Wattled Crane in Malagarasi-MuyovoziRamsar Site. Foraging birds preferred wet habitats with short vegetation. Birds fed mainly on Pycreusnitidus and Cyperusarticulatusplant tubersbut not those of Eleocharis, a chief food …

Cytotoxic And Antimicrobial Activities Of The Constituents Of Ten Plant Species From Tanzania, Joan J. E. Munissi

Tanzania Journal of Science

This paper reports on the antimicrobial and cytotoxicity activities of crude extracts from the plant species Clemaptosis scabiosifolia (Ranunculaceae), Diospyros mafiensis (Ebenaceae), Dolichos kilimandscharicus (Leguminosae), Gnidia kraussiana (Thymelaeaceae), Hugonia castaneifolia (Linaceae), Neorautanenia mitis (Pappilionaceae), Tagetes minuta (Asteraceae), Uvaria acuminata (Annonaceae), Vernonia amygdalina (Asteraceae) and Zanha africana (Sapindaceae). All crude extracts were screened for their cytotoxicities in the brine shrimp lethality test (BST). Fractions and pure compounds from Hugonia castaneifolia, Diospyros mafiensis and Uvaria acuminata were tested for their cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activities against ten microorganisms, namely Candida albicans, Bacillus anthracis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiela pneumoniae, Proteus sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, …

Performance Of A Customized Cryo-Cooling System Designed For The Measurement Of The Lifetime Of Nuclear Excited States At Cryogenic Temperatures, Innocent J. Lugendo

Tanzania Journal of Science

Theoretical predictions that the lifetime of nuclear excited states can be varied if the nucleus is subjected to a condition that allows multiple coherent emission and re-absorption of gamma photons by the nucleus is of much interest to the nuclear physicists. Therefore, an experiment has been designed to study the possibility of lifetime variation. Based on the theory requirements, lifetime variations can be observed when the nucleus is cooled to cryogenic temperatures. Both the cryo-cooling system and the fast timing system have been developed. In the current work, the design, operation and performance of the developed cryo-cooling system is discussed. …

Statistical Analysis Of Ambient Conditions And Water Temperature On Standard Achievement Of Volume Calibration Of Small Laboratory Glassware, Lazaro Revocatus, Nyimvua Shaban, Isambi S. Mbalawata

Tanzania Journal of Science

Volumetric apparatus calibration is a very sensitive matter in metrological institutions. Identification and evaluation of the uncertainty factors affecting volume calibration of volumetric apparatus such as small laboratory glassware is a critical issue to investigate in order to increase accuracy in calibration.This studyinvestigates the contributions of ambient conditions and water temperature in volume calibration of small laboratory glassware. The study used existing empirical data from the Tanzania Bureau of Standards.The multiple linear regression modelwas used to establish better relationship between explanatory variables and response variable. The model analyzedthree predictor variables namely ambient temperature, pressure and relative humidity. Water temperature was …

Anempirical Performance Comparison Of Meta-Heuristic Algorithms For School Bus Routing Problem, Sherehe Semba, Egbert Mujuni

Tanzania Journal of Science

School Bus Routing Problem is an NP-hard Combinatorial Optimization problem. Thus, mega-heuristic algorithms are widely used to solve instances of the School Bus Routing Problem with large data. In this work we present a model of the School Bus Routing Problem and empirical performances comparison between three meta-heuristic algorithms named Simulated Annealing (SA), Tabu Search (TS) and Ant-Colony Optimization (ACO) on the problem. We have analyzed their performances in terms of solution quality. The results show that all three algorithms have the ability to solve the School Bus Routing Problem. In addition, computational results show that TS performed best when …

Status Updates On Plastics Pollution In Aquatic Environment Of Tanzania: Data Availability, Current Challenges And Future Research Needs, Dativa J. Shilla

Tanzania Journal of Science

Plastics are the most useful materials invented by man, and have brought great convenience to our daily lives but not without problems. Inappropriate disposal of wasted plastics has caused serious environmental problems. Over the past decade, microplastic debris in both marine and freshwater systems have become an emerging issue. A literature review was conducted to summarize the current state of knowledge of plastic pollution in Tanzanian aquatic systems. Although, Tanzania has vast coastlines and world’s largest freshwater lakes, the extent of microplastics presence in the aquatic environment remains largely unreported. Data from volunteer beach cleanups in Dar es Salaam areas …

A Key Note On Performance Of Smoothing Parameterizations In Kernel Density Estimation, Israel U. Siloko, Osayomore Ikpotokin, Edith A. Siloko

Tanzania Journal of Science

The univariate kernel density estimator requires one smoothing parameter while the bivariate and other higher dimensional kernel density estimatorsdemand more than one smoothing parameter depending on the form of smoothing parameterizations used. The smoothing parameters of the higher dimensional kernels are presented in a matrix form called the smoothing matrix. The two forms of parameterizations frequently used in higher dimensional kernel estimators are diagonal or constrained parameterization and full or unconstrained parameterization. While thefull parameterization has no restrictions, the diagonal hassome form of restrictions.Thestudyinvestigates the performance of smoothing parameterizations of bivariate kernel estimator using asymptotic mean integrated squared error aserror …

Assessment Of Oyster Mushroom Production And Profitability In Harare Urban Andperiurban Areas (Ruwa), Zimbabwe, Memory Mutema, Kiswell Basira, Dexter Savadye, Wilson Parawira

Tanzania Journal of Science

The study is an evaluation of the profitability of oyster mushroom production by small scale producers in urban and peri-urban settings with particular attention on trends in production and revenue during the period of 2014–2017. The Net Present Value (NPV), Discount rate and Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) were used to evaluate profitability. The average values of NPV, BCR and IRR for the year 2014–2017 were 13036.46, 15.75 and 141.42%, respectively. These values show that mushroom production has been very profitable during the period. Furthermore, production decreased between 2014 and 2015 before rising exponentially from …

Prevalence Of Zoonotic Parasites In Stray Dogs In Rural Communities, Tanzania, Winifrida Kidima

Tanzania Journal of Science

The aim of this study was to identify and establish the baseline information on the prevalence of zoonotic parasites in stray dogs in Tanzania. A cross sectional study was conducted in Katavi, Arusha and Rukwa Regions in Tanzania. Intestinal parasites were analyzed from faecal samples collected from 364 dogs using modified sedimentation technique. Sixty-sixpercentage (66%) of the faecal samples were positive for gastrointestinal parasites while 7% had mixed infections, 27% were negative for the parasites. Higher proportions of the faecal samples were positive for gastrointestinal parasites in Arusha and Rukwa compared to Katavi (p< 0.0001). The prevalence of Ancylostomacaninum(49%) was higher compared to that of other parasites (p <0.0001). Prevalence of A. lumbricoideswas significantly higher compared to that of E. granulosusand S. stercoralis(p = 0.0046). There was a positive association between parasite positivity rates and collecting dog’s faecal samples near domestic animals (p < 0.00001). Parasite diversity was higher in stray dogs from Katavi and Arusha (p > 0.05). There was no association between …

Ada News - 03/18/2019, American Dental Association, Publishing Division

ADA News

Established in 1970 as the official newspaper of the American Dental Association, the ADA News serves practicing dentists and others allied to the dental profession in the U.S. and internationally. It is the No. 1 source of news and information about the many benefits and services the ADA delivers to members daily as well as timely information on scientific, social, political and economic developments affecting dentistry and health care.

The Popular But Unlawful Armed Reprisal, Mary Ellen O'Connell

Ohio Northern University Law Review

No abstract provided.

A Study Of Safari Tourism In Sub-Saharan Africa: An Empirical Test Of Tourism A-B-C (T-Abc) Model, Lalita A. Manrai, Dana-Nicoleta Lascu, Ajay K. Manrai

Marketing Faculty Publications

The competition for safari tourism in sub-Saharan Africa is intense. Aside from inter-country competition, there is also intra-country competition among game viewing lodges and resorts within each country. In this context, it is important to understand the strengths and weaknesses of each country for safari tourism. We empirically test the relationship between tourism performance and multiple tourism dimensions, namely, tourism Attractions (A), Basics (B), and Context (C). We test the Tourism A-B-C model (Manrai, Manrai, & Friedeborn, 2018) using data from Botswana, Kenya, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

The study, a first in the region, addresses tourism …

Early Neonatal Vitamin A Supplementation And Infant Mortality: An Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis Of Randomised Controlled Trials, Rajiv Bahl, Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutta

Department of Paediatrics and Child Health

Background: Biannual vitamin A supplementation is a well-established survival tool for preschool children 6 months and older in vitamin A deficient populations but this schedule misses the opportunity to intervene on most young infant deaths. Randomised trials of neonatal vitamin A supplementation (NVAS) in the first few days of life to assess its impact on under 6-month mortality in low/middle-income countries have had varying results.
Methods: Investigators of 11 published randomised placebo-controlled NVAS trials (n=163 567 children) reanalysed their data according to an agreed plan and pooled the primary outcomes of mortality from supplementation through 6 and 12 months of …

National Policies And Care Provision In Pregnancy And Childbirth For Twins In Eastern And Southern Africa: A Mixed-Methods Multi-Country Study, Claudia Hanson, Stephen Munjanja, Agnes Binagwaho, Bellington Vwalika, Andrea B. Pembe, Elsa Jacinto, George K. Chilinda, Kateri B. Donahoe, Sikolia Wanyonyi, Peter Waiswa, Muchabayiwa F. Gidiri, Lenka Benova

Obstetrics and Gynaecology, East Africa

Background: High-risk pregnancies, such as twin pregnancies, deserve particular attention as mortality is very high in this group. With a view to inform policy and national guidelines development for the Sustainable Development Goals, we reviewed national training materials, guidelines, and policies underpinning the provision of care in relation to twin pregnancies and assessed care provided to twins in 8 Eastern and Southern African countries: Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

Methods and findings: We located policies and guidelines by reviewing national repositories and by contacting experts to systematically map country-level maternal and newborn training materials, guidelines, and …

Medical Care In Urban Conflict, Kenneth Watkin

International Law Studies

The potential for urban violence is increasing as the world population continues to migrate towards cities. Recent examples of urban warfare with insurgent groups has occurred in Damascus, Mosul, Raqqa, Marawi, Ramadi, and Fallujah, although non-State actor conflict covers a wide range of violence from ordinary crime, to terrorism and transnational crime, to near conventional conflict. Further, transnational terrorist groups have sought to extend the conflict into countries seen as the “far enemy.” A key issue is determining if an armed conflict is in existence so that the protective focus of international humanitarian law regarding the provision of medical care …

Structured On-The-Job Training To Improve Retention Of Newborn Resuscitation Skills: A National Cohort Helping Babies Breathe Study In Tanzania, Mary Drake, Dunstan R. Bishanga, Akwila Temu, Mustafa Njozi, Erica Thomas, Victor Mponzi, Lauren Arlington, Georgina Msemo, Mary Azayo, Allan Kairuki, Amunga R. Meda, Kahabi Isangula, Brett D. Nelson

School of Nursing & Midwifery, East Africa

Background: Newborn resuscitation is a life-saving intervention for birth asphyxia, a leading cause of neonatal mortality. Improving provider newborn resuscitation skills is critical for delivering quality care, but the retention of these skills has been a challenge. Tanzania implemented a national newborn resuscitation using the Helping Babies Breathe (HBB) training program to help address this problem. Our objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of two training approaches to newborn resuscitation skills retention implemented across 16 regions of Tanzania.

Methods: An initial training approach implemented included verbal instructions for participating providers to replicate the training back at their service delivery site …

American Journal Of Biochemistry And Biotechnology: A Bibliometric Study, Shamili N, Silambarasan D

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

The present study reveals the bibliometric study of the “American journal of biochemistry and biotechnology” the study covers the growth of literature and authorship pattern of the journal. Further, it analyzed various other bibliometrics aspects such as subject wise distribution of article, intuition wise distribution article, country wise distribution of article, bibliographical wise distribution of citation and self citation.

Ada News - 02/04/2019, American Dental Association, Publishing Division

ADA News

Established in 1970 as the official newspaper of the American Dental Association, the ADA News serves practicing dentists and others allied to the dental profession in the U.S. and internationally. It is the No. 1 source of news and information about the many benefits and services the ADA delivers to members daily as well as timely information on scientific, social, political and economic developments affecting dentistry and health care.

Access And Use Of E-Journals By Students Of Kumasi Technical University, Kumasi, Ghana, Serwaa Akoto Acheampong Miss, Ernest Boakye Mr., Baffour Ohene Agyekum Mr.

Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)

Advancement in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) has led to an immense change in the format of resources and the structure of services of libraries worldwide. Academic libraries nowadays are seen to be collecting not only print resources but also non-print resources especially, electronic journals. In reality, electronic journals have turn out to be one of the most used technological developments in recent times. This study focused on determining the extent of awareness, access and use of electronic journals by the students of KsTU. The survey method was used with questionnaire as the major data collection instrument. A population of …

Ecological Niche Modeling As A Tool For Prediction Of The Potential Geographic Distribution Of Bacillus Anthracis Spores In Tanzania, Elibariki R. Mwakapeje, Sood A. Ndimuligo, Gladys Mosomtai, Samuel Ayebare, Luke Nyakarahuka, Hezron E. Nonga, Robinson H. Mdegela, Eystein Skjerve

All Peer-Reviewed Publications

Introduction: Anthrax is caused by the spore-forming, Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus anthracis. The aim of this study was to predict the potential distribution of B. anthracis in Tanzania and produce epidemiological evidence for the management of anthrax outbreaks in the country. Methods: The Maxent algorithm was used to predict areas at risk of anthrax outbreaks based on the occurrence and environmental data in Arusha and Kilimanjaro regions; the model was later transferred to predict the entire country. Seventy percent of the occurrence data were used to train the model, while 30% were used for model evaluation. Results: Four regions of northern …

Regional Prevalence Of Health Worker Absenteeism In Tanzania, Tomoki Fujii

Research Collection School Of Economics

Absenteeism of health workers in developing countries is common and can severely undermine the reliability of the health system. Therefore, it is important to understand where the prevalence of absenteeism is high. We develop a simple imputation method that combines a Service Delivery Indicators survey and a Service Provision Assessment survey to estimate the prevalence of absenteeism of health workers at the level of regions in Tanzania. The resulting estimates allow one to identify the regions in which the prevalence of absenteeism is significantly higher or lower than the national average and help policymakers determine priority areas for intervention.

A Renewed Call For Feminist Resistance To Population Control, Anne Hendrixson, Ellen Foley, Rajani Bhatia, Daniel Bendix, Susanne Schultz, Kalpana Wilson, Wangui Kimari

Women’s, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Faculty Scholarship

We are feminist advocates for reproductive, environmental and climate justice who are deeply concerned about rising sea levels and rising inequalities. We are troubled that population numbers, composition and movements are often seen as causing or worsening climate change, environmental degradation, poverty, war and conflict. For instance, the United Nation’s 2019 World Population Prospects says that rapid population growth will stand in the way of accomplishing the Sustainable Development Goals related to poverty, equality and hunger.

Apopo Annual Report 2019, Apopo

Global CWD Repository

APOPO originated from the idea of its founder Bart Weetjens to trains rats for the detection of landmines. Now, over 20 years later, APOPO deploys rats to find landmines and tuberculosis in many affected countries, and continues innovating to use its African Giant Pouched Rats in the battle against other scourges.

APOPO trains these ‘HeroRATs’ using positive reinforcement – they receive tasty treats when they identify a target scent. HeroRATs are at the core of the organization and it’s reflected in the way they are protected and responsibly raised.

Our Training and Research center is based at the foothills of …

No. 23: Food Vending And The Urban Informal Sector In Cape Town, South Africa, Godfrey Tawodzera

Hungry Cities Partnership

In South Africa, the informal food sector is either criminalized or ignored, despite the important role it plays in the economy in terms of employment, income generation, food distribution, and general livelihoods. This paper assesses the nature, operations, strategies, and challenges of the informal food sector in Cape Town. Data was collected through a survey of over 1,000 informal food vendors in the city. Survey results indicate that most of the enterprises were single-owner businesses, financed from personal savings, and started by owners seeking employment, independence, and improved financial security for their families. Most businesses had little or no access …

Exploration Of Teachers’ Perceptions Of Teacher Leadership: A Case Of One Secondary School In Monduli District., Fredrick John Seiyai

Master of Education

While it is known that teacher leadership is significant for school improvement, yet, little has been done in Tanzania context to understand how teachers perceive teacher leadership. The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceptions of teachers on teacher leadership in Monduli District in one public secondary school in Tanzania. The study employed a qualitative case study design with thirteen participants who were purposively selected. used and a case study design. The study participants were purposely selected. The sample included thirteen teachers, out of whom six were teacher leaders and seven were teachers who did not have teacher …

Exploring Teachers’ Integration Of Information Communication Technology (Ict) In Teaching Young Learners In Tanzania: A Case Study Of A Public Primary School In Temeke, Humphrey Frank Elias

Master of Education

The aim of this study was to explore how teachers integrate the use of ICT in teaching young learners (0 to 8 years) in Tanzania; a case study of one public primary school in Temeke Municipality. The study used a qualitative approach with a case study design of one primary school in Temeke municipal. The collection of data was through interviews, document analysis and observation. This study will be important to the teachers, the government, young leaners, and other stakeholders to take initiatives for improving teacher’s integration of ICT in teaching early years children. ICT Policy for Basic Education 0f …

The Effects Of English As Language Of Instruction On Teaching History In Two Schools In Monduli District, Agness Dominick

Master of Education

The use of English as a foreign language in Education system in Tanzania has been an issue of concern, and maybe blamed for the gaps in the quality of education. Research shows that, despite the fact that education standard is deteriorating the measures that have been taken to address the problem have not achieved the intended outcomes. This current study aimed to the effects of using English language in teaching and learning of history subject in Tanzania’s public secondary schools. The study applied a descriptive qualitative research approach where purposive sampling was used to choose two public secondary schools to …

Exploring The Role Of Schools In Supporting Professional Development For Pre-Primary Teachers: A Case Of Two Public Primary Schools In Moshi Municipality, Frank A. Christian

Master of Education

This study anticipated to explore the role of schools in supporting professional development for pre-primary teachers at the school level. The literature shows that professional development is an integral part of the strategies and efforts to improve the quality of pre-primary education. It was also clear that professional development is mostly associated with training offered from outside the school setting but little has been said of how professional development is being carried out within the school setting. Therefore this study concentrated on looking for the structures and opportunities at school which support professional development (PD) for pre-primary teachers. This study …

Epistemological Foundation For Contemporary Theology Of Mission: Trajectories From A Conversation Between J. Andrew Kirk And John Hick, Sochanngam Shirik

The Asbury Journal

No abstract provided.

End Points For Sickle Cell Disease Clinical Trials: Renal And Cardiopulmonary, Cure, And Low-Resource Settings, Ann T. Farrell, Shalini Shenoy, Et Al.

Open Access Publications

No abstract provided.