Digital Commons Network^™

Evaluation Of Management Tools For Stripe Rust In Hard Red Spring Wheat And Assessment Of Virulence Phenotypes And Aggressiveness In Puccinia Striiformis Isolates, Bryn Anndi Evin

Plant Sciences

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is an economically important foliar disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum). In the last decade, losses from stripe rust in North Dakota (ND) have increased, peaking at 5% in 2015. Three research studies were conducted to address questions on the pathogen, varietal resistance, and integrated management. The objective of the first study was to (i) identify virulent phenotypes of Pst isolates collected from ND from 2015 to 2017 and assign races, and (ii) determine the effect of temperature on in vitro urediniospore germination, latency, and lesion spread. Across the three years, …

Transfer Of Fusarium Head Blight Resistance To Hard Red Winter Wheat, Hongbin Tao

Plant Sciences

Fusarium head blight (FHB; caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe) is a serious disease of hard red winter wheat (HRWW) in North Dakota. Current varieties are lacking in resistance. Many resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL) were discovered in spring wheat that can be employed in HRWW. The North Dakota State University breeding program aims to acquire and pyramid useful FHB resistance QTL into its breeding population. Therefore, hybrid populations derived from CM82036 (Fhb1 and Qfhs.ifa-5A), PI277012 (Qfhb.rwg-5A.1 and Qfhb.rwg-5A.2), Frontana (Qfhs.ifa-3A), and TA5660 (Fhb6) were tested for type II resistance to: derive new FHB resistant HRWW lines with pyramided QTL (Fhb1+) …

Influence Of Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum L.) Seedling Grafting On Plant Growth, Fruit Yield And Quality, And Disease Tolerance, Suman Parajuli

Plant Sciences

Influence of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedling grafting on the plant growth, fruit yield and quality, and disease tolerance were investigated using 3 cultivars (Big Beef, Celebrity, Cannonball) as scions and two Solanum species (B-blocking, Maxifort) as a rootstock in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The grafted plants were statistically higher in values for stem diameter, leaf chlorophyll, and fruit carotenoid contents. Similarly, the scion/rootstock combination ‘Big Beef/Maxifort’ and ‘Big Beef/B-blocking’ had prolonged days to maturity and gives a higher yield than the non-grafted ‘Big Beef’. Grafting seedling on ‘Maxifort’ and ‘B-blocking’ rootstocks improves the fruit quality …

Optimal Seeding Rates For New Hard Red Spring Wheat Cultivars In Diverse Environments, Jordan D. Stanley

Plant Sciences

Seeding rate in hard red spring wheat (HRSW) (Triticum aestivum L.) production impacts input cost and grain yield. Predicting the optimal seeding rate (OSR) for HRSW cultivars can aid growers and eliminate the need for costly seeding rate research. Research was conducted to determine the OSR of newer HRSW cultivars (released in 2013 or later) in diverse environments. Nine cultivars with diverse genetic and phenotypic characteristics were evaluated at four seeding rates in 11 environments throughout the northern Great Plains region in 2017-2018. Results from ANOVA indicated environment and cultivar were more important than seeding rate in determining grain yield. …

Whiteness As Innocence, David Simson

Articles & Chapters

Current antidiscrimination law is exceedingly hostile to the project of race-conscious remediation—the conscious use of race to mitigate America’s persistent racial hierarchy. This Article argues that this broad hostility can be traced in significant part to what I call “Whiteness as Innocence” ideology. This ideology is a system of legal reasoning by which the formal principle of equality is filled with the substantive principle of white racial dominance via invocations of white innocence. That is, under this ideology, ideas about white innocence influence legal decisions on who is “alike” and “unalike” and what constitutes “alike” and “unalike” treatment in race-conscious …

A Tj Approach To Mental Disability Rights Research: On Sexual Autonomy And Sexual Offending, Michael L. Perlin, Heather Ellis Cucolo, Alison Lynch

Articles & Chapters

We believe it is impossible to understand the development and the power of therapeutic jurisprudence (TJ) without acknowledging that its roots in mental disability law have continued to expand and flourish over the decades, and that there is no other substantive area of the law in which every aspect – substantive and procedural, civil and criminal, statutory and constitutional. domestic and international – has been weighed and evaluated using a TJ lens. In this chapter, we consider how those roots have shaped the last three decades of research and the implications of what has developed. We look carefully at two …

We Carry Each Other, Heidi K. Brown

Articles & Chapters

No abstract provided.

Helping David Fight Goliath: Preserving The Wto In The Trump Era, Michael Goodyear

Articles & Chapters

The Trump presidency and other reactionary conservative governments present an immensely powerful danger to the World Trade Organization (WTO). The WTO is largely built on Members’ willingness to comply with its rules, and the current Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) is too weak to deter an avowed enemy of the WTO, such as President Trump. This poor enforcement system particularly hurts developing countries, which lack the power under the DSU to effectively deter economic giants like the United States.

The recent Doha Round was supposed to create a more effective enforcement mechanism under the DSU, but it fell apart before any …

Introduction, Amanda Wall

Becoming: Journal of the Georgia Association for Middle Level Education

Introduction

Some Things Are Too Hot To Touch: Competency, The Right To Sexual Autonomy, And The Roles Of Lawyers And Expert Witnesses, Michael L. Perlin, Alison Lynch, Valerie R. Mcclain

Articles & Chapters

No abstract provided.

Association Mapping To Identify Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum Genomic Regions Affecting Aggressiveness Of Lesion Formation On Sunflower Stems, Kassaye Hussen Belay

Plant Sciences

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is one of the most destructive pathogens of sunflower in the United States and worldwide. Distinctive symptoms include mid-stalk rot, basal stalk rot and head rot from subsequent infection of the sunflower head. This fungal pathogen has a remarkably broad host range of over 400 dicot plants. However, little is currently known about the virulence strategies that allow S. sclerotiorum to successfully infect a wide range of plant hosts. The goal of our project was to identify S. sclerotiorum virulence determinants and effectors that contribute to disease development on sunflower. We evaluated a diverse collection of 232 S. …

Improvement Of The Physicochemical Attributes And Antioxidants Profiles From Pulse Seeds Through Germination, Minwei Xu

Plant Sciences

Edible pulse seeds are good sources of food ingredients. Germination has been regarded as an effective process to further improve nutrient digestibility and accessibility of pulse seeds. Our aim was to observe the effect of germination on proximate composition, physicochemical attributes, and phenolic profiles of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), lentil (Lens culinaris Merr.), and yellow pea (Pisum sativum L.). In addition, mechanisms of how germination affects the antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds were proposed. Chemical composition, thermal, pasting, and moisture adsorption properties of pulse flours were investigated over 6 days of germination. Protein contents increased by 3 percent points for …

The Physical Properties And Cookie-Making Performance Of Oleogel Made With Refined And Crude Oils, Muxin Zhao

Plant Sciences

In this study, oleogels were prepared with crude plant oils using varying oleogelators. The role of oleogel was compared with refined oil oleogels as well as commercial shortening in the cookie making process. The plant oils used in this research include solvent-extracted crude soybean oil, refined soybean oil, expeller-pressed corn germ oil, and refined corn oil. β-sitosterol and/or monoacylglycerides, and rice bran wax were used either individually or in combination as the gelator to form oleogels using different oils. The physical properties of oleogels and corresponding cookies were investigated and compared. Overall, the incorporation of gelators into crude and refined …

Using Mid-Season Ndvi Data From Drones To Produce Variable Rate Fertilizer Maps In Wheat, Bethany Mariah Christensen

Plant Sciences

Variable rate prescription maps can improve nitrogen use efficiency within a field by directing N applications where it is needed. If NDVI collected with a drone could be used to predict yield, it also could be used to develop N rate prescription maps. Experiments on wheat were carried out in farmer fields and in small plots. Small plot experiments consisted of six rates of nitrogen and NDVI was collected from sensors on a drone and was correlated to yield and protein after harvest. NDVI measurements were also collected from farmer fields that had a nitrogen rich strip applied to the …

Vacuum Steam Pasteurization Of Hard Red Spring Wheat, Jane Mae Snelling

Plant Sciences

Vacuum steam pasteurization (VSP) is a promising technology for pasteurization of low moisture foods. Recent outbreaks traced to wheat flour, a low moisture food, have created demand in the milling industry for a process that reduces pathogens in wheat while maintaining its functional properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of VSP on Hard Red Spring (HRS) wheat. First, HRS wheat samples were pasteurized at 65, 70, 75, and 85°C for 4 and 8 minutes. Significant changes in dough and baked product functionality were observed in treatments ≥70°C suggesting gluten denaturation occurred. After determining that 65°C …

Genetics Of Wheat Domestication And Septoria Nodorum Blotch Susceptibility In Wheat, Sapna Sharma

Plant Sciences

T. aestivum ssp. spelta Iranian type has long been thought to potentially be the direct non-free threshing hexaploid progenitor. I evaluated a RIL population derived from a cross between CS and Iranian spelta accession P503 to identify loci suppressing free-threshabilty in P503. Identification of QTL associated with threshability in region known to harbor the Tg2A gene, and an inactive tg2D allele supported the hypothesis of Iranian spelta being derived from a more recent hybridization between free-threshing hexaploid and emmer wheat. Parastagonospora nodorum is an important fungal pathogen and secretes necrotrophic effectors that evoke cell death. In this research, a DH …

Flavor Modification Of Pea Flour Using Ethanol-Based Deodorization, Madison Taylor Gohl

Plant Sciences

Peas are rich in protein and dietary fiber and can be used to create specialty products; however, flavor issues are one of the primary concerns regarding utilization. Sensory evaluations indicated the optimal treatment utilized aqueous ethanol at a concentration of 47.5%, extraction time of 63 min, and no pressure. Decreased (P<0.05) moisture and ash content, with no loss of protein or starch, were observed after treatment. Foaming properties were poor, indicating protein modification. Increased water absorption impacted WAI, WSI, setback, and peak time observations. Remaining pasting profile values were unchanged (P<0.05). While some volatiles were released via changes in protein and starch structure, total ppm decreased. Treated pea flour products had significantly (P<0.05) higher flavor acceptance scores. Texture results suggested treated flour imparted softness of baked items. Shelf-life measurements were improved for both cookies and crackers using treated pea flour.

Mother And Daughter Chipping Potato Cultivar Responses To Sublethal Rates Of Glyphosate And Dicamba, Matthew James Brooke

Plant Sciences

The effects of sublethal drift rates and carryover of glyphosate and dicamba into the next generation of seed potato cultivars Atlantic and Dakota Pearl are unknown. The objective of this research is to determine the impact of sublethal glyphosate and dicamba rates on mother and daughter chipping potato plants. Field studies were conducted in 2018 and 2019 in Oakes, ND. Herbicides were sprayed at the tuber initiation stage and consisted of dicamba (0, 20, and 99 g ae ha-1) and glyphosate (0, 40, and 197% g ae ha-1). During the year of application (2018), the combination of glyphosate at 197 …

A Man Of Ubuntu: A South African Colleague's Tribute To Stephen Ellmann, Penelope Andrews

Articles & Chapters

In Memoriam: Stephen Ellmann

Temptation's Page Flies Out The Door: Navigating Complex Systems Of Disability And The Law From A Therapeutic Jurisprudence Perspective, Michael L. Perlin, Mehgan Gallagher

Articles & Chapters

This article considers the difficulties inherent in the navigation of the legal system and the disability system, difficulties made more complicated when these systems intersect. Although this problem is not a new one, remarkably, it has never been the subject of any legal scholarship. We argue here that it is futile to consider either system to be a uniform one, and that to make any sense of the underlying ambiguities, it is necessary to consider both the potential conflicts both between domestic and international law (using fitness to proceed to trial as a case example), and the conflicts between social …

Privacy's Law Of Design, Ari Ezra Waldman

Articles & Chapters

Privacy by design is about making privacy part of the conception and development of new data collection tools. But how should we interpret “privacy by design” as a legal mandate? As it transitions from an academic buzzword into binding law, privacy by design will, for the first time, impose real responsibilities on real people to do specific things at specific times. And yet, there remains significant disagreement about what privacy by design actually means in practice: we have yet to define its who, what, when, why, and how. Different approaches to privacy by design have tried to answer those questions …

Safe Social Spaces, Ari Ezra Waldman

Articles & Chapters

Technologies that mediate social interaction can put our privacy and our safety at risk. Harassment, intimate partner violence and surveillance, data insecurity, and revenge porn are just a few of harms that bedevil technosocial spaces and their users, particularly users from marginalized communities. This Article seeks to identify the building blocks of safe social spaces, or environments in which individuals can be free of privacy and safety dangers. Relying on analogies to offline social spaces—Alcoholics Anonymous meetings, teams of coworkers, and attorney-client relationships—this Article argues that if a social space is defined as an environment characterized by disclosure, then a …

The Strings In The Books Ain't Pulled And Persuaded: How The Use Of Improper Statistics And Unverified Data Corrupts The Judicial Process In Sex Offender Cases, Heather Ellis Cucolo, Michael L. Perlin

Articles & Chapters

An examination of a range of judicial decisions involving sexual offender determinations reveals that, frequently, courts rely improperly on inaccurate and under-developed statistics as well as unverified and outdated information. This reliance, too often, underlies rulings that subject the sex offender to significant sanctions and loss of liberty. Additionally, the continuation of the testimonial script that all sex offenders are high recidivists, dangerous, compulsive and untreatable, contributes to the anti-therapeutic effect of shaming and humiliation. This results in isolation, seclusion, lack of dignity; also, it further trivializes the judicial process, and violates the tenants of therapeutic jurisprudence. Despite the “frightening …

There's Voices In The Night Trying To Be Heard: The Potential Impact Of The Convention On The Rights Of Persons With Disabilities On Domestic Mental Disability Law, Michael L. Perlin, Naomi Weinstein

Articles & Chapters

This paper carefully examines, through a therapeutic jurisprudence framework, the likely impact of the ratification of this UN Convention on society’s sanist attitudes towards persons with mental disabilities. We argue that it is impossible to consider the impact of anti-discrimination law on persons with mental disabilities without a full understanding of how sanism -- an irrational prejudice of the same quality and character of other irrational prejudices that cause (and are reflected in) prevailing social attitudes of racism, sexism, homophobia, and ethnic bigotry -- permeates all aspects of the legal system and the entire fabric of American society.

Notwithstanding nearly …

Hidden Nondefense: Partisanship In State Attorneys General Amicus Briefs And The Need For Transparency, Lisa Grumet

Articles & Chapters

In all fifty states, the State Attorney General (SAG) — as the state’s chief legal officer — is charged with defending state laws that are challenged in court. If an SAG declines to defend or challenges a state law on the ground that it is unconstitutional — an action scholars describe as “nondefense” — the SAG ordinarily will disclose this decision to the public.

This Essay discusses a hidden form of nondefense that can occur when SAGs file amicus curiae briefs on behalf of their states in matters before the U.S. Supreme Court. Surprisingly, some SAGs have joined multistate amicus …

Power, Process, And Automated Decision-Making, Ari Ezra Waldman

Articles & Chapters

Many decisions that used to be made by humans are now made by machines. And yet, automated decision-making systems based on “big data” – powered algorithms and machine learning are just as prone to mistakes, biases, and arbitrariness as their human counterparts. The result is a technologically driven decision-making process that seems to defy interrogation, analysis, and accountability and, therefore, undermines due process. This should make algorithmic decision-making an illegitimate source of authority in a liberal democracy. This Essay argues that algorithmic decision-making is a product of the neoliberal project to undermine social values like equality, nondiscrimination, and human flourishing …

Revisiting Abbe Smith's Question, "Can A Good Person Be A Good Prosecutor?", In The Age Of Krasner And Sessions, Rebecca Roiphe

Articles & Chapters

No abstract provided.

Punishment Without Process: Victim Impact Proceedings For Dead Defendants, Bruce Green, Rebecca Roiphe

Articles & Chapters

After Jeffrey Epstein committed suicide in jail, two judges allowed his accusers to speak in court. This article argues that the proceedings were inappropriate because the criminal case ends when the defendant dies. If the conviction and appeal are not final, there is no finding of guilt, and the defendant is still presumed innocent. Allowing accusers to speak at this time violates the principle of due process and threatens to undermine faith in judges and the criminal justice system in general. While courts are at times legally required to hear from victims of crimes, they were not allowed to do …

Tribute To Professor Lewis R. Katz: Beloved Mentor, Global Visionary, Entrepreneur, Gerald Korngold

Articles & Chapters

No abstract provided.

An Alternative Path To Rule Of Law: Thailand's Twenty-First Century Administrative Courts, Frank W. Munger, Peerawich Thoviriyavej, Vorapitchaya Rabiablok

Articles & Chapters

New courts in Asia’s rapidly developing states offer an opportunity to understand how a court system takes root in a society. This article presents a case study of the development of administrative court structure, functions, and practice in Thailand: Southeast Asia’s newest system of administrative courts. The study examines why courts made sense to those who established them and how the courts’ authority is being utilized. For relatively powerless and resource-poor litigants, barriers to litigation may be many, but when these barriers are overcome, administrative courts exercise extraordinary influence, even when they fail to render a decision fully vindicating a …