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Articles 3541 - 3570 of 26970
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Tools For Prescreening The Most Active Sites On Ir And Rh Clusters Toward C−H Bond Cleavage Of Ethane: Nbo Charges And Wiberg Bond Indexes, Yingbin Ge, Anna Le, Gregory J. Marquino, Phuc Q. Nguyen, Kollin Trujillo, Morgan Schimelfenig, Ashley Noble
Tools For Prescreening The Most Active Sites On Ir And Rh Clusters Toward C−H Bond Cleavage Of Ethane: Nbo Charges And Wiberg Bond Indexes, Yingbin Ge, Anna Le, Gregory J. Marquino, Phuc Q. Nguyen, Kollin Trujillo, Morgan Schimelfenig, Ashley Noble
All Faculty Scholarship for the College of the Sciences
B3LYP calculations were carried out to study the insertion of iridium (Ir) and rhodium (Rh) clusters into a C−H bond of ethane, which is often the ratelimiting step of the catalytic cycle of oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane. Our previous research on Ir catalysis correlates the diffusivity of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of the Ir clusters and the relative activities of the various catalytic sites. The drawback of this research is that the molecular orbital visualization is qualitative rather than quantitative. Therefore, in this study on C−H bond activation by the Ir and Rh clusters, we conducted analyses of natural …
Detecting Digitally Forged Faces In Online Videos, Neilesh Sambhu
Detecting Digitally Forged Faces In Online Videos, Neilesh Sambhu
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
We use Rossler’s FaceForensics dataset of 1004 online videos and their corresponding forged counterparts [1] to investigate the ability to distinguish digitally forged facial images from original images automatically with deep learning. The proposed convolutional neural network is much smaller than the current state-of-the-art solutions. Nevertheless, the network maintains a high level of accuracy (99.6%), all while using the entire FaceForensics dataset and not including any temporal information. We implement majority voting and show the impact on accuracy (99.67%), where only 1 video of 300 is misclassified. We examine why the model misclassified this one video. In terms of tuning …
A Study On The Influence Of Instructional Mentors On Novice Teachers In High-Needs Schools, Dodi Palkovic Davenport
A Study On The Influence Of Instructional Mentors On Novice Teachers In High-Needs Schools, Dodi Palkovic Davenport
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Within the first five years of new teachers’ employment, between 30 and 50 percent leave the profession (Smith &Ingersoll, 2004). High levels of teacher attrition are associated with negative effects on student achievement (Strong, 2005). In an effort to retain teachers and improve the quality of the teaching workforce, many states and local school districts require new teachers to enroll in induction and mentoring programs. This study is part of a larger program evaluation of one public school district’s new teacher induction program. The purpose of this investigation was to determine how a novice teacher perceives the influence of a …
Evaluating The Evidence Base For Evidence-Based Instructional Practices In Chemistry Through Meta-Analysis, Md Tawabur Rahman
Evaluating The Evidence Base For Evidence-Based Instructional Practices In Chemistry Through Meta-Analysis, Md Tawabur Rahman
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Investigating the effectiveness of instructional practices provides an evidence base to inform instructional decisions. Synthesizing research studies on instructional effectiveness provides an estimate of the generalizability of effectiveness across settings, along with an exploration of factors that may moderate the impact, which cannot be achieved within individual studies. This study sought to provide a synthesis of evidence- based instructional practices (EBIPs) particular to chemistry through meta-analysis. 99 studies were analyzed comprising a broader view of chemistry specific studies than past meta-analyses. The results showed that EBIPs feature a demonstrably positive impact on students’ academic performance in chemistry, although assessment topic …
Life History Through The Eyes Of A Hogfish: Evidence Of Trophic Growth And Differential Juvenile Habitat Use, Meaghan E. Faletti
Life History Through The Eyes Of A Hogfish: Evidence Of Trophic Growth And Differential Juvenile Habitat Use, Meaghan E. Faletti
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Understanding ontogenetic linkages among fish habitats is critical for conservation of fish populations and the ecosystems on which they rely. Natural tags such as stable isotopes are an effective tool commonly used to investigate ecological questions regarding fish movement and habitat use. Here, I analyzed stable isotopes from the sequentially deposited laminae of Hogfish (Lachnolaimus maximus) eye lenses from the eastern Gulf of Mexico (eGOM) to investigate trophic and geographic changes across individual life histories. I documented evidence of entire-life scale trophic growth through increases in δ15N. I also observed depth separation at the juvenile stage, evidenced by variation in …
Thermo-Oxidative Degradation Of Hdpe Geomembranes: Effect Of Phenolic Antioxidant And Hindered Amine Light Stabilizer Concentrations, Yasin Kocak
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
High density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembrane is most common geomembrane which is mainly used for civil engineering applications. However, HDPE geomembrane loses its properties under oxidative degradation progress. This study aims to assess geomembranes which have different percentage of phenolic antioxidant and hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS) with under the six months of the thermal-oxidative degradation. The interactions between phenolic antioxidant, HALS and carbon black can affect the mechanical, physical and chemical properties. To monitor these properties, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX), Melt Index tests, …
Evaluating The Effect Of Temperature On A Human Parasite And Its Intermediate Snail Host: Implications For A Changing Climate, Karena H. Nguyen
Evaluating The Effect Of Temperature On A Human Parasite And Its Intermediate Snail Host: Implications For A Changing Climate, Karena H. Nguyen
USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations
Global climate change is impacting the emergence, re-emergence, prevalence, and incidence of infectious diseases worldwide, including parasitic diseases of humans (Blum and Hotez 2018). Neglected tropical diseases, defined as a group of parasitic diseases affecting developing countries in the tropics (Hotez et al. 2007), are of particular concern because these diseases occur in areas that are also expected to experience rapid population growth and agricultural development in the coming decades. As human population and food demand increase, the greater the likelihood of humans encountering intermediate hosts that either inhabit agricultural areas or are impacted by agricultural development, which will influence …
Bilibid Weeks: An Account Of Prison Theater In The Philippines, Ricardo G. Abad, Nicolo Ricardo Magno
Bilibid Weeks: An Account Of Prison Theater In The Philippines, Ricardo G. Abad, Nicolo Ricardo Magno
Perspectives in the Arts and Humanities Asia
For three years, the training company RolePlayers, Inc., worked with young male inmates at the Special Classes for Children in Conflict with the Law (SC-CCIL), a unit of the New Bilibid Prison, in two theater productions that were shown to the prison community and the external public. The first production, staged in 2016, was a devised piece called Tumbang Preso (Knock down the Prisoner); the second production, mounted in 2018, was the Pyramus–Tisbe scene from William Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream, in Filipino translation. The productions’ immediate impact, however, lies beyond the plays. For the young inmates, prison theater served …
The Cowl - V. 84 - N. 8 - Oct 31, 2019
The Cowl - V. 84 - N. 8 - Oct 31, 2019
The Cowl
The Cowl - student newspaper of Providence College. Volume 84 - Number 8 - October 31, 2019. 28 pages.
Soil Net Nitrogen Mineralisation Across Global Grasslands, A. C. Risch, S. Zimmerman, R. Ochoa-Hueso, M. Schütz, B. Frey, J. L. Firn, P. A. Fay, F. Hagedorn, E. T. Borer, E. W. Seabloom, W. S. Harpole, J. M. H. Knops, Rebecca L. Mcculley, A. A. D. Broadbent, C. J. Stevens, M. L. Silveria, P. B. Adler, S. Báez, L. A. Biederman, J. M. Blair
Soil Net Nitrogen Mineralisation Across Global Grasslands, A. C. Risch, S. Zimmerman, R. Ochoa-Hueso, M. Schütz, B. Frey, J. L. Firn, P. A. Fay, F. Hagedorn, E. T. Borer, E. W. Seabloom, W. S. Harpole, J. M. H. Knops, Rebecca L. Mcculley, A. A. D. Broadbent, C. J. Stevens, M. L. Silveria, P. B. Adler, S. Báez, L. A. Biederman, J. M. Blair
Plant and Soil Sciences Faculty Publications
Soil nitrogen mineralisation (Nmin), the conversion of organic into inorganic N, is important for productivity and nutrient cycling. The balance between mineralisation and immobilisation (net Nmin) varies with soil properties and climate. However, because most global-scale assessments of net Nmin are laboratory-based, its regulation under field-conditions and implications for real-world soil functioning remain uncertain. Here, we explore the drivers of realised (field) and potential (laboratory) soil net Nmin across 30 grasslands worldwide. We find that realised Nmin is largely explained by temperature of the wettest quarter, microbial biomass, clay content and bulk density. …
Speech-Language Pathologist–Guided Morphological Awareness Instruction In The General Education Classroom, Victoria Henbest
Speech-Language Pathologist–Guided Morphological Awareness Instruction In The General Education Classroom, Victoria Henbest
Victoria S. Henbest Publications
Research has shown that instruction in morphological awareness improves students' understanding and use of affixes. However, morphological awareness instruction, typically, is not provided in the general education classroom, and there are few documented collaborations between teachers and speech-language pathologists (SLPs), the latter of whom have a unique expertise in language. Thus, the purpose of this article was to determine the feasibility of an SLP-guided morphological awareness instructional program in a general education classroom.After completing a webinar training in morphological awareness, 2 general education teachers implemented morphological awareness lessons in their classrooms over an 8-week period. The teachers and collaborating SLP …
Oral History Interview With Kenneth S. Greenberg (Soh-049), Kenneth S. Greenberg, Fred Marchant
Oral History Interview With Kenneth S. Greenberg (Soh-049), Kenneth S. Greenberg, Fred Marchant
Suffolk University Oral History Project
Kenneth Greenberg, distinguished professor of history and former dean of Suffolk University’s College of Arts & Sciences, discusses his life from childhood in the 1950s to college and graduate work in the 1960s and 1970s. He describes his first teaching opportunity at the Harriett Beecher-Stowe Middle School in New York City and how it influenced his teaching style. Greenberg also goes into detail about his scholarship, service, and leadership activities within New York, Wisconsin, and Boston. He explains the background and motivations behind his books, essays, and documentary film surrounding the stories of Nat Turner. Related to Suffolk University, he …
Letters On The Aesthetic Deformation Of Man, Katya Mandoki
Letters On The Aesthetic Deformation Of Man, Katya Mandoki
Contemporary Aesthetics (Journal Archive)
Friedrich Schiller wrote Letters on the Aesthetic Education of Man hoping to elevate human potential through the arts for the development of free citizens of the Republic, and also in reaction to the decline of the French Revolution into a Reign of Terror. Nowadays, with the prominent role social networks have acquired in human relations, aesthetics is an invaluable tool for capturing attention in marketing and political propaganda, no less than in recruitment and indoctrination by terrorist organizations. Adopting a pragmatics approach, we will examine Schiller’s relevance today regarding uses and abuses of aesthetics related to terrorism, focusing on the …
The Lives Of Things On Pulau Ujir; Aru’S Engagement With Commercial Expansion, Joss R. Whittaker
The Lives Of Things On Pulau Ujir; Aru’S Engagement With Commercial Expansion, Joss R. Whittaker
Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia
In places with limited access to manufactured goods, people must develop creative strategies to make the most of available materials, both those produced by humans and those taken from the natural world. Although Pulau Ujir, in the Aru Islands, has a long history of engagement with global trade networks, until recently the community’s access to manufactured goods was limited and infrequent. As a result, in the past objects there tended to take on new lives, and still do today: they are modified, re-purposed, and recycled in ingenious ways. This article explores the relationship between people and things in Ujir from …
Indonesian Term Of Address Ustad In Film Utterances: Forms, Functions, And Social Values, Sandy Nugraha, Wiwin Triwinarti
Indonesian Term Of Address Ustad In Film Utterances: Forms, Functions, And Social Values, Sandy Nugraha, Wiwin Triwinarti
International Review of Humanities Studies
This study analyzes the term of address ustad in Indonesian culture. Indonesia’s religious-themed movies may represent the use of the term of address ustad in daily conversation. In particular, this study aims to describe the patterns of form, the patterns of use, and the social values of the term of address ustad in film utterances. The data of the term of address ustad and its contexts are collected from the utterances in Indonesia’s four Islamic-themed movies. This descriptive qualitative study uses sociopragmatics approach in identifying the functions of the term of address in film discourse. The context of the utterances …
Characterization And Modeling Of A Plastic Film Transpired Solar Collector With And Without Perforated Glazing, Brandon Mark
Characterization And Modeling Of A Plastic Film Transpired Solar Collector With And Without Perforated Glazing, Brandon Mark
Theses
Transpired solar collectors are an economical and highly efficient option for applications involving the heating of ambient air. A transpired solar collector is a type of solar air heater in which outside air is continuously pulled through a perforated absorber plate and subsequently warmed. These collectors can be used for numerous applications, including crop drying, building ventilation, and desiccant regeneration. Transpired solar collectors have minimal moving parts, typically resulting in low maintenance and operation costs. In this study, absorber plates consisting of low-cost plastic sheets are characterized through outdoor testing and are fitted to a theoretical model. Different design configurations …
Development And Evaluation Of Silica-Based Lectin Microcolumns For Glycoform Analysis Of Alpha1-Acid Glycoprotein, Chenhua Zhang, David S. Hage
Development And Evaluation Of Silica-Based Lectin Microcolumns For Glycoform Analysis Of Alpha1-Acid Glycoprotein, Chenhua Zhang, David S. Hage
David Hage Publications
Silica-based lectin microcolumns were developed and optimized for the separation and analysis of glycoform fractions in alpha1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) based on both the degree of branching and level of fucosylation. Concanavalin A (Con A) and Aleuria Aurantia lectin (AAL) were immobilized onto HPLC-grade silica by reductive amination and packed into 2.1 mm i.d. × 5.0 cm microcolumns. Factors examined for these microcolumns include their protein content, binding capacity, binding strength and band-broadening under isocratic conditions (Con A) or step elution conditions (AAL) and in the presence of various flow rates or temperatures. These factors were examined by using experiments based …
Skenario Project Based Learning Dengan Format Window Shopping Pada Mata Pelajaran Dasar Desain Grafis, Richul Qomariyah, Dedi Kuswandi, Henry Praherdhiono
Skenario Project Based Learning Dengan Format Window Shopping Pada Mata Pelajaran Dasar Desain Grafis, Richul Qomariyah, Dedi Kuswandi, Henry Praherdhiono
Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan
This study aims to produce project based learning scenarios with window shopping format and to know the effectiveness of project based learning scenarios with shopping window formats in the basic graphic design subjects of class X of the multimedia department. The model used in this development research is the Dick, Carey and Carey model. Learning scenarios are validated by learning design expert validators, material expert validators and students as feasibility test respondents. Data collection techniques through questionnaires and analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The results of the study show the validation score of the learning scenario by learning design experts, namely …
From Cymatics To Sound Therapy: Their Role In Spirituality And Consciousness Research, Victor Christianto, Kasan Susilo, Florentin Smarandache
From Cymatics To Sound Therapy: Their Role In Spirituality And Consciousness Research, Victor Christianto, Kasan Susilo, Florentin Smarandache
Branch Mathematics and Statistics Faculty and Staff Publications
Sound is one of the types of waves that can be felt by the sense of hearing (ears). In physics, the definition of sound is something that is produced from objects that vibrate. Objects that produce sound are called sound sources. The sound source that vibrates will vibrate the molecules into the air around it. Sound is mechanical compression or longitudinal waves that propagate through the medium. This medium or intermediate agent can be liquid, solid, gas. So, sound waves can propagate for example in water, coal, or air. Most sounds are a combination of various vibratory signals composed of …
Rasp 4: Ancestral State Reconstruction Tool For Multiple Genes And Characters, Yan Yu, Christopher Blair, Xingjin He
Rasp 4: Ancestral State Reconstruction Tool For Multiple Genes And Characters, Yan Yu, Christopher Blair, Xingjin He
Publications and Research
With the continual progress of sequencing techniques, genome-scale data are increasingly used in phylogenetic studies. With more data from throughout the genome, the relationship between genes and different kinds of characters is receiving more attention. Here, we present version 4 of RASP, a software to reconstruct ancestral states through phylogenetic trees. RASP can apply generalized statistical ancestral reconstruction methods to phylogenies, explore the phylogenetic signal of characters to particular trees, calculate distances between trees, and cluster trees into groups. RASP 4 has an improved graphic user interface and is freely available from http://mnh.scu.edu.cn/soft/blog/RASP (program) and https://github.com/sculab/RASP (source code).
The Interplay Between Regeneration And Scavenging Fluxes Drives Ocean Iron Cycling, Alessandro Tagliabue, Andrew R. Bowie, Timothy Devries, Michael J. Ellwood, William M. Landing, Angela Milne, Daniel C. Ohnemus, Benjamin S. Twining, Philip W. Boyd
The Interplay Between Regeneration And Scavenging Fluxes Drives Ocean Iron Cycling, Alessandro Tagliabue, Andrew R. Bowie, Timothy Devries, Michael J. Ellwood, William M. Landing, Angela Milne, Daniel C. Ohnemus, Benjamin S. Twining, Philip W. Boyd
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences
No abstract provided.
Dialogue Between Islam And Environtmental Ethics Through The Seyyed Hossein Nasr Thought, Aulia Rahman Nugraha, Naupal Asnawi
Dialogue Between Islam And Environtmental Ethics Through The Seyyed Hossein Nasr Thought, Aulia Rahman Nugraha, Naupal Asnawi
International Review of Humanities Studies
Islam is often regarded as a religion that teaches anthropocentrism through the concept of the caliph in which humans occupy a central position on earth. However, the concept of the caliph itself is a complex concept where the special status of humans always implies a moral obligation. Through alternative explanatory methods and critical reflection, the authors try to clarify the concept of the caliph and show the teachings of Islam that are environmentally friendly through the thought of Seyyed Hossein Nasr. Philosophy and environmental ethics of Nasr have two major projects, namely the resacralization of nature and the clarification of …
Primary Homogeneous Pathways Of Lignin Depolymerization In Gas Phase, Mohamad Barekati-Goudarzi
Primary Homogeneous Pathways Of Lignin Depolymerization In Gas Phase, Mohamad Barekati-Goudarzi
LSU Doctoral Dissertations
The unique decomposition pathways of hydrolytic lignin (HL) dissolved in acetone/water mixture and dispersed into gas phase has been investigated using two unique reactors. The first one is a non-isothermal continuous wave-IR CO2 Laser Powered Homogeneous Pyrolysis (LPHP) and the second one is an isothermal Continuous Droplet Evaporation (CDE) reactor. Both of these reactors operated using atmospheric N2 carrier gas. A temperature region of 400 – 550°C, and various residence time of 0.12-2 sec were chosen for CDE reactor. The temperature distribution in the LPHP reactor was evaluated via thermocouple measurements and validated by the method of “chemical …
A Machine-Learning Approach To Detect Users' Suspicious Behaviour Through The Facebook Wall., A Panagiotou, B Ghita, S Shiaeles, K Bendiab
A Machine-Learning Approach To Detect Users' Suspicious Behaviour Through The Facebook Wall., A Panagiotou, B Ghita, S Shiaeles, K Bendiab
School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics
No abstract provided.
A Machine-Learning Approach To Detect Users' Suspicious Behaviour Through The Facebook Wall, A Panagiotou, B Ghita, S Shiaeles, K Bendiab
A Machine-Learning Approach To Detect Users' Suspicious Behaviour Through The Facebook Wall, A Panagiotou, B Ghita, S Shiaeles, K Bendiab
School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics
No abstract provided.
Kesalahan Siswa Dalam Menyelesaikan Soal Pertidaksamaan Logaritma, Heri Prianto, Erry Hidayanto, Swasono Rahardjo
Kesalahan Siswa Dalam Menyelesaikan Soal Pertidaksamaan Logaritma, Heri Prianto, Erry Hidayanto, Swasono Rahardjo
Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan
This research aims to describe the mistakes made by students in solving logarithmic inequality problems. This type of research is descriptive qualitative. The research subjects were high school students who had obtained logarithmic inequality material. Student errors are classified into conceptual errors, procedural errors, and computational errors. Based on data analysis conceptual errors that occur are errors using the logarithmic inequality properties, errors in the concept of defining logarithms, and errors in the use of logarithmic properties. Whereas procedural errors, namely errors in completing algebraic inequalities, errors in determining completion of definitions of logarithms, and errors determine the completion of …
Komunikasi Matematis Siswa Dalam Menyelesaikan Masalah Persamaan Garis Ketika Folding Back, Intan Syafitri, Susiswo Susiswo, Hendro Permadi
Komunikasi Matematis Siswa Dalam Menyelesaikan Masalah Persamaan Garis Ketika Folding Back, Intan Syafitri, Susiswo Susiswo, Hendro Permadi
Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan
This research aims to the mathematical communication of students who experience folding back when solving mathematical problems. The eight grade students of SMP Islam Syabilurrosyad Malang have participated here. Student with high communication going through folding back effectively and clearly following logic reasoning. Student with high communication could write folding back result rightly and consecutively. Student with medium communication going through folding back after intervention. Student with medium communication have communicated folding back result clearly and consecutively but still there were mistakes in the last solution.
Pengembangan Modul Sistem Sirkulasi Berdasarkan Penelitian Hematologi Tikus Dmt2, Badriyatur Rahma Fidiya, Abdul Gofur, Sri Rahayu Lestari
Pengembangan Modul Sistem Sirkulasi Berdasarkan Penelitian Hematologi Tikus Dmt2, Badriyatur Rahma Fidiya, Abdul Gofur, Sri Rahayu Lestari
Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan
This study aims to develop a circulation system module based on hematological studies of T2DM rats. The module is developed based on the adaptation of the ADDIE developmental model. A module that has been developed then went through validation which is material aspect and teaching materials aspect. Practical tests were carried out by an expert in education practitioners and 10 students who had taken Animal Physiology and Humanities courses at the State University of Malang. The average results obtained from the validation of material experts is 95.8% and teaching material experts 91.4%. While the results of field practitioner expert trials …
Koneksi Matematis Siswa Dalam Menyelesaikan Masalah Tidak Lengkap Dalam Diskusi Kelompok, Nadia Nurudini, Susiswo Susiswo, Sisworo Sisworo
Koneksi Matematis Siswa Dalam Menyelesaikan Masalah Tidak Lengkap Dalam Diskusi Kelompok, Nadia Nurudini, Susiswo Susiswo, Sisworo Sisworo
Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan
The purpose of this study is to describe students' mathematical connection ability on cube material in solving incomplete problems in group discussion. The sample in this study were 3 groups that has high, medium, and low mathematical abilities. The results of this study was found that the students with high ability were able to understand all mathematical connection indicators, which were finding the connection between mathematical topics, finding the connection of mathematics to other knowledges, and finding the connection of mathematics to dayly life. The students with medium ability were able to understand the first and second indicators. The students …
Analisis Penguasaan Konsep Dan Kesulitan Siswa Pada Materi Teori Kinetik Gas, Mimi Rohazal Yaumi, Sutopo Sutopo, Siti Zulaikah
Analisis Penguasaan Konsep Dan Kesulitan Siswa Pada Materi Teori Kinetik Gas, Mimi Rohazal Yaumi, Sutopo Sutopo, Siti Zulaikah
Jurnal Pendidikan: Teori, Penelitian, dan Pengembangan
The purpose of this study was to analysed conceptual understanding and difficulties (misconceptions) of students in the kinetic theory of gases. Test consisted of 9 reasoned multiple choice questions administered after students study the material. From the results of the study, students get an average score of 7.1 from maximum score of 9. Students have mastered the concept of the relationship between ideal gas state quantities (pressure, volume, temperature) and kinetic energy of ideal gases. However, students still have difficulty in determining internal energy if the number of particles changing, the average speed of ideal gases, and the application of …