Digital Commons Network^™

Reimagining Prosecution: In Search Of The True Progressive, Angela J. Davis

Scholarly Articles in Law Reviews & Journals

Prosecutors are the most powerful officials in the criminal justice system. At least ninety percent of all criminal cases are prosecuted on the state level, and in all but five jurisdictions, the chief prosecutor (also known as the district attorney) is an elected official. Most district attorneys run unopposed and serve for decades. However, in recent years, a number of incumbent district attorneys have been challenged and defeated by individuals who pledged to use their power and discretion to reduce the incarceration rate and eliminate unwarranted racial disparities in the criminal justice system. These so-called “progressive prosecutors” have enjoyed some …

Blind Spot: The Attention Economy And The Law, Tim Wu

Faculty Scholarship

Human attention, valuable and limited in supply, is a resource. It has become commonplace, especially in the media and technology industries, to speak of an "attention economy" and of competition in "attention markets.” There is even an attentional currency, the "basic attention token," which purports to serve as a medium of exchange for user attention. Firms like Facebook and Google, which have emerged as two of the most important firms in the global economy, depend nearly exclusively on attention markets as a business model.

Yet despite the well-recognized commercial importance of attention markets, antitrust and consumer protection authorities have struggled …

The Data Standardization Challenge, Kathryn Judge, Richard Berner

Faculty Scholarship

Data standardization offers significant benefits for industry and regulators alike, suggesting that it should be easy. In practice, however, the process has been difficult and slow moving. Moving from an abstract incentive-based analysis to one focused on institutional detail reveals myriad frictions favoring the status quo despite foregone gains. This paper explores the benefits of and challenges confronting standardization, why it should be a top regulatory priority, and how to overcome some of the obstacles to implementation.

The paper also uses data standardization as a lens into the challenges that impede optimal financial regulation. Alongside capture and other common explanations …

Reforming Institutions: The Judicial Function In Bankruptcy And Public Law Litigation, Kathleen G. Noonan, Jonathan C. Lipson, William H. Simon

Faculty Scholarship

Public law litigation (PLL) is among the most important and controversial types of dispute that courts face. These civil class actions seek to reform public agencies such as police departments, prison systems, and child welfare agencies that have failed to meet basic statutory or constitutional obligations. They are controversial because critics assume that judicial intervention is categorically undemocratic or beyond judicial expertise.

This Article reveals flaws in these criticisms by comparing the judicial function in PLL to that in corporate bankruptcy, where the value and legitimacy of judicial intervention are better understood and more accepted. Our comparison shows that judicial …

Embedding Content Or Interring Copyright: Does The Internet Need The "Server Rule"?, Jane C. Ginsburg, Luke Ali Budiardjo

Faculty Scholarship

The “server rule” holds that online displays or performances of copyrighted content accomplished through “in-line” or “framing” hyperlinks do not trigger the exclusive rights of public display or performance unless the linker also possesses a copy of the underlying work. As a result, the rule shields a vast array of online activities from claims of direct copyright infringement, effectively exempting those activities from the reach of the Copyright Act. While the server rule has enjoyed relatively consistent adherence since its adoption in 2007, some courts have recently suggested a departure from that precedent, noting the doctrinal and statutory inconsistencies underlying …

Authors And Machines, Jane C. Ginsburg, Luke Ali Budiardjo

Faculty Scholarship

Machines, by providing the means of mass production of works of authorship, engendered copyright law. Throughout history, the emergence of new technologies tested the concept of authorship, and courts in response endeavored to clarify copyright’s foundational principles. Today, developments in computer science have created a new form of machine, the “artificially intelligent” (AI) system apparently endowed with “computational creativity.” AI systems introduce challenging variations on the perennial question of what makes one an “author” in copyright law: Is the creator of a generative program automatically the author of the works her process begets, even if she cannot anticipate the contents …

Pseudamnicola Sumbasensis Sp. Nov., A New Species From Turkey(Gastropoda: Truncatelloidea: Hydrobiidae), Mustafa Emre Gürlek

Turkish Journal of Zoology

New species Pseudamnicola sumbasensis sp. nov. is described from Osmaniye Province of Turkey. Material was collected in 2017 and compared with other Pseudamnicola spp. recorded in Turkey.

Anthrenus (Anthrenodes) Himalayensis Sp. Nov. From Western Himalayas, India (Coleoptera: Dermestidae: Megatominae), Ji̇ri̇ Hava, Aijaz Ahmad Wachkoo, Amir Maqbool

Turkish Journal of Zoology

Anthrenus (Anthrenodes) himalayensis sp. nov., a new dermestid species from Kashmir Himalayas, India is described, illustrated, and compared with similar species. The new species is closest to A. occultus Háva, 2006 and A. katrinkrauseae Háva, 2018 but differs by the structure of antennae, male genitalia, and scale pattern.

New Records And Faunistic Data Of Mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) From Albania, Hungary, Macedonia, Montenegro, And Serbia, Edina Török, Levente Péter Kolcsár, Lujza Keresztes

Turkish Journal of Zoology

The monitoring of Culicidae through faunistic data is important to identify potential vector species of disease and therefore acts as an early warning system. The Balkans have a diverse mosquito fauna that can be an important gateway of potential vector species to Europe, because of the abundance of larval habitats and favorable climatic conditions. Here we present four new records of Culicidae: Aedes (Ochlerotatus) annulipes (Meigen, 1830), Aedes (Ochlerotatus) cantans (Meigen, 1818) for Albania, and Aedes (Ochlerotatus) punctor (Kirby, 1837) for Albania and Serbia. We also present some photos of the most important diagnostic characters. Furthermore, we add new faunistic …

The Braconidae (Hymenoptera-Apocrita) Of Gala Lake National Park And The Surrounding Area, Cumhur Atay, Özlem Çeti̇n Erdoğan, Ahmet Beyarslan

Turkish Journal of Zoology

This study was performed in order to determine the Braconidae fauna of meadows and forest areas around Gala Lake National Park. Samples were collected from June to October 2011 in selected pasture, forest, and rice agricultural areas. As a result of the study, a total of 38 taxa species belonging to 12 genera within 5 subfamilies were identified. Among the species identified, four species [Eubazus (Brachistes) gigas, Triaspis thoracica, Pseudovipio deserti, Opius (Opius) trucantulus] were recorded for the first time in Turkey and four species [Bracon (Bracon) kozak, Pseudovipio inscriptor, Opius (Opius) quasipulvis, Aleiodes (Neorhogas) ductor] were recorded for the …

Investigation Of Zooplankton Fauna In Water Wells Of Kuyubeli Village (Adana, Turkey) With The First Record Of The Genus Speocyclops Kiefer, 1937(Copepoda, Cyclopoida, Cyclopidae) For Turkish Inland Waters, Ahmet Bozkurt

Turkish Journal of Zoology

Zooplankton samples were collected from water wells in Kuyubeli village (Kozan, Adana, Turkey). A total of 24 zooplanktonic species were identified, including 13 rotifers, 9 copepods, and 2 cladocerans. The genus Speocyclops was reported for the first time from Turkish inland waters.

Do Disturbed Environments Affect Density Of The Tunnel-Web Spider Acanthogonatus Centralis (Mygalomorphae: Nemesiidae) From Native Grasslands In Argentina?, Gabriel Pompozzi, Leonela Schwerdt, Sofia Copperi, Nelson Ferretti

Turkish Journal of Zoology

Disturbance is an important factor affecting community composition and biodiversity in natural ecosystems. The Ventania hill system in central Argentina presents several ecosystem disturbances. Spiders are good candidates for studies related to human impact and conservation, as they can be good biological indicators of certain ecosystems. Therefore, we tried to elucidate if the abundance and spatial distribution of the mygalomorph spider Acanthogonatus centralis (Nemesiidae) are affected by different degrees of disturbance in these hilly grasslands. We studied 3 sites with different levels of disturbance located in the Ventania system in southwestern Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. We did not find differences …

Cover And Contents

Turkish Journal of Zoology

No abstract provided.

Sexual Dimorphism In Antennal Sensilla Of Parthenium Beetle Zygogramma Bicolorata, Ishana Qadir, Ayesha Qamar

Turkish Journal of Zoology

In the present study, scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate the ultrastructure of sensilla present on the antennae of male and female Zygogramma bicolorata. The antennae in this insect consist of the scape, pedicel, and nine flagellomeres. Six types of sensilla were identified: sensilla trichodea type 1 and 2 (ST1, ST2), sensilla cavitae (SCa), sensilla chaetica (SCh), and sensilla basiconica type 1 and 2 (SB1, SB2). Sensilla were characterized on the basis of their size and density to find out whether sexual dimorphism exists in this species or not. We observed that the size of the antennomeres was comparatively …

Histological And Histochemical Study On The Mesonephric Kidney Of Pelophylax Bedriagae (Anura: Ranidae), Esra Akat

Turkish Journal of Zoology

The purpose of this study was to determine the histological structure of the kidney of Pelophylax bedriagae and the distribution of hyaluronic acid (HA) in the kidney tissue. The kidneys of P. bedriagae are long, brown, ribbon-like structures covered with connective tissue. Nephrons, the functional units of the kidney, consist of the renal corpuscle, proximal and distal tubules, collecting tubule, and collecting duct. The renal corpuscle is composed of the glomerulus and Bowman?s capsule. There is no structure similar to Henle?s loop, which is found in higher vertebrates. The visceral layer of Bowman?s capsule is composed of podocytes surrounding the …

A New Erigonine Genus From The Nepal Himalayas (Araneae, Linyphiidae), Andrei V. Tanasevitch

Turkish Journal of Zoology

A new genus, Parbatthorax gen. nov., with P. unicornis sp. nov. as type species, is described from the Nepal Himalayas. The genus is characterized by the highly modified palpal tibia and the paracymbium, as well as by the peculiar structure of the embolic division, which contains a convector.

A New Species Of Parasteatoda Archer, 1946 (Araneae, Theridiidae) From Wuling Mountain, China, Sufang Yang, Muhammad Irfan, Xianjin Peng

Turkish Journal of Zoology

Parasteatoda aequipeiformis sp. nov. (male and female) is described from Wuling Mountain, China. Distribution data, detailed morphological characteristics, and illustrations of body and genital organs are presented.

First Record Of The Genus Spilomyia (Diptera, Syrphidae) From The Oriental Region, Aijaz Ahmad Wachkoo, Jeroen Van Steenis, Zubair Ahmad Rather, Jayita Sengupta, Dhriti Banerjee

Turkish Journal of Zoology

Spilomyia manicata (Rondani, 1865) is reported as a new genus and species record from India and the Oriental region. A brief diagnosis, images, and comparison with allied species are provided to scientifically validate this new faunal record from the Indian subcontinent and to facilitate its prompt identification. The species shows rare distribution across its range, and various factors pose a threat to the existence of this large pollinator species. Therefore, the documentation of this species assumes significance for devising conservation strategies and sustainable management.

Hibernation Perturbs The Number Of Hemocytes And Causes Hematological Turnover: Basal Traits To Understand Season-Dependent Physiological Variations In Helix Pomatia (Gastropoda: Helicidae), Damir Suljevic, Erna Islamagic, Alen Hamzic, Nadja Zubcevic, Andi Alijagic

Turkish Journal of Zoology

The total number of hemocytes and their morphological characteristics were analyzed in Helix pomatia Linnaeus, 1758, by light microscopy during different phases of hibernation. Three types of hemocytes were identified: hyalinocytes, agranulocytes, and granulocytes. Total number of hemocytes decreased significantly during hibernation. Most intensive changes in cell size, morphology, and appearance of special structures in granulocytes happened during the hibernation period itself. Termination of hibernation coincides with very important granulocyte transformation and the appearance of specific gigantic short-lived cells. All of the changes in cell number and morphology are characteristics of different hibernation phases and have a major role in …

Using The Ada's 'Integration Mandate' To Disrupt Mass Incarceration, Robert Dinerstein

Scholarly Articles in Law Reviews & Journals

As a result of the disability rights movement's fight for the development of community-based services, the percentage of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (I/DD) and mental illness living in institutions has significantly decreased over the last few decades. However, in part because of government failure to invest properly in community-based services required for a successful transition from institutions, individuals with disabilities are now dramatically overrepresented in jails and prisons. The Americans with Disabilities Act's (ADA) "integration mandate" -- a principle strengthened by the Supreme Court's 1999 Olmstead v. L.C. decision, entitling individuals with disabilities to receive services in the …

Endangered Basra Reed-Warbler (Acrocephalus Griseldis) Recorded For The First Time In Turkey (Aves: Acrocephalidae), Montague H. C. Neate-Clegg, Juan Ramírez Román, Berkan Demi̇r, Çağan Hakki Şekerci̇oğlu

Turkish Journal of Zoology

The Basra Reed-warbler (Acrocephalus griseldis) is an endangered songbird that breeds in the reed beds of southern Mesopotamia. Hydrological projects, war, and drought have greatly reduced the breeding habitat of this species, making its future uncertain. The first Basra Reed-warbler for Turkey was caught in a mist net on 22 May 2018 at the Aras River Ornithological Research Station, between the provinces of Kars and Iğdır. This represents one of only a few vagrant records in the eastern Mediterranean, and the northernmost record to date. It is likely that this bird was an overshooting spring migrant, but the existence of …

Cover And Contents

Turkish Journal of Zoology

No abstract provided.

The Clinical Law Review At 25 - What Have We Wrought, Robert Dinerstein

Scholarly Articles in Law Reviews & Journals

No abstract provided.

Less Rare Than We Thought: Two New Localities For Piseinotecus Soussi Tamsouri,Carmona, Moukrim & Cervera, 2014 Along The Tyrrhenian Coast, Giulia Furfaro, Paolo Mariottini

Turkish Journal of Zoology

The geographic range of Piseinotecus soussi Tamsouri, Carmona, Moukrim & Cervera, 2014 is here updated, since it was found in two new localities along the Tyrrhenian coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Furthermore, to confirm the identity of specimens recorded, a DNA barcoding approach was carried out using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) as it is the molecular marker mostly used in barcoding analysis in nudibranchs.

First Dna Barcodes And Records Of Sciaridae (Insecta, Diptera) From Romania, Levente Péter Kolcsár, Kai Heller

Turkish Journal of Zoology

Sciaridae or the dark-winged fungus gnats fauna of southern and eastern Europe is very poorly known. A total of 29 species were identified from Romania, of which 20 species are reported here for the first time from the country. An updated checklist of dark-winged fungus gnats (Sciaridae) of Romania is provided. DNA barcodes of 39 specimens belonging to 21 species were successfully sequenced, of which some were previously unknown or undetected.

Efficiency Of Pitfall Traps And Snap Traps In Small Terrestrial Mammals Depends On Their Diet Composition, Ladislav Cepelka, Radek Michalko, Emanuel Kula

Turkish Journal of Zoology

We compared the monitoring of small terrestrial mammals among forest stands by pitfalls and snap traps. The captures took place in the Czech Republic in the Moravskoslezske Beskydy Mts. (2007?2012) on 16 plots in adult beech and spruce stands between 910 and 1220 m a.s.l. In total, 14 species of small mammals were captured (12 in the snap traps and 10 in the pitfalls). Snap traps captured the broader species spectrum and they were more successful in capturing larger species of small terrestrial mammals consuming a higher proportion of plant food (mice, and in particular voles). The pitfalls were more …

Considerations Of History And Purpose In Constitutional Borrowing, Robert Tsai

Scholarly Articles in Law Reviews & Journals

This essay is part of a symposium issue dedicated to "Constitutional Rights: Intersections, Synergies, and Conflicts" at William and Mary School of Law. I make four points. First, perfect harmony among rights might not always be normatively desirable. In fact, in some instances, such as when First Amendment and Second Amendment rights clash, we might wish to have expressive rights consistently trump gun rights. Second, we can't resolve clashes between rights in the abstract but instead must consult history in a broadly relevant rather than a narrowly "originalist" fashion. When we do so, we learn that armed expression and white …

Macrobiotus Noemiae Sp. Nov., A New Tardigrade Species(Macrobiotidae: Hufelandi Group) From Spain, Milena Roszkowska, Lukasz Kaczmarek

Turkish Journal of Zoology

A reexamination of the tardigrade collection from the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN) in Madrid was carried out. Specimens from the genera Milnesium, Macrobiotus, and Paramacrobiotus were verified in order to provide their correct identification and 15 taxa were identified. Moreover, a list of corrected species identifications from MNCN is provided. Fourteen specimens and 16 eggs, identified previously as Macrobiotus recens, were attributed to a species new for science. Macrobiotus noemiae sp. nov. is most similar to Mac. naskreckii and Mac. recens but it differs from them by details of egg morphology, mainly by the presence of thin flexible …

A New Species Of Chelonini (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) From Pistachio Twig Borer Moth (Kermania Pistaciella Amsel (Lep.: Tineidae)) In Gaziantep, Ahmet Beyarslan, Yasemi̇n Bengü Şahan

Turkish Journal of Zoology

Pupae of the pistachio twig borer moth (Kermania pistaciella Amsel (Lep.: Tineidae)) were collected in the Şahinbey and Nizip-Alahacı regions of Gaziantep in February and March 2017. The pupae were kept in cages and parasitoids from Cheloninae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) were obtained. Chelonus chetini Beyarslan & Şahan sp. nov. is described as a new species for science. The new species is described and the figures of its diagnostic characters are given.

The Song Structure And Repertoire Size Of Daurian Redstarts (Phoenicurus Auroreus) In South Korea, Ju Hyun Lee, Ha Cheol Sung

Turkish Journal of Zoology

The song repertoire across avian species varies considerably in size, and reliable measurement is important in defining its significance as a target in sexual selection. In this study, the song structure and song repertoire size of the Daurian Redstart (Phoenicurus auroreus) in South Korea were investigated. The songs had major syllable variation rather than song type variation. The average song repertoire size from 20 males was 39.9 ± 5.8 (range: 28-50), based on a syllable type that was appropriate for this species. The songs were structured with three distinguishable parts, where song syllables varied most in the syllable part, and …